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1、 山区不良地形地质条件下的公路隧道施工技术研究【摘要】：公路隧道工程中设计与施工，应综合考虑所处工程地质条件、土壤结构类型与周边环境因素，并针对以上因素确定工程方案的设计依据。本文针对山区地质土壤的实际条件，分析公路隧道工程中遭遇不同地质、土壤结构条件下施工的关键技术有哪些，并进行针对性的研究和分析。【关键词】：不同地质 工程造价 影响abstract: design and construction of highway tunnel construction, should consider the types of engineering geological conditions, s
2、oil structure and surrounding environment factors, and for the above factors determine the design basis for the project. this paper focuses on geology and soils in mountainous area of the actual conditions，analysis in highway tunnel engineering experience under different geological conditions, soil
3、structure what are the key technology of construction, and targeted research and analysis.keywords：different geological，project pricing，influence.我国是目前世界上构建公路隧道工程数量最多、最复杂、发展最快的国家；其中山区包括高原、丘陵地貌占70%；截至2004 年底，我国已建成公路隧道2495座，总长1246km。由于所处山区地质、土壤结构情况较为复杂多变，隧道工程施工中的施工、设计随时需要调整，施工作业面窄、对工业化、机械化施工水平都提出了较高的要
4、求。以下针对山区不良地形、地质条件下的关键施工技术进行具体论述。一、洞口及不良地质条件下和大断面条件下隧道施工1、洞口及不良地质条件下施工（1）洞口段施工包括：进洞前路堑施工，边仰坡的施工、洞口周围排水工程、洞口及进洞段衬砌等工程，早进洞、晚出洞；（2）洞内塌方处理先排水、短开挖、弱爆破、强支撑、快衬砌、各工序紧跟。由于开挖断面积的增大，施工难度也急剧增加，特别是对一般地质条件下的初期支护技术和不良地质条件下的超前支护技术，提出来很高的要求。2、大断面条件下隧道工程关键施工技术（1）掌子面稳定性设计在大断面条件下，如何控制掌子面的稳定性，减少和预防掌子面出现坍塌的风险，是极为重要的。特别是在通
5、过各种不良地质地段时。 从风险的角度看，掌子面失稳有多种方式：掌子面挤出；掌子面拱部坍塌；上半断面拱脚下沉；底部鼓起等。从技术角度出发，预防和减少上述风险发生的主要方法也是多种多样的：超前支护；扩大拱脚、设置拱脚锚杆或锚管；正面喷射混凝土和锚杆；底脚锚杆或锚管等。工程实践证实，在地质不良的地段，发展各种稳定掌子面的辅助工法并使之模式化是极为重要的。日本、意大利在这方面都做了极有成效的工作。定义：以稳定掌子面和地层下沉为目的的拱形薄壳结构体。即：不仅沿隧道纵向具有梁结构的作用，在横断方向还具有拱形结构支护效果的支护。（2）超前支护施工技术在大断面的条件下，隧道支护结构需要加强。加强的途径有二。其
6、一是改变过去采用的支护结构参数，如增加喷混凝土厚度，加密钢支撑间距等；这是我们目前采用的主要方法。另一个方法就是改变材料的规格，例如高强度喷混凝土、高承载力锚杆等。第1种方法的后果，就是：加大了开挖断面积，这也是在同样净空断面积的条件下，我们的开挖断面积比较大的原因之一；第2种方法，是其他国家采用的主要方法。结果不仅提高了支护结构的效果，也缩短了作业的时间。隧道的支护结构包括：初期支护；喷混凝土、锚杆、钢支撑或格栅超前支护； 二次衬砌包括仰拱及底板；临时支护：需要拆除的支护构件，如中隔壁等。喷混凝土的几个关键性的性能指标：设计基准强度初期强度：附着强度；附着配比；回弹率；粉尘量。设计基准强度在
7、一般地质条件下的隧道，喷混凝土设计基准强度采用与衬砌混凝土强度相当的建议是可行的。另外应该指出，在欧洲一些国家的喷混凝土规定中，很少有采用小于c25等级的喷混凝土。在不良地质条件下的隧道，应该提高喷混凝土的强度等级，采用高强度混凝土也是合适的。初期强度一般说，喷混凝土是最先施设的，都希望它尽快地发挥作用，这是我们要求喷混凝土具有一定初期强度的目的；设定喷混凝土初期强度的场合，应考虑隧道开挖条件及随掌子面进展产生的围岩动态，以充分确保掌子面及其附近围岩的稳定，取24小时以内的强度为标准；初期强度，应根据围岩条件和施工条件，可以取24小时以外的强度为标准，有的国家就是以3小时的强度作为基准的。初期
8、强度的设定值与设计基准强度一样，因隧道功能、断面形状等构造条件、荷载条件及设计方法等而异。附着强度喷混凝土与围岩及其它物体的附着，是发挥喷混凝土支护作用的关键指标。许多国家都有明确的规定。附着配比对工程来说，喷混凝土的附着配比是最有意义的。附着配比指的是：喷混凝土喷射后附着在围岩上的配比。它与喷射配比、喷射工艺以及喷射工的技术熟练程度有直接的关系，不容忽视。下表是欧洲的一个标准，表2.。回弹率及粉尘浓度回弹意味着粗骨料的损失，而粉尘则意味着微细颗粒的损失。这两者对附着的喷混凝土质量，具有重要的影响；因此，喷射施工中，如何控制回弹和减少粉尘的发生是很重要的课题。也是确保喷混凝土质量的重要课题；在
9、质量控制中，有的国家规定：回弹不能大于20，粉尘浓度不能大于5mg/m3，否则，就是不合格。喷射机械喷射机械的性能和能力是减少喷混凝土质量离散性的重要保证。特别是，在大断面隧道中，一次喷射混凝土的数量有所增加，同时为了缩短喷射时间，采用大容量，高性能的喷射机械，已是大势所趋。因此许多国家都规定了喷射机的要求性能。如单位时间的喷射量等。有的更明确规定，喷射机的生产效率应在10m3/h以上。许多施工单位也都认识到这一点，开始采用大容量的喷射机，是非常英明的决策。大断面隧道如果仍然采用一般隧道的支护结构，必然会加大开挖断面积、从而延长工期和增加成本。二、公路隧道施工的造价控制与措施在进行隧道的施工时
