《1-3基础语法和用法.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《1-3基础语法和用法.ppt（99页珍藏版）》请在三一文库上搜索。
1、基础语法和用法,Grammar and Usage,动词,动词是表达句意的精髓，句子的时态、语态等全依靠动词来体现。 动词可分为: 实意动词（如：go, do, make） 系动词（如：be, remain, seem,turn） 助动词（do)和情态动词(must, can) 对于动词的考点：主谓一致、动词形式的正确运用。,例句：,误：My father, together with some of his friends, have been there already. 正：My father, together with some of his friends, has been th
2、ere already.,注意要点：,1.正确分析句子结构。 2.找准句子的主语和谓语。 3.能准确记忆和辨识动词的各种形式，尤其是不规则动词。,Simple sentence,The rain stopped. 主语+谓语 I love my Mom. 主语+谓语+宾语 You are cute! 主语+系动词+表语 Tom gives me a book. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 John told me to do that again. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,复合句（ Compound Sentence）,When two independent clauses, or
3、 complete sentences are joined together, they form one compound sentence. E.g. Beijing is in the North. Nanjing is in the South. Beijing is in the North and Nanjing is in the South.,复杂句（Complex Sentence）,When an independent clause and a dependent clause are joined together， they form one complex sen
4、tence. My uncle, who is seventy years old, works on a farm.,Compound sentence+ Complex sentence,Studying English is important because a lot of jobs need people know English; moreover, learning English helps people understand other countrys culture. 这是一个由 moreover 连接的复合句，前后两句都在谈论学英语的重要性，两个独立完整的句子。但第一
5、句话中又包含了一个由because 引导的从句。,总结：谓语动词,谓语动词在一个分句当中起到凝聚的作用，它能把其它各种相关成分聚合在一起来满足我们的表意需求. 句子的构建必须仅仅围绕着动词这一核心，必须遵从“主谓一致”这一原则。 谓语动词直接决定了一个句子的基本结构模式.,总结：非谓语动词,非谓语动词（不定式to do、现在分词V-ing、过去分词V-ed）是对谓语动词的一个很好的补充，弥补了动作表达的不足。既满足了我们对动作表达的要求，又照顾到了“一个分句中有且只有一个谓语动词或者说只有一套主谓对待机制”这么一个铁的法则。,动词的时态与助动词,助动词没有独立的语义，主要作用是协助谓语动词表示
6、时态、语态或构成疑问式、否定式等。 助动词和情态动词的共同特点是需要和其他动词搭配使用才有意义，而且句子的否定式和疑问式都可通过这两类词体现。,一、have/has (现在完成时), had (过去完成时) 这组助动词主要用来构成完成时态，形式为：have /has /had + 过去分词 如：I havent seen you for ages. She had mentioned this before.,二、be be本身可作系动词，但在进行时中它是助动词，与现在分词搭配使用，缺一不可。 如：Shes watching a football match. Hes looking for
7、his favorite pet. 此外，be和过去分词搭配构成被动语态 如：The vicar was killed in a car accident.,三、do/does (一般现在时), did (一般过去时) 此组助动词用于构成疑问式或否定式 如：He doesnt feel like smoking at the moment. Did you meet the manager this morning?,四、will, shall, would 此组助动词用于构成将来时 如：He wont be able to see you until an hour later. Mary
8、promised she would pay you a visit soon.,不定式,不定式是动词的非谓语形式，它的构成为：to+动词原形（to do, to say) 作宾语:I didnt expect to hear from you so soon. 作主语: To work hard should be your major concern. 作表语: His dream is to become a teacher. 作宾补：John told me to do that again.,Infinitive(不定式),An infinitive is ordinarily pr
9、eceded by to and is used as a noun, and adjective, or an adverb: To err is human. But in some cases, infinitives omit to, as follows:,1.Just after the modal auxiliaries will/would, shall/should, can/could, may/might, must, need, dare: Who dare challenge a champion?,2.Just after some idiomatic(惯用的) p
10、hrases had better, had best(应当，最好), would rather, would sooner(宁愿), would just as soon(宁愿), might as well(不妨，莫如), cannot but(不得不), etc.: They cannot but accept his term.,3.In some fixed collocations(搭配)，如： make do(将就，凑合), make believe(假装 ), let drop(丢下), let fall【放下（吊桥等），使（帷幕）落下 】, let fly(发射，猛烈攻击）
11、hear say (据说) John let fly(攻击,发射) a torrent of(不断的) abuse(辱骂) at me. I hear say there was a heavy flood in that county.,4. In the pattern have/make/let sb. do, or why(not) do sth. Or sentences beginning with rather than, sooner than: John made her tell him everything. Why not give Mary some flowers?
