大学英语A统考语法讲解.ppt

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1、语法,9个语法的重点,虚拟语气 定语从句 倒装句 主谓一致 强调句 连词的辨析 省略句 非谓语动词 平行结构 其他：时态、语态、情态动词等,虚拟语气,A，表建议，要求，命令的动词，及与其相关的名词、形容词或分词，后面的从句中都要用should+动词原形作谓语，should可省略。 B，某些特殊的形容词，后面常跟虚拟语气。这一点要尤其注意。 C，wish后表示与现实相反的愿望时要用虚拟语气。 D，would rather后若加从句则要用过去式表示虚拟语气，也可以直接加do sth宁愿做。 E，If引导的条件状语中，表示与现在情况相反的假设，表示与过去情况相反的假设时。,虚拟语气(The Subj

2、unctive Mood),例1 ： The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, all practical_ value by the time they were finished. A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost 答案 B. would have lost 注释从句是省略if的虚拟条件句,谓语部分倒装,故主句谓语为would have+过去分词。 译文所涉及到的数百万次计算，如果用手工操作，到它

3、们完成时已失去全部实用价值。,虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood),例2 ：A safety analysis _the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. A. would identify B. will identify C. would have identified D. will have identified 答案 C. would have identified 注释过去时间的虚拟语气表示过去要做而没有做的事。 译文一次安全隐患分析本来会确认这个目标是潜在的危险。不幸的是

4、，这样的分析从未做过。,虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood),例3：In the past men generally preferred that their wives _in the home. A. worked B. would work C. work D. were working 答案 C. work 注释因为prefer(宁愿)是欲望动词,其后所接的宾语从句中谓语需用(should)+动词原形。 译文过去男子一般都愿意他们的妻子在家里工作。,虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood),例4：When Edison died, it was propo

5、sed that the American people _all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honour of this great man. A. turn off B. turned off C. would turn off D. had turned off 答案 A. turn off 注释 propose是欲望动词,后接的宾语从句或主语从句中谓语要用虚拟语气：should+动词原形或直接用动词原形。 译文爱迪生去世时，有人建议，为纪念这位伟人美国人民应关掉家中、街上和工厂

6、里的全部电源几分钟。,虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood),例 5：I apologize if I _you, but I assure you it was unintentional. A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended 答案 B. had offended 注释本题测试交错时间的虚拟条件句。was暗示，事情发生在过去，所以虚拟条件句中的谓语动词应该用表示过去时间的虚拟形式。 译文假如我曾经冒犯过你，我现在向你道歉，但我向你保证，这不是故意的。,定语从句,对定语从

7、句的考察是重点考察关系词选择和非限定性定语从句。 关系词的选择关键要从其在从句中担任着的成分决定的，而不是在主句中的。 非限定性定语从句通常由逗号与修饰的名词相隔开，而且只能由which，who，whom，whose引导，其中which既可以指物，也可以指前面一整句话，这一点大家一定要注意。 另外介词和上面的关键词连用构成符合关系词的情况也很多。,例1： Id like to explain the proposals _ we have received many objections. A：to which B：to where C：to who D：to what 答案：A 解析：限制性

8、定语从句，名词proposal为物，先行词为代替物的which。object to反对，其中to是介词,例2：A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _ were surprising. A：as results B：which results C：the results of it D：the results of which 答案：D 解析：非限定性定语从句，the result of the survey was surprising，用为定语从句用which代替surve

9、y,Shortly after my return, I visited the Appointments Office, _ I was interviewed by two courteous, impersonal men. A：what B：whether C：when D：where 答案：D 解析：非限定性定语从句中，先行词表示地点，用where,倒装句,only后面加状语，并放于句首时，句子用倒装；而当其修饰其它成分时不倒装。 表示否定意义的副词或短语，如seldom，never，rarely，in no time。 注意Hardly/scarcely/barely had sb

10、 donewhen这一句型，表示一就(as soon as后不加倒装),主谓一致,当主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，but ，except等短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。 表示时间，距离，金钱，速度等的数量词作主语时，通常将其看作是一个整体，为单数。 就近原则:eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also等结构作主语时，由第二个词后的名词决定谓语形式。,主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement),主语和谓语的一致,是指主语在人称和数方面与谓语动词的一致关系。 例1: There are many valuable

