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1、regulations and other requirements. 4.4 laws, regulations and other requirements of issuance, implementation, inspection and conformity assessment. 4.4.1 production technology section promptly of any applicable laws, regulations and other requirements, the important contents in the excerpts, and dis
2、tributed to the relevant departments and units. 4.4.2 units should be organized to study law, regulations, standards and other requirements and run in strict compliance with safety standardization, unit training records in various departments safety meeting records, team records in the team event re
3、cords. 4.4.3 biotech section once a year to carry out safety laws and regulations to supervise and inspect, for failure to comply with laws, regulations and other requirements to organize relevant departments to analyze the causes of the phenomenon, for rectification. Production technology section i
4、s responsible for establishing laws, regulations and other requirements conformity assessment records. 4.5 rules and safety procedures 4.5.1 bio section is responsible for the preparation of the companys safety rules and regulations, and distributed to all staff of the Organization of the workshop a
5、nd strictly enforced. 4.5.2 the workshops should be developed based on the characteristics suitable for the units safety regulations or group safety regulations implementing regulations, issued to the workshop and team, should be strictly enforced at all levels. 4.5.3 workshop should be based on the
6、 processes, technologies, equipment characteristic products and raw materials, auxiliary materials, preparation of the risk position for safe operation, sent to the workshop and team, personnel should operate in accordance with the safety rules. 4.6 review and revision 4.6.1 production technology se
7、ction Office organized relevant departments units once a year to review the documentation issued by, not suitable documents be revised in a timely manner. 4.6.2 processes, technology, material changes on or after an accident, and biotech branch and that the workshop should be timely to various regul
8、ations and safety rules be revised to ensure suitability and effectiveness. 4.6.3 revision of the file change approval form should be filled in, indicating the causes and changes, approved by the Deputy in charge of security, General Manager of revision. 4.6.4 a new revised safety regulations and sa
9、fety rules should be released to the post in a timely manner to ensure rules and safety regulations of each post is the latest file, recover the original document unified void. 5. related records 5.1 list of applicable laws, regulations and standards of the inventory listing number carbon industry l
10、aws and regulations legal regulations and other requirements came into force date enacted sector update record 1/standard number Peoples Republic of China 2, Chairman of the national peoples Congress made the 70th production safety law 2002.11.1 Peoples Republic of China Law of occupational disease
11、prevention 2002.05.01 NPC 3, order of the President of the 60th Peoplesregulations and other requirements. 4.4 laws, regulations and other requirements of issuance, implementation, inspection and conformity assessment. 4.4.1 production technology section promptly of any applicable laws, regulations
