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1、Unit 6,Part A Text (Engineering) Part B Grammar (动名词) Part C Supplementary Reading (This TITANIC FLOATS!),Company Logo,I. Background Information,1. Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining
2、, transport and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marks the major turning point in human history;
3、 almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the worlds average income increased over 10-fold, while the worlds population increased over 6-f
4、old. Starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britains previously manual labor and draft-animalbased economy towards machine-based manufacturing.,Company Logo,It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making
5、techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways. The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned t
6、he dramatic increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during t
7、he 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world, a process that continues as industrialisation. The impact of this change on society was enormous.,Company Logo,The first Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when tec
8、hnological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians. Some tw
9、entieth century historians such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is not a true description of what took place. This is still a subject of debate among historians. GDP per capita was broadly sta
10、ble before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy. The Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the h
11、istory of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants.,Company Logo,2. The Middle Ages The Middle Ages (adjectival form: medieval or medival) is a period of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, and prec
12、eded the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period in a three-period division of history: Classical, Medieval, and Modern. The term “Middle Ages“ was coined in the 15th century and reflects the view that this period was a deviation from the path of classical learning, a path supposedly reconnected b
13、y Renaissance scholarship.,Company Logo,The Early Middle Ages saw the continuation of trends set in Late Antiquity, depopulation, and increased barbarian invasion. North Africa and the Middle East, once part of the Eastern Roman Empire, were conquered by Islam. Later in the period, the establishment
14、 of the feudal system allowed a return to systemic agriculture. There was sustained urbanization in northern and western Europe. During the High Middle Ages (c. 1000 - 1300), Christian-oriented art and architecture flourished and Crusades were mounted to recapture the Holy Land. The influence of the
15、 emerging nation-state was tempered by the ideal of an international Christendom. The codes of chivalry and courtly love set rules for proper behavior, while the Scholastic philosophers attempted to reconcile faith and reason. Outstanding achievement in this period includes the Code of Justinian, th
16、e mathematics of Fibonacci and Oresme, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, the painting of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer and the architecture of many great cathedrals such as Notre Dame de Paris.,Company Logo,3. James Watt, FRS, FRSE (19 January 1736 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor a
17、nd mechanical engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world. While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology
18、of steam engines. He realized that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and re-heating the cylinder. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effe
19、ctiveness of steam engines. He developed the concept of horsepower. The SI unit of power, the watt, was named after him. Watt attempted to commercialize his invention, but experienced great financial difficulties until in 1775 he entered a partnership with Matthew Boulton. The new firm of Boulton an
20、d Watt was eventually highly successful and Watt became a wealthy man. In retirement, Watt continued to develop new inventions though none were as significant as his steam engine work. He died in 1819 at the age of 83.,Company Logo,II. Language Points,1. Engineering is the profession that puts scien