12、 Why argue with him? Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.,But if have/make/let sb. do is changed to the passive voice, to can not be omitted: She was made to tell him everything.,5. After the preposition except, but, if there is to do, did, does, done b
13、efore the prepositions, to is omitted, otherwise to is a must: Theres nothing to do except wait still till it stops raining. Simon will do anything but work on a farm. Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.,分词,现在分词:the man sitting behind me 过去分词 :a gas composed of four chemical elements
14、,Participles 分词,A participle acts as an adjective in the sentence and there are two forms ing(present participle), and ed(past participle):,Present participle: ends in ing: literally(字面的) active or unfinished. 1. If ing is the object of the verb, it often takes the subject of the main clause as its
15、own logical subject. Joyce grudged(憎恨) having to pay such high taxes. He drank his beer and resumed(重新开始) reading his paper.,2.For some verbs excuse, forgive, pardon, involve, avoid, -ing will create its own logical subject by the objective cases of noun/pronoun or the genitive nouns/possessive pron
16、ouns: They have never forgiven us going there. He approved the boys thinking I dont want to help. I couldnt deny his having made a reasonable excuse. She cant stand your smoking in her room.,3.Many verbs begin, cant bear, cease, like, love, omit, prefer, propose, start, etc, are followed by either i
17、ng or to with no or little difference in meaning, but usually for the common action ing will be used much more, while for special or specific action, to more: I dread falling ill. I dread to think of it. I dont like watching television. Id like to swim today.,4. For verbs need, want, require, deserv
18、e, the active ing can function as the passive meaning which is similar to the passive voice of to do: This letter needs signing by the manager.=This letter needs to be signed by the manager. Your car urgently required seeing to.=Your car urgently required to be seen to. The house wants rewiring(重新布线
19、).=The house wants to be rewired.,5. For verbs encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise, authorize, usually ing is used as object, but if to is used, to often has its own logical subject: They encouraged learning English by radio and television. They encourage me to learn English by radio and tel
20、evision. They dont allow talking here. They dont allow us to talk here.,6. Some verbs admit, acknowledge, cannot help/resist/stand/, delay, miss, etc, are followed only by ing as objects, not by to: Carlos just missed being caught. Please pardon my disturbing you. We appreciate your inviting us to y
21、our party. I can not resist bargaining.,7. Big difference exists between ing and to for verbs try, mean, remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, etc.: Cant you remember telling me the story last night? You must remember to tell me all that. I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall. I was so busy th
22、at I forgot to see the Great Wall.,More e.g.,Your plan would mean spending hours. I didnt mean to make you angry. If you want to improve the taste, try adding some sugar. Phillip tried to answer each question by himself.,Past Participle end in ed: literally passive or finished.,1. If ed can be used
23、as the modifier of noun and put just before the noun, it is called Pre-modifier E.g.: a finished article, the spoken word, a closed shop, frozen food, badly-built house,2.if ed can be used as the modifier and put after the noun, it is called post-modifier. In this case, -ed will be together with oth
24、er modifiers or elements and it functions as the relative clause: Vast areas of land, efficiently irrigated and fertilized(灌溉和施肥), could be converted into arable(适于耕种的) fields producing cereals(谷物). Things seen are mightier than things heard.,3. ed of adjective function can be used as noun modifier,
25、 subject complement or object complement: The door remains locked. I found the door locked. I found a locked door. Specially ed as complement, the verbs mainly are see, hear, feel, find, think, make, get, have, keep:,E.g.: I saw the students assembled in the hall. He felt his eyes dazzled by the bri
26、ght light. Everybody thought the battle lost. We found her greatly changed. I have my hair cut every ten days. Please keep us informed of the latest developments.,If ed can be used as the adverbial modifier, it functions as a adverbial clause: Punished, they will not cooperate.= When/If they are pun
27、ished, they will not cooperate. United, we stand; divided, we fall.= When/If we are united, we stand; when/If we are divided, we fall.,Besides, -ing also functioned as adverbial clause: Not knowing what to do, the woman telephoned the police.= Because the woman didnt know what to do, she telephoned
28、the police. Having had two eggs and one cup of milk, the boy went out to the school.= After the boy had had two eggs and one cup of milk, he went out to the school.,5. When ed/-ing function as the relative/adverbial clause in the sentence, a logical subject should exist. In this case ,the subject of
29、 the sentence is usually the logical subject of ed/-ing: Sitting at the back as we are, we cant hear a word. Jolted(袭击) by the collision(冲突), Harry suffered a sprained(扭伤) back and a broken knee. Growling(咆哮) threateningly, the gorilla (大猩猩)intimidated(威胁) the crowd. The floor invaded(被入侵) by termit
30、es(白蚁) was made of oak(橡树).,Ex.,My great-grandmother was pictured having kneaded dough in the kitchen. A No change B kneads C kneading D was kneading C.,Incorrect: Opening the cupboard(橱柜), a skeleton(骨架) fell out. Painted white, we like the house better. Drinking at the spring, the hunter saw a hug