12、and other requirements, the important contents in the excerpts, and distributed to the relevant departments and units. 4.4.2 units should be organized to study law, regulations, standards and other requirements and run in strict compliance with safety standardization, unit training records in variou
13、s departments safety meeting records, team records in the team event records. 4.4.3 biotech section once a year to carry out safety laws and regulations to supervise and inspect, for failure to comply with laws, regulations and other requirements to organize relevant departments to analyze the cause
14、s of the phenomenon, for rectification. Production technology section is responsible for establishing laws, regulations and other requirements conformity assessment records. 4.5 rules and safety procedures 4.5.1 bio section is responsible for the preparation of the companys safety rules and regulati
15、ons, and distributed to all staff of the Organization of the workshop and strictly enforced. 4.5.2 the workshops should be developed based on the characteristics suitable for the units safety regulations or group safety regulations implementing regulations, issued to the workshop and team, should be
16、 strictly enforced at all levels. 4.5.3 workshop should be based on the processes, technologies, equipment characteristic products and raw materials, auxiliary materials, preparation of the risk position for safe operation, sent to the workshop and team, personnel should operate in accordance with t
17、he safety rules. 4.6 review and revision 4.6.1 production technology section Office organized relevant departments units once a year to review the documentation issued by, not suitable documents be revised in a timely manner. 4.6.2 processes, technology, material changes on or after an accident, and
18、 biotech branch and that the workshop should be timely to various regulations and safety rules be revised to ensure suitability and effectiveness. 4.6.3 revision of the file change approval form should be filled in, indicating the causes and changes, approved by the Deputy in charge of security, Gen
19、eral Manager of revision. 4.6.4 a new revised safety regulations and safety rules should be released to the post in a timely manner to ensure rules and safety regulations of each post is the latest file, recover the original document unified void. 5. related records 5.1 list of applicable laws, regu
20、lations and standards of the inventory listing number carbon industry laws and regulations legal regulations and other requirements came into force date enacted sector update record 1/standard number Peoples Republic of China 2, Chairman of the national peoples Congress made the 70th production safe
21、ty law 2002.11.1 Peoples Republic of China Law of occupational disease prevention 2002.05.01 NPC 3, order of the President of the 60th PeoplesThis Conference is by municipal Standing Committee research decided held of, main task is in-depth learning implement XI General Secretary on two learn a do l