21、tific knowledge to practical use. profession: (i) an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)n. 职业, 自由职业 e.g.Medicine is her destined profession. 医学是她命中注定要从事的职业。 (ii) the body of people in a learned occupation同业, 同行 e.g.The legal profession hashave always r
22、esisted change. 法律界人士对变革总是加以抵制。 parctical: guided by practical experience and observation rather than theoryadj. 明智的, 实际的, 实用的, 事实上的 e.g. A practical person does not spend his money and time foolishly. 一个有头脑的人是不胡乱花钱和虚度光阴的。 (ii) n. 实践考试 e.g.His practical at the hospital went well enough. 他在医院的实习进行得相当
23、好。,Company Logo,2. Engineers have had a direct role in the creation of most of modern technologythe tools, materials, techniques, and power sources that make our lives easier. Here “the tools, materials, techniques, and power sources that make our lives easier” is esed as an appositive, in which ehe
24、re is an attributive clause, “that make our lives eariser.,Company Logo,3. For example, engineering projects range from the construction of huge dams to the design of tiny electronic circuits. range/range fromto: (i)n. .一系列 e.g.A range of buildings have sprung up along the river. 沿河建起了一排楼房。 变化幅度, 范围
25、 e.g. Several cars are available within this price range. 在这个价格范围内, 有好几种汽车可供选购。 (ii) vi. .变化 e.g. Prices range from 6 to 10. 价钱从六英镑到十英镑不等。 延伸；伸展；排成一排 e.g.High willows ranged along the highway. 高大的柳树排列在公路两旁。,Company Logo,4. They develop complex scientific equipment to explore the reaches of outer spa
26、ce and the depths of the oceans. the reaches of outer space: the areas of outer space 5. They may work to reduce environmental pollution, increase the worlds food supply, and make transportation faster and safer. This sentence is noted that there are three infinitives used as adverbial of purpose, i
27、n which two “to” have been omitted to avoid repetition.,Company Logo,6. The history of engineering is the record of human ingenuity through the ages. ingenuity: the property of being ingenious, ingeniousness, cleverness n. 心灵手巧, 独创性, 精巧 e.g. The writer showed ingenuity in creating a surprising endin
28、g. 作者别具匠心地设计了一个出人意料的结尾。 Something, such as a toy or game, that tests ones ingenuity. 测智力游戏检验一个人的智力的东西，例如玩具或游戏,Company Logo,7. People invented farming tools, designed elaborate irrigation networks, and built the first cities. elaborate: (i) marked by complexity and richness of detailadj. 详尽的 e.g. He
29、launched into an elaborate explanation of his theory. 他开始详尽地阐发他的理论。 (ii) add details, as to an account or idea; clarify the meaning of and discourse in a learned way, usually in writingv. 详细地说明 e.g. She went on to elaborate her argument. 她进而详尽阐述了她的论点。 Useful expression: elaborate on 详细说明 elaborate u
30、pon详细说明,Company Logo,irrigation :supplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc. n. 灌溉 e.g. Water is channelled through a series of irrigation canals. 把水引入一系列灌溉渠中。 We used the money to set up an irrigation project. 我们把钱用在兴建灌溉工程上了。 Useful expression: flooding irrigation 洪水灌溉; 溢流灌溉 sewage irrig
31、ation 污灌,Company Logo,8.The construction of the gigantic Egyptian pyramids at Giza during the 2500s B.C. was one of the greatest engineering feats of ancient times. feat：a notable achievement; effort, exploit n. 技艺, 功绩, 技艺表演 e.g. I was amazed to see his dangerous feat. 他的危险技艺让我感到惊讶。 A signal feat. 丰
32、功伟绩 Apparently impossible feats are now accomplished by science. 许多看起来不可能的伟大业绩现在已经由科学实现了。 Useful expression: work the feat 奏效 perform the feat 奏效 do the feat 奏效 feat of arms 武功,Company Logo,9. Early engineers used such simple machines as the inclined plane, wedge, and wheel and axle. Here are three
33、examples of simple machines, which are 1)inclines plane, 2)wedge and 3) wheel and axle. plane （i)水平, 程度; 标准;（思想、存在或发展的）水平, 程度, 阶段 e.g. Keep your work on a high plane. 把你的工作保持在高水平上。 (ii).平面 e.g. Parallel lines are, by definition, lines on the same plane that never join. 按照定义说, 平行线是在同一平面上永不相交的线。 (iii)
34、木工刨；刨子 wedge：n. 楔 e.g. Put a wedge under the door so that it will stay open. 在门下面插个楔, 好让门开着。 axle： n.1.轮轴,车轴 e.g. A wheel spins on an axle. 轮子在轴上旋转。,Company Logo,10. The growing interest in new types of machines and new sources of power to drive them helped bring about the Industrial Revolution of t
35、he 1700s and 1800s, during which, their role expanded rapidly. bring about: cause to move into the opposite direction; cause to happen, occur or exist; produce, give rise v. 带来, 引起 e.g. His wise investment of his capital had brought about a great change in his life. 他对资本的精明投放已使他的生活发生巨变。 The doctors
