《英语新分高考模拟试题目整理汇编阅读理解之科普知识类.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语新分高考模拟试题目整理汇编阅读理解之科普知识类.doc（237页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、 科普知识类科普知识类 第一部分第一部分 七年高考题荟萃七年高考题荟萃 2011 年高考题年高考题 1.（2011陕西卷）D Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, gentically mondified (GM, 转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the word,mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide f
2、ood crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would ,is it the best solutiorr? Despite what it promiises,GM technology actually has not increased the production potential of any corp. In fact Studies show that the most crown GM croo. GM soybeans, has suffered reduced prod
3、uctivity. For instance, a report than analysed nearly two decades of research on mojor GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production. Something else, however, has been on the rise, While GM seeds are expensive, GM companics tell farmers that they wil
4、l make good profits by saving money on pesticides（杀虫剂）. On the contrary, US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. “ The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But nether is true,” sa
5、id Bill Christison, President of the US National Farm Coalition. At the same time, the authors of the book World Hunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problems in food distribution and polit
6、ics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money. Meanwhile, the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food, according to a 2008 World Bank report. As a matter of fact ,scientists see better ways to feed the world. Another World Bank report concluded that GM
7、 crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are available, among which “green” farming is supposed to be the first choice. 57.The author develops the second paragraph mainly . 【C】 A. by classification B. by comparison C. by example D. by pro
8、cess 58. What does the underlined word “boost ” in the third paragraph probably mean? 【D】 A. Control. B. Evaluate C. Obtain. D. Increase. 59. GM companies promise farmers that they will benefit from _. 【B】 A. practicing “green” farming B. use of less chemicals C. fair distribution of their crops D.
9、using more crops for fuel 60. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author towards GM technology? 【C】 A. Optimistic B. Defensive C. Disapproving D. Casual 2.（2011重庆卷）C Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attit
10、udes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had
11、closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the
12、attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical
13、means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt s
14、till differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.
15、And the latter position is gaining some ground. 64. The kings of France and England in the 16th century closed bath houses because . A. they lived healthily in a dirty environment. B. they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay in C. they believed disease could be spread in public baths D. they
16、considered bathing as the cause of skin disease 65.Which of the following best describes Henry IVs attitude to bathing? A. Afraid. B. Curious. C. Approving. D. Uninterested. 66. How does the passage mainly develop? A. By providing examples. B. By making comparisons. C. By following the order of time
17、. D. By following the order of importance. 67. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage? A. To stress the role of dirt. B. To introduce the history of dirt. C. To call attention to the danger of dirt. D. To present the change of views on dirt. 【答案】CA CD 3.（2011湖南卷）C A recent study of ancie
18、nt and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的) species The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mast
19、odon to modern elephantsthe Asian elephant, African forest elephant and African savanna elephant Once they obtained DNA sequences (序列) from two fossils (化石)，mammoths and mastodons the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elep
20、hants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths. The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around
21、the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists. There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species. P
22、reviously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the elephants significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shou
23、lder height of 2.5metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA. Alfred Roca, assistant
24、 professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elep
25、hants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purpose .” 66. One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of _. A. the Asian elephant B. the forest elephant C. the savanna elephant D. the mastodon elephant 67. The underlined wo
26、rd “divergence” in paragraph 4means “_” A. evolution B. exhibition C. separation D. examination 68. The researchers conclusion was based on a study of the African elephants _ A. DNA B. height C. weight D. population 69. What were Alfred Rocas words mainly about? A. The conversation of African elepha
27、nts. B. The purpose of studying African elephants C. The way to divide African elephants into two units D. The reason for the distinction of African elephants 70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A. Naturalists Belief about Elephants. B. Amazing Experiment about Elephant
28、s C. An Unexpected Finding about Elephants D. A Long scientific Debate about Elephants C 科普说明文：科普说明文：African elephant 有两个不同的种类有两个不同的种类 66. fossils 定位，找到第三段第一句，有两种 fossils，mam 和 mas，选项 D 67. 文中 divergence of the two species 指代前文 the Ase and the Afe have been distinct species, divergence 与 distinct 同义
29、替换，对应选项 C 68. conclusion, based on 定位，找到倒数第二段最后一句 lay in 与 based on 同义替换， 答案：A 69. AR 定位，找到倒数第一段，从 AR 的话中，第一句 for conservation purpose, 最后 一句 for conservation purpose 确定 A 70.文章首句点明全文主旨，答案：C 4.（2011江西卷）D Why should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and resea
30、rching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very often asked. Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup(基因构成) as human beings. What drove our ancestors to
31、move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible. Nearly every successful civilization has explo
32、red, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen its effects. Exploration also allows minerals and other potential (潜在的) resources to be found. Even if we have
33、 no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical possessions. Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration. The techniques may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited
34、 from other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by-products (副产品) of technological developments in the space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist. Whil
35、e many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows creative, brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While space may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds dang
36、ers. The danger exists, but knowledge can help human being to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist. While Earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets. It
37、is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future. 71. Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1? A. To express his doubts. B. To compare different ideas. C. To introduce points for discussion. D. To descr
38、ibe the conditions on Earth. 72. What is the reason for exploring space based on Paragraph2? A. Humans are nature-born to do so. B. Humans have the tendency to fight. C. Humans may find new sources of food. D. Humans dont like to stay in the same place. 73. The underlined word“spin-offs” in Paragrap
39、h 4 probably refers to_. A. survival chancesB. potential resources C. unexpected benefitsD. physical possessions 74. What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets? A. Our genetic makeup.B. Resources on the earth C. The adaptive ability of humans. D. By-products in space exploration. 75.