10、候，要针对不同地质、不同土壤结构进行测量成果的确定，要按照科学方法进行施工方案和进度的设计，在开挖过程中要控制减少误差超挖的误差。需要施工部门配备比较高级的测量仪器，实现精确策略和加强测绘以及对测量的结果进行及时向施工部门进行反馈；面对山地岩层测量时，如需根据测量数据进行相应调整，应及时进行调整，要根据测量所得的数据进行设计断面的预定值进行施工控制，全部的超欠都要经过测量组给予准确的数据之后，和现场施工人员商定，上报工程技术主管和管理者，便于及时的决策和管理。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the part
11、y in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other,
12、the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party membe
13、rs do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws an
14、d regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Comm
15、ittee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw
16、 historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of th
17、e and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) re
18、vised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been ab
19、le to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned
20、terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1
21、997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice n
22、eeds. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct la
23、ck necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discip
24、line, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulation
25、s revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014
26、under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, pat
27、h and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of expe
28、rts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party,
29、 the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinio
30、ns, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the C
31、ommunist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of
32、 the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whol
33、e, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. Gen
34、eral Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Ji
35、nping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow,
36、the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of ru
37、le of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority
38、of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transforma
39、tion for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadr
40、es in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requ
41、irements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governi
42、ng the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at al
43、l times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negativ
44、e list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of th
45、e party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members an
46、d the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specifi
47、cation and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as four must the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervise