Unit1:TheEvolutionofCommunicationTheories.ppt

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1、通信工程专业英语,Specialized English for Communication Engineering,课程教材 通信工程专业英语 马丽华 著 北京邮电大学出版社,学习本课程的目的 掌握专业英文的阅读、翻译、写作的基本方法; 学习、积累英文专业词汇; 了解专业领域的一些技术、知识。,本课程的主要内容 专业英语基础知识 精选专业文献的阅读、讲解及翻译练习 专业文献(摘要)的写作练习,学习本课程的主要方式 课前预习 课堂讲解重点难点 课堂提问 课后练习,建议 准备笔记本 准备英汉专业词典,要求 独立完成作业 遵守课堂纪律,考核 平时 30% + 期末 70%,一、专业英语简介,专业英

2、语(Specialized English),又称科技英语( English for Science and Technology) ,它把英语和专业知识紧密结合起来,用专业语言来说明客观存在的事物或事实。,第一部分 专业英语基础知识,1.专业英语的三大特性,专业性:体现在它的特殊专业内容和特殊专业词汇上,GPRS(General Packet Radio Service ),Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM),异步转移模式,脉冲编码调制,第一部分 专业英语基础知识,circuit,周围,巡回,绕行,电路,bus,公共汽车,总线,母线,Pulse-code mod

3、ulation (PCM),Bit-error Rate,通用分组无线业务,误码率,灵活性:体现在句子结构和词性的使用上。,如英语中的动词有的表示动作,有的表示相对静止的状态。,(1)TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures. 电视与无线电的区别在于电视能够发送和接收图像。(表示状态) (2)These two RF signals are arranged to differ by a constant frequency. 这两个射频信号用于找出一个固定频率。(表示动作),专业英语基础知识,简明性:用尽可能少的

4、单词来清晰地表达原意,专业英语基础知识,过去分词短语可以取代被动语态关系从句,现在分词可以取代主动语态关系从句,如 In Britain electricity energy generated in power station is fed to the national Grid.,不定式短语用以替换表示目的、功能的从句,如 The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.,National Grid 全国输电网,常使用动词或名词演化成的形容词 合成新词多,2.专业英语有如下显著特点:,专业英语基础知识,用虚拟语气表达假设或建议 常用It句型结

5、构 被动语态使用频繁,名词性词组多 缩写使用频繁 长句多 在说明书、手册中广泛使用祈使语句,合成词: multimeter 万用表,interface 接口、界面 code-decode codec 编解码 coder-decoder codec 编解码器 modulator-demolatormodem 调制解调器 Interactive-network internet 互联网、因特网 transmitter-receiver transceiver 收发器,GSM , GPRS, CDMA , GPS ,FTTH,1.词汇和句型: 词汇是语言的基础,科技英语中的词汇可分为四类: 普通词汇

6、、专业词汇、专业缩写词汇和转意词汇。,普通词汇 (Common vocabularies) 冠词、动词、副词、介词、形容词、数词、连接词、名词、代词 这些词汇在科技英语中的意义和用法与在普通英语中基本是一致的。,二、科技英语中的几个关键问题,专业英语基础知识,专业词汇(Speciality vocabularies) 在通信技术中常用的专业词汇,专业英语基础知识,electron、amplifier、electromagnetic wave、transceiver、frequency、parameter.,专业缩写词汇( Speciality Abbreviation) 在通信技术中常用的专业

7、缩写词汇,USB universal serial bus,SSB single side band,FM frequency modulation,DC. dc. direct current,AM amplitude modulation,AC. ac. alternating current,ITU International Telecommunications Union IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering ISO International Standardization Organization,专业英

8、语基础知识,专业缩写词汇:在通信技术中常用的专业缩写词汇,LAN, Local Area Network 局域网,MAN, Metropolitan Area Network 城域网,WLAN, Wide Area Network 广域网,WWW, World Wide Web 全球网、万维网,HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocal 超文本传输协议,ISDN, Intergrated Services Digital Network综合业务数字网,FFT, Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅立叶变换,转义词汇(Transfered words) 从

9、普通词汇中借用、移植过来的,并赋予它们不同于普通应用时的专门含义。,专业英语基础知识,转意词 普通含义 专业含义,current 水流,气流,趋势,当前的 电流,resistance 阻力,抵抗,敌对 电阻,carrier 运载工具 载波,载流子,modulator 调节者 调制器,flip-flop 翻跟斗 触发器,resistance :电阻,电阻值 resistor :电阻(器) capacitance:电容,电容值 capacitor:电容(器) inductance:电感,电感值 inductor:电感(器),parallel serial :并行串行 parallel series