11、services which the public are willing to pay for, but which _ a return in money to the community. A. does not bring B. did not bring C. do not bring D. has not brought 答案 C. do not bring 注释 which的先行词是services，故谓语用第三人称复数形式。 译文有许多有价值的服务项目，公众也愿意支付其费用，但是这些项目没有给社区带来经济回报。,主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement),例2: Th

12、e amount of pressure which _the materials are subject to the quality of the products. A. affects B. affect C. affecting D. to be affected 答案 A. affects 注释本句中subject是形容词，后接介词to,其介词宾语是which。 译文这些材料所受到的压力的量影响产品的质量。,主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement),例3: There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of

13、 getting cancer than _in the public mind today. A. exists B. exist C. existing D. existed 答案 A. exists 注释 than引导比较状语从句，从句中省略the anxiety which。 译文本应减少人们对患癌症的焦虑，可如今公众心目中这种焦虑却有过之而无不及。,主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement),例4: Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life circle of the insect

14、 that _ not fully understood. A. is B. are C. have D. has 答案 B. are 注释关系代词that的先行词是elements，故谓语应为are。 译文尽管进行了大量的研究，在这种昆虫的生活周期中仍有某些因素还没有完全弄懂。,主语和谓语的一致关系(Verb Agreement),例5：These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than _ in traditional media. A

15、. exist B. exists C. existing D. to exist 答案 A. exist 注释 than引导的定语从句中than作主语，其谓语与带形容词比较级的先行词保持人称与数的一致关系。也有的语法书认为，than引导的是比较从句，后面省略了the restrictions that。 译文与传统媒体中存在的限制相比，这些建议试图更多地限制使用和拷贝数字信息,强调句,基本结构 it is/was+强调部分+that/who(人)+句子中其他成分,强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern),英语常用的强调结构是“It is (was)+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)

16、+who (that).”。一般说来,被强调部分指人时,用who;指事物时用that,但that也可以指人。在美国英语中指事物时常用which来代替that。 1. It is the uses to which television is put determine its value to society. A. they B. those C. that D. who,强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern),2. It was not until he entered the classroom he realized that he had forgotten to do

17、 the homework. A. before B. when C. then D. that 3. It was Isadora Duncan who responsible for many of the innovations that have made modern dance different from classical ballet. A. is B. was C. has been D. were,强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern),4. It is the news most parents of the hope that there is a sa

18、fe and socially approved road to a kind of life they themselves have not had, but their children can. A. that deprive B. that it deprives C. that deprives D. when it deprives 5. It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all in it, and to find, if he is able,

19、common factors which account for the facts that he knows. A. who are B. which are C. who is D. that is,连词的辨析,that：可引导同位语从句、表语从句、主语从句、宾语从句等；that在这些从句中无实际含义，也不担任任何成分。 So+形容词/副词thatsuch+(冠词或形容词)名词that，表示如此以至于。 what：可引导名词性从句，并在从句中担任主语、宾语等。 whetheror/whether or no是否，if则无此用法。 by加表示过去的时间，则主句用过去完成时；加现在，则主句用

20、现在完成时；加将来时间，则主句用将来完成时。 时间状语，条件状语还有某些让步状语中，不出现将来时，要用现在式表示将来时。 分辨一下表示因和果的连词，表示转折的连词，容易出选择题。,连接手段(The Connective),连接手段是考试的重要内容之一。在完形填空试题中经常测试考生正确运用连接手段的能力。连接手段一般包括连接词、连接代词、连接副词、关系代词和关系副词。 例1: On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont _ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston“.

21、A. which B. where C. when D. that 答案 C.when 注释本题测试下列句型：“主语+谓语(过去进行时或过去完成时) +其它成分+when+主语+谓语(一般过去时)+其他成分“。该句型中when引导的分句表示分句行为发生的突然性, when常译为“就在这时“。例如：I had nearly arrived at the town when he suddenly asked me: “Do you speak English?“ 译文在一个下雨天，我正驾车通过Vermont，就在这时我突然注意到一个年轻人举着一块牌子，上面写着“波士顿“。,连接手段(The Co

22、nnective),例2: The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me _ she could remember who last borrowed it. A. ever since B. much as C. even though D. if only 答案 D. if only 注释 if only与only if不同，if only引导的从句中谓语要用虚拟语气。only if只是if的强调形式。 译文借阅处的年长的图书馆员答应帮我弄到这本书，只要他记得谁最后一次借这本书。,连