22、earning education of important indicates spirit and provincial Secretary XXX important speech spirit, according to central deployment and provincial requirements, on I city two learn a do learning education work for arrangements deployment, education guide General members further firm ideal faith, a
23、nd keep on party loyalty, and set breeze upright, and courage to play as, for in province first full built well-off social, and Building higher levels of ecological vitality city provide a strong organizational guarantee of happiness. All party members in the Constitution Party rules, series of spee
24、ches, be qualified party members education, Party Central Committee to deepen the inner-party education, advancing the comprehensive yet another important practice in strictly administering the party, is to promote the inner-party education from key minority to the vast number of party members expan
25、ded, from the concentration of important measures to extend education to regular education, is leading the task of party building this year. This year, the XI General Secretary on many occasions two study and education issued instructions, profoundly illustrates the significance of education, brilli
26、antly describes the overall objectives, basic requirements and main tasks of education, made clear that the main responsibility of the head of the party organization at all levels and shall carry out, point in the right direction for the us to carry out study and education, provide the fundamental f
27、ollow. On April 6, Liu Yunshan, Comrade Zhao Leji in Central two Forum on educational work, a careful deployment of this work, put forward a clear requirement. On April 13, the Party Secretary, Xie Fuzhan, Director of the provincial peoples Congress, the provinces two study educational Conference, m
28、ade specific arrangements to carry out study and education in the province. We want to seriously study led And further implementation. Party according to the spirit of the Central and provincial requirements, based on actual city, research has developed a two educational programmes and study content
29、s specific programmes, we want to pay special attention to follow-up. Now, I make a few remarks. First, deepening understanding, enhancing grasp two educational responsibility since the partys 18, Comrade XI Jinping as General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee made a series of major deployment
30、around the partys construction, making a series of punch, construction of a new political styles and the aspirations of the Party greatly condensed. Two study and education, reflects the interlocking, step by step, further promote the comprehensive strictly administering the partys firm determinatio
31、n and political will, to push forward the four comprehensive strategy is of great significance. We should be supported by political and overall夹砂玻璃钢管(RPMP)的制造、设计和施工论文作者：钟坚瑜陈驰摘要：本文从夹砂玻璃钢管道的发展趋势、国内外的制造和应用状况，管道的结构、制造设备及步骤，管道的基本性能、水力学特性，管道的包装、维护和保养以及所产生的社会经济效益等诸方面进行了评述；同时，对玻璃钢管道的发展提出了瞻望。关键词：夹砂玻璃钢管管道应用-一
32、、前言材料工业是一切工业的基础，新型的材料工业又是发展现代科学技术的必不可少的材料工业。随着现代科技的发展，单一的材料性能已无法满足生产和社会发展的需要。利用复合技术将不同特性的物质结合一起，制成具有优异综合性能的复合材料应运而生。它能按用户需要赋予单一组分物质所不具有的特性，如轻质、高强、绝缘、耐腐蚀、耐温、隔热等优良的性能，甚至能满足用户在特殊工况下的要求，同时能达到节能降耗、降低成本、改善劳动条件、三废回收利用等综合目的，大大提高企业经济效益。1.1材料工业发展的趋势非金属复合管材的崛起复合材料的发展，推动了材料工业的巨大革命。玻璃钢管（简称GRP管）的诞生，标志着非金属管材在材料工业中