31、e lion.,独立主格结构,独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式，对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性.,独立主格的构成,主语+现在分词或过去分词 The school being over, the street was full of the students. = When the school was over, the street was full of the students.,独立主格的特征,独立主格句的主语和句子主语不一致， 如: His mouth filled with water, he couldnt
32、utter a word. (独立主格) 对比分词句：其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致: Filling his mouth with water, he couldnt utter a word.,独立主格在句子中的作用,表示时间、条件，原因、伴随状态等 如：The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间) Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件) Time pressing, they had to work overtime. (原因
33、) The leaves rustling in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随),Modifier 修饰语,Modifier usually goes to “determiner+key noun” and can be many form from adjective, adverb, preposition, noun, participle, or relative clause, or appositive(同位语): I saw a strangely painted picture. A beautiful oil p
34、ainting was missing. The truth that the earth is round has been evident to every astronaut.,1. By the relative position between the modifier and the key noun modified, there are two types-the pre-modifier and the post-modifier. The adjective and noun are usually pre-modifiers, while the phrases of p
35、reposition, adjective or infinitive, relative and appositive phrases are all post-modifiers: George was wearing a yellow sports shirt, light cotton slacks and open-toed sandals. The man who called here last night must have been Jeremy Taylor.,Some adjectives can be pre- or post- modifiers with chang
36、e in meaning, but some no change: E.g.: the finest obtainable cloth= the finest cloth obtainable For the combinations of some-, any-, and body, -one, -thing, their modifiers can be post-modifiers only: Is there anything easier? Anybody intelligent can do it.,2. In order for the structural balance, t
37、he relative clause and its antecedent are often not very closely related, and the same with the appositive clause: The box was by the door which had contained the papers and other valuables. The story is told that he was once a wrestler(摔跤手).,3. If the antecedents are fact, truth, knowledge, idea, h
38、ope, assumption, news, suggestion, etc, usually the appositive clauses will follow: They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station(汽车加油站) is 30 kilometers away. The idea that my watch might be wrong did not occur to me.,4 Adjective as modifier If there are more than one adjectives as mod
39、ifiers, their word order as follows: Determinant(决定的)-descriptive(描述的)-size or old/new-color-adjective of category(类别)-noun of category-key noun. The church (English ,old, charming, towns) The towns charming old English church,5. Adverb as modifiers He has travelled widely. I firmly believe that. Mo
40、st of the adverbs are formed by suffix ly to the relative adjective, but some adverbs share the same spelling with its adjective form: We had an early breakfast. We had breakfast early.,6. Appositive as modifier同位语修饰语 The appositive and its part modified are usually punctuated with comma, dash, or c
41、olon: He sent for his old friend, Bob. Half and hour later, the second diver returned with the same report-nothing. Incorporated in humanistic program in our schools is one of the most dehumanizing practices in education: standardized testing.,7. Misplaced Modifiers Acme just cleaned my rugs(地毯) las
42、t month. Acme cleaned my rugs just last month. (Just modifies last month) To plant tomatoes, it was a good growing year. It was a good growing year to plant tomatoes.,8. Dangling Constructions(悬垂结构） A dangling modifier literally hangs in the air; there is no logical word in the sentence for it to mo
43、dify. Frequently it is placed close to the wrong noun or verb, causing the sentence to sound ridiculous. Incorrect: Having run out of gas, John was late for dinner. Correct: Because the car ran out of gas, John was late for dinner.,Incorrect: Driving along the parkway, several deer were spotted. Cor
44、rect: Driving along the parkway, we spotted several deer. Incorrect: After putting a bloodworm(红蚯蚓) on my book, the flounders(比目鱼) began to bite. Correct: After putting a bloodworm on my book, I found that the flounders began to bite.,Incorrect: To skate like a champion, practice is essential. Corre
45、ct: To skate like a champion, one must practice. Incorrect: To make a good impression, a shirt and tie should be worn to the interview. Correct: To make a good impression, Jeff should wear a shirt and tie to the interview.,Thank you!,Subject-verb-agreement 主语动词一致,1.A verb agrees in number with its s
46、ubject. UCLA is my choice. My cat, a Persian named Gus, is awake all night. A column of wounded prisoners, townspeople, and exhausted soldiers was spotted struggling over the horizon. She, her brother, and her friends from upstate have always bought tickets to the rock concert.,2. Singular/plural su
47、bjects followed by such words or phrases as along with, as well as, in addition to, together with, rather than, no less than, more than or with require singular/plural verbs: Making the beds, together with other light jobs, keeps Grandma busy until noon. The captain, as well as the coaches, was disa
48、ppointed.,3. Indefinite pronouns like anybody, each, either, everyone, neither, and one are always singular, and take a singular verb, regardless of intervening words. Other indefinite pronouns, like all, any, none, or some may be either singular or plural. Both, few, many, and several are always pl
49、ural:,Neither of my children has an interest in music. Each man and each woman is asked to help. Each of the chapters in the book has a title. All is not lost but all of us are going. Few of the golfers were professionals.,4. Compound subjects joined by and usually take a plural verb, but an exception is a compound subject that names one person, thing or idea: The Toyota and the Ford are low on gas. Ham and eggs is a favorite breakfast.,5. In sentence that begin with there is or there are, the subject follows the ve