23、接手段(The Connective),例3: No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything _ going on in the world. A. it is B. as is C. that is D. what is 答案 C. that is 注释 that is going on in the world是定语从句，修饰everything, 译文没有一个人会有时间去阅读或收听介绍世界上正在发生的每一件事情。,省略句,在一些时间，条件或让步状语从句中，当主句和从句的主语相同，而从句为主系结构时

24、(即有be)，可将从句主语和系动词一起省略,省略(Ellipsis),省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种常见的现象，它可以使语言简洁明了。英语里被省略部分一般可以在句子中补上，但有时省略结构已成定型，如把省略部分补上，反而不合乎习惯。本节所涉及的内容是有关考研试题中常见的句法上的省略。 例1: We hope the measures to control prices, _ taken by the government, will succeed. A. when B. as C. since D. after 答案 B. as 注释本句是as引导的特殊状语从句的省略型，翻译时作定语从句处

25、理，可理解为省略了they have been。 译文我们希望，政府采取的控制物价的措施将会取得成功。,省略(Ellipsis),例2: The business of each day, _selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. A. it being B. be it C. was it D. it was 答案 B. be it 注释本题是省略whether和might后主谓倒装的让步状语从句，恢复后应为whether it might be selling goods or shipping them。 译文每天的业务，

26、不管是卖货还是运货，都进行得很顺利。,省略(Ellipsis),例3: The project requires more labor than _because it is extremely difficult. A. has been put in B. have been put in C. being put in D. to be put in 答案 A. has been put in 注释本题可理解为than后省略了the labor that的比较状语从句。 译文这个项目需要的劳动力比已经投入的还多，因为项目任务十分艰巨。,省略(Ellipsis),例4: Jean Wagn

27、ers most enduring contribution to the study of AfroAmerican poetry is his insistence that it _in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed 答案 C. be analyzed 注释本题答案是省略should的虚拟语气，因为主句中insistence是欲望名词，故同位语

28、从句中谓语须用虚拟语气。 译文吉恩华格纳对美国黑人诗歌研究的不朽贡献是他主张不仅要用世俗的，而且应该用宗教的观点来分析研究美国黑人诗歌。,非谓语动词,非限定动词(Nonfinite Verb)是动词的非谓语形式。非限定动词在句中不能单独作谓语,不受主语的人称和数的限制;它在句中可以充当各种句子成分。非限定动词包括 动词不定式 动名词 分词 （现在分词、过去分词）,不定式、分词和动名词(Infinitive),不定式的用法： 例1: People cannot but _puzzled, for they simply cannot understand how he could have ma

29、de such a stupid mistake. A. feel B. feeling C. to feel D.shavingsfelt 答案 A. feel 注释 cannot but接动词原形,意为“不得不，只好“。例如：I could not but admit that he was right and I was wrong. 译文人们不得不感到困惑，因为他们简直无法理解，他怎么会犯这样一个愚蠢的错误。,不定式、分词和动名词(Infinitive),例2: Those part-time students expect some jobs _on campus during th

30、e coming summer vacation. A. to offer B. to be offered C. to have offered D. being offered 答案 B. to be offered 注释 expect后接动词不定式。offer sb. sth.向某人提供某物；students是句子的主语，所以动词不定式用被动态，即to be offered。 译文那些打工的学生期望在即将来临的暑假中能在校园内向他们提供更多的工作。,不定式、分词和动名词(Infinitive),例3: The students expected there _ more reviewin

31、g classes before the final exams. A. is B. Being C. have been D. to be 答案 D. to be 注释 there be的动词不定式形式是there to be,在本题中作expected的宾语。 译文这些学生期望在期末考试以前有更多的复习课。,不定式、分词和动名词(Infinitive),例4: It isnt cold enough for there _a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely. A. would be B. being C. wa

32、s D. to be 答案 D. to be 注释 for there to be a frost是由“there be“句型转化来的特殊形式的带逻辑主语的动词不定式，作结果状语。 译文今晚天气不致冷到有霜冻，因此我能把吉姆的汽车安全地停在外面。,平行结构(The Parallel Structure),当句中的信息是以并列列举的形式表示时,所列举的成分必须在语法上是并列的。 例1: Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a