33、的崛起，也预示着非金属管材在国民经济建设中的应用领域和市场将不断扩大，并越来越广阔。玻璃钢管是一种新型的复合材料管，它主要以玻璃纤维纱作为增强材料和树脂作为基体制成，具有许多其它管材无法取代的优越性能，被广泛地应用于化工企业腐蚀介质输送、排污、油气输送、农业灌溉、海水输送、电厂循环水，以及城市给水排水工程等许多领域。随着玻璃钢管的普及应用，又出现了夹砂玻璃钢管（简称RPMP），这种管道不仅从性能上提高了管材刚度，而且降低了管道的成本。所以，近些年在城市给排水工程中特别受青睐。以下我们着重对夹砂玻璃钢管的应用作阐述。1.2玻璃钢管在国际市场及国内的制造和应用概况复合材料工业中，玻璃钢行业在目前国
34、际市场上产量最大、用途最广。80年代中期以来，在欧洲一些国家新敷设的大、中型供水管道中，玻璃钢管的使用长度比例达10%50%。英国玻璃钢管占供水总长的25%以上，在预计今后的一段时间内会增加到30%50%。瑞典玻璃钢管的使用长度比例达40%，在直径300mm以上的新敷设市政管道中80%采用玻璃钢管。日本在大口径城市供水管道中，玻璃钢管占25%，超过钢管的用量。在中东地区大、中型输水管、污水管、海水淡化系统管道以及一些工业输送管道，均采用了玻璃钢管。美国自1986以来，玻璃钢管的年产量超过6万吨，所安装的玻璃钢管道总长度为100万千米，预计今后美国玻璃钢管的发展速度平均将增长10%。我国玻璃钢工
35、业近年来发展很快，1992年国家建材局制定到2000年产量发展到30万吨/年的规模，玻璃钢的开发和应用已引起了更多人的重视。八十年代至今，在夹砂玻璃钢管缠绕设备上我国先后从意大利、日本、法国等引进了4条缠绕管和两条离心管生产线,年生产能力得到了很大的提高。但是，由于目前夹砂玻璃钢管的研制开发应用没有得到广泛地推广，致使许多应用部门对其性能、质量及应用领域没有得到充分认识。另外，许多企业生产能力也未达到饱和，所以，夹砂玻璃钢管道在国民经济中的应用市场还有待开拓。在当前我国经济迅速发展，市场经济逐渐完善的大好形势下，新型复合管材夹砂玻璃钢管在城市供水领域里将以其优质的性能取代其它的管材，这是复合材
36、料工业发展的必然趋势。在我国，夹砂玻璃钢管的使用也逐渐在引起人们关注，长距离输水工程也越来越多，市场前景一片光明。据建设部预测，在我国“九五”期间我国每年需要敷设的输水管道约1600公里，这表明夹砂玻璃钢管潜在市场是有广阔的前景的。1.3夹砂玻璃钢管的特点及与时代的相适应性夹砂玻璃钢管以其优异的耐腐蚀性能、轻质高强、输送流量大、安装方便、工期短和综合投资低等优点，成为化工工业及输水工程的最佳选择。它具有其它金属管材无法比拟优越性,主要具有以下特点：1.具有优良的耐腐蚀性能。与传统管材相比具有优良的耐化学腐蚀性能，可以耐酸、碱、盐、氧化剂、有机溶剂、各类油脂、污水、海水等。它的内衬采用耐腐蚀性能
37、优良的树脂（饮用水管道采用食品级树脂）作为原材料，所以不需要任何防腐处理。2.无毒害、无二次污染。在使用过程中不结垢、不生锈、不滋生藻类和其它的微生物，不需要阴极保护及其它防护措施，不会对水质或其它介质产生二次污染。3.比重小、重量轻。比重仅为钢、铸铁管的1/41/5，混凝土的2/3。管道重量大约占同规格、同长度球墨铸铁管的1/4，混凝土管的1/10。因此，装卸方便，易于安装。4.单根管道长度长。管道的长度一般为：6m,8m,10m,12m,16m（也可以根据客户的要求生产出特殊长度的管道）。单根管道长，接口数量少，从而加快了安装速度，减少故障概率，提高整条管线的安装质量。5.机械性能好、优良
38、的绝缘性能。管道的拉伸强度低于钢，高于球墨铸铁管和混凝土管，而比强度大约是钢管的3倍，球墨铸铁管的10倍，混凝土管的25倍。此外，它的导热系数只有钢管的1%，具有优良的绝缘性，适应使用于输电、电信线路密集区和多雷区。性能比较如表1所示。6.水力学性能优异、节省能耗。夹砂玻璃钢管具有光滑的内表面，适用于大口径（500mm）输水管道的特点，磨阻系数小，水力流体特性好，而且管径越大其优势越明显。正是这一特点，在相同直径的管道流量中，RPMP最大。反之，在管道输送流量相同的情况下，工程上可以采用内径较小的夹砂玻璃钢管代替，从而降低了一次性的工程投入。夹砂玻璃钢管道在输水过程中与其它的管材相比，可以大大
39、减少压头损失，节省泵的功率和能源。7.热膨胀系数小。由于RPMP热膨胀系数小，在使用中不需要加温度补偿措施，可在地表、地下、架空、海底、高寒、沙漠、冰冻、潮湿、酸碱等各种恶劣条件下正常使用。8使用寿命长、安全可靠。夹砂玻璃钢管道设计得经久耐用，安全系数一般都在4以上。据实验室的模拟试验表：一般给水、排水夹砂玻璃钢管的寿命可达50年以上，是钢管和混凝土管的2倍。对于腐蚀性较强的介质，其使用寿命比钢管和不锈钢管高几倍。9设计灵活、产品适应性强夹砂玻璃钢管道可以根据用户的各种特殊的使用要求，通过改变设计，制造出各种规格、压力等级、刚度等级或其它特殊性能的产品，适用范围广。11综合造价低、长期经济效益
40、好。对于相同口径的管材，RPMP单管管材价格稍高于混凝土管，而低于铸铁管和钢管。管道口径越大，管材造价差别也越大。因此，若考虑到管道长期使用的维护费用和动力消耗等其它的运行费用，以及使用年限和输送能力等因素，RPMP的综合效益均优于其它管材。正因为夹砂玻璃钢管具有以上一系列的优点，必将逐步取代传统的钢管、铸铁管等管材，具有时代的相适应性。这种相适应性主要表现在以下几个方面：第一，该产品新颖性反映在技术工艺先进，结构选材更合理；第二，该产品的经济性更反映在夹砂玻璃钢管独特卓越的性能上，而产品价位正在逐步降低；第三，该产品的实用性更广。它能适用于各种土壤条件，即使在高酸、高碱的土壤中也不需要化学防
41、护，大大地提高了管材的使用寿命。总之，夹砂玻璃钢管将随着我国社会主义经济的发展，必将获得推广和应用。 二、PM管的构成及制作玻璃钢管，就是玻璃纤维增强树脂管（GRP管），其成型的方法通常有如下几种：1.玻璃纤维粗纱缠绕成型;2.夹砂连续玻璃纤维粗纱增强树脂缠绕成型;3.夹砂定长玻璃纤维粗纱增强树脂缠绕成型（RPMP）;4.玻璃布卷制成型;5.玻璃纤维短切粗纱增强树脂砂浆离心浇铸成型等。其中，最先进、最有代表性的是（夹砂）定长玻璃纤维粗纱增强树脂缠绕成型工艺，下面就此成型法作详细的说明。2固化装置固化装置是管道制衬或缠绕后使其快速固化的设备，主要由车头箱、车尾座、电加热器、电控制柜组成。3缠绕加
42、砂机缠绕加砂机是定长玻璃钢夹砂管生产线的主要设备。该机有计算机控制完成管道的环向缠绕、螺旋缠绕、加砂缠绕工序。其主要的结构由车头箱、车尾座、工作平台、缠绕工作车、加砂工作车、恒温树脂槽、树脂喷涂机、纱架、微机控制柜等部分组成。车头箱的作用是带动芯模旋转，其转速的调节，与工作车往复运动的协调匹配用计算机控制，以适应各种缠绕工艺的需要。缠绕工作车的往复运动是沿着工作平台两侧导轨进行。缠绕工作车上装有浸胶装置，通过专门的输砂设备把石英砂均匀地加在芯模上。4脱模机脱模机的任务是将玻璃钢夹砂管从芯模上脱离出来。5修整机修整机的任务是对管道的承口、插口两端面和插口外密封圈环槽进行机加工，以达到产品要求的形
43、状尺寸。修整机主要由车头箱、车尾座、承口切刀装置、插口端面切刀装置、插口外径磨削装置、电控柜等组成。修整机的车头箱、车尾座与缠绕机基本相同，主要是驱动、支承模具的旋转。插口、承口两端面的切刀装置，是由电动机直接带动特制切刀，固定在一个能够进退刀的底座上。工作时启动，将管道端面切平修正。插口外径的磨削，则通过电机带动特殊磨刀来实现。刀具是根据插口外表形状尺寸设计制造的。磨削时，工件和磨刀同时旋转，磨刀还要通过进退刀装置作进刀运动。进刀装置上设有限位块。当进刀深度到位时，限位控制进刀停止，插口外径磨好后，刀架退回。2.3RPM管的制作过程RPM管的制作根据其成型的工艺流程可以分为以下七个步骤：1.