10、: 并联串联,analog digital :模拟的数字的 continuous discrete: 连续的离散的,转义词汇(Transfered words),转义词汇(Transfered words),有些单词的通用含义很接近,但它们的专业含义却完全不同,如: differential :微分 difference :差分 probability :概率 possibility :可能性,转意词汇还有:failure,relay,filter,spectrum,monitor,flip-flop等等,Unit 1:,第二部分 通信技术,The Evolution of Communica

11、tion Theories,通信理论的发展,相关背景知识,通信系统(Communication system):,NEW WORDS AND PHRASES,purport v. 声称,意味着 semiotics n. 记号语言学 sociometric n. 社会测量 socio- : 社会的,社会学的 proliferation n. 繁殖,增殖 proliferate v. theorem n. 定理,法则 predictability n. 可预言 predict v. monotonically adv. 单调地,无变化地 mono- :单一 occurrence n. 事件,发生

12、semantics n. 语义学 channel n. 信道,频道 aberration n. 失常,误差, 偏差,畸变,色差; 象差 noise n. 杂音,干扰,噪声,NEW WORDS AND PHRASES,premium n. 额外费用, 奖金, 佣金, 保险费 adj. 特级的 auction n. 拍卖 recipient n. 接收者,信息接受器 fidelity n. 保真度,精度 moderator n. 缓和剂 jargon n. 行话 recency n. 崭新,For many years communications in organizations have be

13、en examined in terms of transmission and efficiency in a variety of ways. However the work of Shannon and Weaver with their communication transmission model provided a basis for much of subsequent thinking in the way communications were analyzed. in terms of :根据, 按照, 用.的话, 在.方面 Transmission:传输 effic

14、iency:有效性 subsequent:后来的 多年以来,从传输和有效性的角度来说,已经用多种方式调查过各种组织机构中的通信,然而Shannon和Weaver的通信模型为后来分析通信方式的许多见解提供了基础。,TEXT,The model, however, has been used and continues to be used for purposes for which it was never designed. purpose :目的 然而,该模型被使用并继续被用于的目的不是设计的本意。,In essence it is a data transmission model an

15、d does not purport to be a communication theory in which wider considerations, such as language, semiotics, sociometric and culture aspects must be included in order to analyze organizational communications. In essence:本质上,其实 purport:宣称,声称 semiotics:记号语言 sociometric:社会测量 本质上,它是一个数据传输模型,而不是宣称一个通信理论:在

16、该理论中,为了分析组织通信,它一定要包括更广泛的考虑因素,诸如语言、记号语言、社会测量和文化等。,In addition, the proliferation of available transmission channels has made communication analysis more complex and made it an essential task for organizational planning. proliferation:增殖,扩散 available:有效的,可得的;可利用的;空闲的 transmission channels:传输信道 此外,有效传输

17、信道的增加使得通信分析更复杂,并使之成为组织计划的一项重要任务。,The process model of Shannon and further developed with Weaver, see Fig.1, is essentially a model of data transmission. It is based on an information theory, which was developed by Hartley and Nyquist and incorporated into Shannons channel capacity theorem. informati

18、on theory:信息论 essentially:本质上, 本来 based on:基于 incorporate:合并 Shannon的过程模型进一步由Weaver改进,如图1,从本质上来讲是一个数据传输模型。它基于Hartley和Nyquist提出的信息论,后该理论被并入到Shannon信道容量理论中。,Information theory is based on the predictability of messages, resulting in the information content of a message monotonically decreasing with in

19、creasing probability of its occurrence. predictability:可预言 predict predictable information content :信息量 monotonically:单调地 probability :几率, 概率,可能性 occurrence:发生, 出现 信息理论是基于信息的可预测性,即消息的信息量随其发生概率的增加而单调递减。,Equation 1 shows how the information content of a message I, can be quantified in terms of binary

20、bits according to its probability of occurrence pm. in terms of:根据,按照,用的话,在方面 binary bits:二进制比特数 according to:根据 等式1说明,消息的信息量 I 可根据发生概率 pm 以二进制比特数来量化。,: information content of a message 信息量 : probability of occurrence 发生概率,(1),The information content of a message is therefore a measure of its scarci