40、 Which of the statements can best sum un the passage? A. Space exploration has created many wonders. B. Space exploration provided the best value for money. C. Space exploration may help us avoid potential problems on Earth. 解析： 71. 推理判断题。答案选 C。文章是典型的议论说明文，是提出问题，分析问题的套路。 第一段通过提出一系列关于太空探索利弊的问题引发讨论。并不
41、是真的有这些怀疑，也没 有鲜明的正反观点，所以 AB 不对。D 偏差较远。 72. 主旨题。答案选 A。第二段是典型的总分总结构，主旨句在段首段尾。Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup as human beings. 主要原因在于人类基因。Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible. 而 B 选项错在 fight 这个词。CD 没提及。 73. 词义猜测题。选 C。根据 spin
42、off 前面的 we have already benefited from other spin off 关 键词 benefit，受益。而 spin off 后面的 including 说的全是获得的利益，如 improvements in earthquake prediction. 地震预测的进步等等，而不是什么生存机会，或者潜 在资源。所以选 C。 74. 细节题。答案选 C。按照问题顺序一致原则，答案应当出现在最后两段。在最后一段 的首句我们找到了一个极端词用以定位。While earth is the only planet known to support life, sure
43、ly the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets.直接由翻译可知， 人类的适应能力使我们在其他星球的居住成为可能。 75. 推理判断题。选 D。除去前两段引入，第三段主旨句（首句）的意思是每个文明都会 探索周围文明以减低危险，第四段主旨句（首句）说的是探索使得我们能够发现潜在能源。 第五段主旨句（首句）说的是探索使得很多人发现解决问题的有用资源。总的来说，就可 归结为，太空探索可以帮助我们很多，避免很多问题。 5.（2011江苏卷）A We know the famous onesthe Thom
44、as Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells but what about the less famous inventors? What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper(雨刮器)？Shouldnt we know who they are? Joan Mclean think so. In fact, Mclean, a professor of physics at Mountain University in Range, feels s
45、o strongly about this matter that shes developed a course on the topic. In addition to learning “who”invented”what”, however, Mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to the”why” and ”how” questions. According to Mclean,”When students learn the answers to these questions, they are better
46、prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try.” So,just what is the story behind the windshield wiper? Well,Mary Anderson came up with the idea in 1902 after a visit to Mew York City.The day was cold and stormy, but Anderson still wanted to see the sigh
47、ts ,so she jumped aboard a streetcar. Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the winshield,she found hersefe wondering why there couldnt be a buolt-in devic for cleaing the window. Still wondering about this when she returned home to Birmingham, Alabama, Anderson st
48、arted drafting out solutions. One of her ideas, a lever(操作杆) on the inside of a vehicle that would contral an arm on the outside, became the first windshield wiper. Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations，Its hard to imagine driving without Garrett A.Morgans traffic light. Its equ
49、ally impossible to picture a world without Katherine J.Blodgetts innovation that makes glass invisible, Can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses? 56.By mentionong “traffic light”and “windshield wiper”,the author indicates that countless inventions are . A.beneficial,because their inventors are famous B. beneficial,though their inventors are less famous C.not useful,