36、couldnt bring about a real (ie permanent) cure. 这些医生都无根治良方。,Company Logo,11. Distinct branches of engineering began to develop during the Industrial Revolution. distinct: clearly or sharply defined to the mind, clear-cut, trenchant adj. 明显的, 清晰的, 不同的 e.g. Although they look similar, these plants are
37、 actually quite distinct from each other. 尽管这些植物看去来很相似,实际上却属于不同的种类。 There is a distinct posibility that shell be your teacher next term. 她下学期当你们的老师的可能性非常大。 Useful expression: distinct from 与 . 截然不同 be distinct from 与 . 有差别,Company Logo,【词义辨析】 apparent, obvious, evident, clear, plain, distinct, defin
38、ite, manifest 这些形容词均含“清楚的，明白的，明显的”之意。 apparent: 强调显而易见或一想便知。这个词从动词appear派生而来，故有时含有表面如此而事实上未必的意味。 obvious: 语气较强，指极为明显，有目共睹，无需说明和论证。 evident: 指根据事实成为显然的。 clear: 普通用词，侧重清楚明白。 plain: 普通用词，含义与clear很接近，可通用，但plain着重简单明了，不复杂。 distinct: 较正式用词，指轮廓的清楚或定义、含义的明确，不会弄错。 definite: 语气肯定，着重明白无误，无可怀疑。 manifest: 语义较强，书
39、面用词，强调一目了然，暗示不要任何推论就一清二楚。,Company Logo,12. Mechanical engineers emerged as specialists in industrial machinery, and mining and metallurgical engineers were needed to supply metals and fuels. metallurgical:of or relating to metallurgy; metallurgic adj. 冶金的, 冶金学的 e.g. A material added in small amounts
40、 during a chemical or metallurgical process to absorb impurities. 吸气剂以少量加入化学或冶金过程中用来吸收杂质的物质 A metallurgical coating process in which iron or steel is immersed in a powder of another metal, such as zinc, chromium, or aluminum, and heated to a temperature below the melting point of either. 渗碳处理一种冶金镀膜工
41、序，在此工序中把钢或铁浸入另一种金属如锌、铬或铝的粉剂里，并加热至这一金属的熔点温度以下,Company Logo,13. Artificial hearts, airplanes, computers, lasers, nuclear energy, plastics, space travel, and television are only a few of the scientific and technological breakthroughs that engineers have helped bring about in this century. The clause, “
42、that engineers have helped bring about in this century” is the attributive part which modigies “breakthroughs”,Company Logo,14. Because science and technology are progressing and changing so rapidly, todays engineers must study throughout their careers to make sure that their knowledge and expertise
43、 do not become obsolete. obsolete:no longer in us;e disused adj. 已废弃的, 过时的 e.g. The army plans to phase out the equipment as it becomes obsolete. 军队计划淘汰这些设备，因为它们已经报废了。 Our service is obsolete, requiring root and branch reform. 我们的服务已经过时，需要从根本上进行改革。,Company Logo,15. They face the challenging task of
44、keeping pace with the latest advances while working to shape the technology of the future. “keeping pace with” can be replaced by “keeping uo with” and “shape” means “inflience” or “determine”. 16. Others are responsible for turning plans and specifications for new structures, machines, or systems i
45、nto reality. Others work is no realize plans and specifications, which are about new structures, machines, or sustems.,Company Logo,17. Many engineers work on projects in teams that include scientists, technicians, and other engineers, however, some engineers act as independent consultants who sell
46、their services to people who need engineering assistance. In the sentence there are three attributive clauses, “that include scientists, technicians, and pther engineers” are used to modify “teams”, “who sell their services to people” nad “who need engineering assistance” are to modify “consultants”
47、 and “people” respectively.,Company Logo,consultant: an expert who gives advice, adviser, advisor n. 顾问,咨询者 e.g. Of all the consultants, only Mr. Wang gave us some proposals in point. 所有的顾问当中，只有王先生提了一些中肯的建议。 The consultant was a woman who had many unanswered questions. 这个女性咨询者有许多有待解决的问题。 Useful expr
48、ession: technical consultant 技术顾问 consultant service 咨询服务,Company Logo,18. They should be curious about the “how“ and “why“ of natural and mechanical things and creative in finding new ways of doing things, able to analyze problems systematically and logically and to communicate well both orally and
49、 in writing, and willing to work within strict budgets and meet tight deadlines. In this long sentence, “they should be” is followed by 3 predicatives, 1) “curious about” 2) “able to” and 3) “willing to ”, “the how and why of” means “the way and reason of”,Company Logo,budget: n. 预算 Congress has approved the new educational budget. 国会通过了新的教育预算。 vt. 编预算, 为 . 做预算;为 . 做预算 The government has budgeted 10000000 pounds for education spending. 政府将1千万英镑编入教育预算。 The government plans to budget a new hospital. 政府计划在预算