33、divorce, let alone_ one. A. getting B. to get C. gotten D. get 答案 C. gotten 注释 let alone(更不用说)后接同等成分，即并列结构。本句中thought与gotten是并列结构,均为过去分词。 译文无数离婚的政治家如果过去即使想到要离婚,更不要说真的离婚了,他们本来就会落选。,平行结构(The Parallel Structure),例2: As far as I am concerned, his politics are rather conservative compared with _. A. that

34、 of other politicians B. ones of other politicians C. other politicians D. other politicians 答案 D. other politicians 注释 politicians意为politicians politics，与前面his politics相并列。此处politics意为“政治观点“，故谓语用第三人称复数are。 译文我的看法是，与其他政治家的政见相比，他的政见是相当保守的。,平行结构(The Parallel Structure),例3：As long as poor people, who i

35、n general are coloured, are in conflict with richer people, who in general are lighter _, theres going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. A. skin B. skinning C. skinned D. being skinned 答案 C. skinned 注释 are lighter skinned与前面的are coloured是并列结构。lighter skinned意为“肤色更浅的“，其中的lighter是副词比较级。 译

36、文只要穷人(一般是有色人种)与富人(一般是白人)发生冲突，世界上就会发生不断的种族冲突。,试题举例：情态动词,26. Marys score on the test is the highest in her class; she _ have studied very hard. A.may B.should C.must D.ought to 60. - I have taken someone elses T-shirt by mistake. Is it Janes? - It _ be hers. She seldom wears red. A.wont B.cant C.needn

37、t D.mustnt 61. - May I go to play basketball now, mum? - No. You _ finish your homework first. A.can B.must C.may D.need,试题举例：连词,27. He cannot be tired _ he has walked only half a mile. A.since B.whether C.when D.as long as 31. A businessman should know his buyers not just _ buyers, but _ people. A.

38、like like B.like as C.as as D.as like 62. She was in the middle of telling me the news _ a cloud came over her face. A.where B.why C.when D.while,35. _ the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in his research. A.Because of B.As to C.In spite of D.In view of 71. The uni

39、form makes us look like a bunch of clones, especially _ we are doing morning exercise in the playground. A.since B.which C.as D.when 72. _ difficult the situation was, we managed to survive. A.How B.However C.What D.When,73. _ I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. A.Even B.While C.Becaus

40、e D.No matter 107. _five hundred people are believed to have drowned. A. As many as B. As much as C. So many as D. So much as,试题举例：名词复数,51. All of the _ in our school will attend a special meeting. A.women teachers B.woman teachers C.women teacher D.woman teacher,试题举例：时态,59. By the time he arrives i

41、n Beijing, we _ here for two days. A.shall stay B.have been staying C.will have stayed D.have stayed 85. I wont complain as long as I _ where I want to go. A.will get B.get C.got D.would get 112. Maggie _the floor when she _the door bell ring. A. was sweeping heard B. swept heard C. was sweeping was

42、 hearing D. swept was hearing,试题举例：虚拟语气,74. It is necessary that you _ be present at the meeting. A.should B.could C.may D.will 75. If human beings had been a bit less greedy and cruel, more birds and animals _ dying out. A.ought to avoid B.could have been avoided C.should have avoided D.might have

43、avoided,90. Id rather you _make any comment on the issue for the time being. A. dont B. wouldnt C. didnt D. shouldnt 100. The mad man was put in the soft padded cell lest he _himself. A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure,试题举例：定语从句,28. The reason _ I came late for the meeting was that

44、my car broke down. A.why B.because C.that D.which 70. A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, _ were surprising. A.as results B.which results C.the results of it D.the results of which 117. The painting, _was set in the wood frame, is Da Vincis authentic works.

45、A. which B. that C. when D. who,试题举例：非谓语动词,30. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A.lacked B.lacking of C.lacking D.lacked in 63. The new government is trying to justify _ the income tax. A.increasing B.to increase C.increase D.increased 64. Rather _ by the party, he left

46、 half an hour before it was ended. A.to be boring B.bored C.to be bored D.boring,69. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain _ as the plane was making a landing. A.seated B.seating C.seat D.to be seating 76. You should give the application to the man _ at that chair. A.sits B.to sit C.

47、sat D.sitting 77. _ the program, they have to stay there for another three weeks. A.Not having completed B.Not completed C.Not completing D.Having not completed,79. She was lying in bed _ a book. A.to read B.reading C.to be reading D.to have read 84. John suggested _ anything about it until they found out more fa