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1、变形缝、施工缝和后浇带的区别：关于变形缝和后浇带、变形缝及施工缝的区别一、后浇带 1、后浇带是为防止现浇钢筋混凝土结构由于温度、收缩不均可能产生的有害裂缝，按照设计或施工规范要求，在板（包括基础底板）、墙、梁相应位置留设临时施工缝，将结构暂时划分为若干部分，经过构件内部收缩，在若干时间后再浇捣该施工缝混凝土，将结构连成整体。后浇带是既可解决沉降差又可减少收缩应力的有效措施，故在工程中应用较多。 设置后浇带的位置、距离通过设计计算确定，其宽度考虑施工简便、避免应力集中，常为8001200mm；在有防水要求的部位设置后浇带，应考虑止水带构造；设置后浇带的部位还应该考虑模板等措施不同的消耗因素；后浇
2、带部位的混凝土应用微膨胀，强度等级须比原结构提高一级。 2、后浇带的作用 2.1、解决沉降差。高层建筑和裙房的结构及基础设计成整体，但在施工时用后浇带把两部分暂时断开，待主体结构施工完毕，已完成大部分沉降量（50以上）以后再浇灌连接部分的混凝土，将高低层连成整体。设计时基础应考虑两个阶段不同的受力状态，分别进行强度校核。连成整体后的计算应当考虑后期沉降差引起的附加内力。这种做法要求地基土较好，房屋的沉降能在施工期间内基本完成。同时还可以采取以下调整措施：（1）调压力差。主楼荷载大，采用整体基础降低土压力，并加大埋深，减少附加压力；低层部分采用较浅的十字交叉梁基础，增加土压力，使高低层沉降接近。
3、（2）调时间差。先施工主楼，待其基本建成，沉降基本稳定，再施工裙房，使后期沉降基本相近。（3）调标高差。经沉降计算，把主楼标高定得稍高，裙房标高定得稍低，预留两者沉降差，使最后两者实际标高相一致。2.2、减小温度收缩影响。新浇混凝土在硬结过程中会收缩，已建成的结构受热要膨胀，受冷则收缩。混凝土硬结收缩的大部分将在施工后的头12个月完成，而温度变化对结构的作用则是经常的。当其变形受到约束时，在结构内部就产生温度应力，严重时就会在构件中出现裂缝。在施工中设后浇带，是在过长的建筑物中，每隔3040米设宽度为7001000毫米的缝，缝内钢筋采用搭接或直通加弯做法。留出后浇带后，施工过程中混凝土可以自由
4、收缩，从而大大减少了收缩应力。混凝土的抗拉强度可以大部分用来抵抗温度应力，提高结构抵抗温度变化的能力。后浇带保留时间一般不少于一个月，在此期间，收缩变形可完成3040。后浇带的浇筑时间宜选择气温较低（但应为正温度）时，可用浇筑水泥或水泥中掺微量铝粉的混凝土，其强度等级应比构件强度高一级，防止新老混凝土之间出现裂缝，造成薄弱部位。 二、变形缝 沉降缝、伸缩缝和防震缝统称为变形缝。通常沉降缝、伸缩缝和防震缝被用作将房屋分成若干个独立部分，从而消除沉降差、温度和收缩应力以及体型复杂对结构带来的危害。 1、伸缩缝 伸缩缝指的是为适应材料胀缩变形对结构的影响而在结构中设置的间隙。建筑构件因温度和湿度等因
5、素的变化会产生胀缩变形。为此，通常在建筑物适当的部位设置竖缝，自基础以上将房屋的墙体、楼板层、 屋顶等构件断开，将建筑物分离成几个独立的部分。 伸缩缝即温度缝，是在建筑物的平面尺寸较大时，为释放结构中由于温度变化和混凝土干缩而产生的内力而设置的。其主要作用是防止房屋因气候变化而产生裂缝。其做法为：沿建筑物长度方向每隔一定距离预留缝隙，将建筑物从屋顶、墙体、楼层等地面以上构件全部断开，建筑物基础因其埋在地下受温度变化影响小，不必断开。伸缩缝的宽度一般为2厘米到3厘米，缝内填保温材料。设置伸缩缝的方法，通常是采用在伸缩缝处设置双墙或双柱的构造，将上部结构断开，分成独立的结构单元。对有抗震设防要求的
6、建筑，伸缩缝的宽度应符合防震缝宽度的要求。 伸缩缝的最大间距 结构体系施工方法最大间距（m）框架现浇55剪力墙现浇452、沉降缝：为防止建筑物各部分由于地基不均匀沉降引起房屋破坏所设置的垂直缝称为沉降缝。当一幢建筑物建造在不同土质且性质差别较大的地基上，或建筑物相邻部分的高度、荷载和结构形式差别较大，以及相邻墙体基础埋深相差悬殊时，为防止建筑物出现不均匀沉降，以至发生错动开裂，应在差异处设置贯通的垂直缝隙，将建筑物划分若干个可以自由沉降的独立单元。沉降缝同伸缩缝的显著区别在于沉降缝是从建筑物基础到屋顶全部贯通。沉降缝宽度与地基性质和建筑高度有关沉降缝的构造与伸缩缝基本相同，但盖缝的作法，必须保
7、证相邻两个独立单元能自由沉降。在下列情况下，宜考虑设置沉降缝： 建筑主体结构高度悬殊，重量差别过大； 地基不均匀； 同一建筑结构不同的单元采用不同基础形式； 上部结构采用不同的结构形式或结构体系的交接处。 3、防震缝 防震缝是为了避免震害，可采用设置防震缝的办法，将平面和体型复杂的高层建筑，分成若干个比较规则、整齐和均匀的独立结构单元。在下列情况下，宜设防震缝： 当建筑平面突出部分较长，而又未采取有效措施时； 房屋有较大错层时； 房屋各部分结构刚度或荷载相关悬殊时； 地基不均匀，各部分沉降相差过大时. 现行的高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程对钢筋混凝土结构的防震缝最小缝宽做出规定： 任何情况下不能小
8、于70mm； 框架结构建筑高度不超过15m，可采用70mm；超过15m的部分，6度、7度、8度和9度相应每增加高度5m、4m、3m和2m，宜加宽20mm； 框架剪力墙结构防震缝的最小缝宽按前述第条规定的70采用；剪力墙结构的防震缝最小缝宽按前述第条规定的50采用，但不能小于70mm。 三、施工缝 施工缝指的是在混凝土浇筑过程中，因设计要求或施工需要分段浇筑而在先、后浇筑的混凝土之间所形成的接缝。 施工缝并不是一种真实存在的“缝”，它只是因后浇筑混凝土超过初凝时间，而与先浇筑的混凝土之间存在一个结合面，该结合面就称之为施工缝。 因混凝土先后浇注形成的结合面容易出现各种隐患及质量问题，因此，不同的
9、结构工程对施工缝的处理都需要慎之又慎。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen in
10、ner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as
11、negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second
12、part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulati
13、ons of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision
14、work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, t
15、o solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of impor
16、tant speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But w
17、ith the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the
18、lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the exis
19、ting problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions
20、 have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation
21、 of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more rele
22、vant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Centra
23、l Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According
24、 to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two
25、regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state orga
26、ns Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Par
27、ty issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision op
28、inion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After considerat
29、ion of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regula
30、tions revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the dis
31、cipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of
32、party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commissi
33、on for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combi
34、ning rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere t
35、o in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight
36、 the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and on
37、e low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems
38、existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to imp
39、lement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified
40、 and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, r
41、equirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a posi
42、tive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehens
43、ive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is
44、the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600
45、words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ide
46、al and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as four must the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the partys advanced nature and purity, to reflect the
47、 revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the public and private, cheap and rot thrifty and extravagance bitter music, put forward the four norms. Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the vital few, around the clean politics, from civ