44、设备配备、芯模的准备在管道开始制作以前，应当检查机械设备配备是否完善，条件具备后在模具上均匀涂刷一层脱模剂，然后外包一层薄膜。2.内衬的糊制首先在准备好的模具外表面上涂刷一层内衬树脂，再按工艺规定的层数包覆内衬材料，用树脂使其内衬材料充分浸透。3.管道的缠绕在内衬层尚未完全固化（表面有粘手感）时,开始进行增强层的缠绕,缠绕参数按工艺要求进行制作。4.管道固化将缠绕好的管道吊至固化架上进行固化，直至其完全固化。5.管道脱模将固化好的管道吊至脱模架上，把芯模从管道中脱出。6.管道修整管道脱模以后，按规定技术要求对管道进行外观及尺寸上的修整。7.水压试验对制作成型的管道应按要求进行水压试验，试验结果
45、应符合设计要求才能视为合格。 三、PM管的物理性能根据设计的RPM管的管壁结构,其物理性能如下:3.1比重1900Kg/m3-2000Kg/m33.2模量最高轴向拉伸弹性模量12500Mpa最高环向拉伸弹性模量25000Mpa3.3环向、轴向拉伸强度初始环向拉伸、轴向拉伸强度如表3。3.4最小极限应变环向拉伸初始1.4%50年0.9%环向弯曲初始1.9%50年1.2%轴向拉伸初始0.4%3.5泊桑比0.250.43.6刚度夹砂玻璃纤维热固性树脂管，在一定的外部荷载下，不会因外力引起变形而发生结构破坏，它的性能受管壁因外力或内压引起的应变量的影响。可允许的应变量级，又受树脂类型和生产方法等变量因
46、素的影响。因此，必须控制管道的变形，保证应变量不能过大。刚度表述的是管道对外部荷载和内部负压的承受能力，其值可用规定长度的管段，在规定（3%或5%）的限量变形下求得。计算公式：S=0.0186F/YN/m2F=W/LxN/mY=dm规定的相对变形mW-荷载NLx-管段长度mDm=De-eDe-管外径me-管壁厚m 增强的和非增强的塑料制品，标准的制定是以这种材料在应力作用下发生蠕变为前提，由于有蠕变发生，就导致这种材料的物理性能将随时间的增加有所变化。因此，通常是以50年的强度为产品制造设计基础。1.3.8最大使用条件夹砂玻璃钢管在80以下的温度，PH值在1.0-11可以连续输送生活用水、废水
47、、污水或废料。如超出以上范围应根据实际需要更换树脂。1.3.9耐侯性及热效应RPM管可长期露天储放，对其结构无任何影响，只是表面有些轻微粗糙。热膨胀系数一般为：轴向-310-5/环向-210-5/非压力管-210-5/压力管1.510-5/1.3.10水力粗糙度在不同水力计算公式中的有关系数如下：ColebrookWhite粗糙度系数K=0.01HazenWilliams系数c=150155Manningsn=0.008说明：以上数据是由中科院测试而得的。1.3.11水力学性能管道内表面很光滑，粗糙率和摩擦阻力都很小。计算水力学所用的哈森-威廉系数C可以长期保持在150-155的范围内，由哈森-威廉方程算出的压头损失远比混凝土管和钢管要小，提高输送水能力20%以上。因此在输送能力相同情况下，工程上可以采用内径较小的玻璃钢管代替（详见表