21、ty. Hence, with a message that is a certainty, it carries no information and has an information content of zero. A most important aspect of the theory is that it does not measure the meaning or semantics of the message. scarcity :缺乏,不足;稀少,罕见,难得 semantics :语义学 因而消息的信息量是其缺失性的一种度量。由此,一个确知消息,是不含任何信息的,它的

22、信息量为0。信息量的一个重要方面是它不检测消息的意义或语义。,The average information content of a binary sender is known as its entropy H, and is related to the information content of each message as defined by Equation 1 and their related probabilities. This is expressed in Equation (2).,(2),entropy :熵 be known as:被称为,平均信息量的二进制

23、表示被称为熵 H ,它与每条消息的信息量和发生概率有关。如等式表示。,The channel capacity theorem relates the maximum rate of transmission , expressed in terms of binary bits per second for a digital communication channel, to those resources used to transport the signals and the environment for the transmission. relateto:显示出与的关系 res

24、ource: 消息来源 信道容量准则显示出最大传输速率与传送信号的资源及传输环境之间的关系,对数字通信信道,最大传输速率以每秒的二进制位表示。,In the model, signals are used to represent messages and they take a form that is the most suitable for the transmission medium. The entities used to model the resources are the signal power S, the time taken to transmit the sig

25、nal T, and finally the bandwidth or capacity of the channel B. The aspects of the environment that are considered are those that distort or interfere with the signals. distort:失真 interfere:干扰 在该模型中,信号被用来表示消息,并采用最适合于在传输媒介中传输的形式。用来建模的资源中,实体是信号功率 S ,传输时间 T 以及信道容量或带宽 B 。考虑的环境因素是信号的失真或信号干扰。,These aberrat

26、ions are modeled as the noise power spectral density of the channel C, and the resulting noise power N, is the product of the noise spectral density and the bandwidth of the channel. The channel capacity as advocated by Shannon is shown in Equation(3). C=Blog2(1+S/N) (3) aberration: 失常,色差,畸变 be mode

27、led as: 将建模为 noise power spectral density:噪声功率谱密度 将这些畸变建模为信道噪声功率频谱密度和噪声功率N,噪声功率N是噪声频谱密度及信道带宽的产物。等式3表示的是Shonnon提出的信道容量。,The time T required to transmit a message is shown by Equation (4). In order to decrease the time to transmit message it is therefore necessary to make the channel capacity C as lar

28、ge as possible. From Equation(3) the channel capacity can be maximized by increasing the bandwidth B, this may not be possible for wireless systems where bandwidth is premium. premium : 奖金,奖品,额外补贴,In the UK auction for third generation licences, five mobile communication operators paid E22.5bn for t

29、he bandwidth required for the provision fo their services. communication operators:通信运营商 provision:供应,供求,预备 英国第三代移动通信牌照的拍卖,五大通信运营商付了225亿欧元购买他们用于业务服务的带宽。,For cable systems, as are used by wire-line operators to provide telephony, Internet access and broadcast radio and television, distance and cost o

30、f technology determines the bandwidth. But, there is also an engineering trade off between bandwidth and noise, by increasing the bandwidth, noise is also increasing. 由于有线运营商利用有线系统提供电话、互联网接入、广播和电视业务,因此距离和技术成本主要取决于带宽。但是,带宽的增加,噪声也会随之增加,因此,带宽和噪声的权衡也是一个工程学中的效益悖反。,The increase in noise, can in priciple,

31、be compensated for by increasing the signal power S, but again this has the disadvantage that a channels increase in signal power is another channels increase in interference and hence noise. compensate:补偿 原则上,噪声的增加能够通过增加信号功率 S 来补偿,但是有一个缺点:一个信道的信号功率的增加意味着对另一个信道干扰(噪声)的增加。,In addition, for mobile devi

32、ces, an increase in transmission power has healthy consequences, and also reduces the time between battery recharging which is a big inconvenience to users. battery recharging:电池充电 此外,对于移动设备来说,传输功率的增加有好的效应,同时也减少了电池充电时间,手机充电对于用户来说是一个极为不便的问题。,Page 28 课文 第1、2、3段 Page 31 Exercises 2,作 业,小 结,通信类专业英语的三大特性 与普通英语相比专业英语的特点 Introduction to Optical Fiber Communication,光通信之父高锟,1966年7月,英籍华人高锟发表了著名文章用于光频的光纤表面波导,从理论上证明了用光纤作为传输媒体以实现光通信的可能性。,

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