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1、Part 6 Sense Relations,6.1 Sense Relations 6.2 Hyponymy 6.3 Synonymy 6.4 Antonymy 6.5 Homonymy,English lexicology (III),2,6.1 Sense Relations,What are sense relations(语义关系)? Words are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as heir outer facet-spelling and pronunciation, is concerned
2、. But semantically, all words are related in one way or another, hence sense relations. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.,English lexicology (III),3,6.1 Sense Relations,Types of sense relations Hyponymy(上下义关系)-semantic inclusion Synonymy(同义关系)-semantic similarity Ant
3、onymy(反义关系)-semantic opposition Homonymy(同形或同音异义关系),English lexicology (III),4,6.2 Hyponymy,The definition of hyponymy Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the genus (general lexical item)and the species(specific lexical item
4、s). The general lexical item is called the superordinate(上义词). The specific words are known as hyponyms(下义词).,English lexicology (III),5,6.2 Hyponymy,literature,prose,fiction,drama,short story,novelette,novel,poetry,English lexicology (III),6,6.2 Hyponymy,swimming,boxing,running race,wrestling,weigh
5、t-lifting,hurdle race,running,relay,sprinting,long-distance race,gymnastics,athletics,ball games,sports,English lexicology (III),7,6.2 Hyponymy,The semantic field theory(语义场理论) The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas or fields, the membe
6、rs of which are joined together by some common semantic component. The whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields. Words in each field are semantically related and define one another. Vocabulary is seen as an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense. -Jost Trier (a German linguist),Eng
7、lish lexicology (III),8,6.2 Hyponymy,The semantic field theory Most languages share same semantic fields. Time Space Age Kinship Food Color Emotion ,English lexicology (III),9,6.2 Hyponymy,The semantic field theory The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different lan
8、guages, thus lexical gaps(词汇空缺) occur.,English lexicology (III),10,6.2 Hyponymy,The semantic field theory The semantic field of kinship Members in English: 13-father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, cousin, husband, wife. Members in Chinese: . The semantic field o
9、f food hot dog, sandwich, hamburger 豆腐, 馒头,English lexicology (III),11,6.2 Hyponymy,The semantic field theory,emotion,joy,love,hate,fear,grief,English lexicology (III),12,6.2 Hyponymy,Implications of semantic field for vocabulary learning,character/ virtue,easy-going, aggressive, arrogant, self-conc
10、eited, modest,considerate, sympathetic, extrovert, introvert, amicable, Ambitious, honest, loyal, obedient, strong-willed, Iron-willed, trustworthy, obstinate, stubborn, unyielding, confident,English lexicology (III),13,6.3 Synonymy,Types of synonyms Absolute or perfect synonyms: words which are ide
11、ntical in meaning in all its aspects, I.e. both in grammatical and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meaning. Such synonyms are rare in natural languages. compounding and composition; word building and word-formation; malnutrition and undernourishment,English lexicology (III),14,
12、6.3 Synonymy,Types of synonyms Relative or partial synonyms: words which are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degree of a given quality. It is this type of synonyms we shall deal with here.,English lexicology (III),15,6.3 Synonymy,Sources
13、 of synonyms Borrowing,English lexicology (III),16,6.3 Synonymy,Sources of synonyms Borrowing,English lexicology (III),17,6.3 Synonymy,Sources of synonyms Dialects and regional English,English lexicology (III),18,6.3 Synonymy,Sources of synonyms Figurative and euphemistic of words,English lexicology
14、 (III),19,6.3 Synonymy,Sources of synonyms Coincidence with idiomatic expressions,English lexicology (III),20,6.3 Synonymy,Semantically synonymous field(同义语义场) Base on semantic similarity, synonyms are usually arranged into synonymic groups or sets. Within this groups there is the most general term
15、known as “synonymic dominant”(主导同义词). The synonymic dominant is the common denotational component that brings two or more words together into a synonymic group(同义词群), which can be called a semantically synonymous field.,English lexicology (III),21,6.3 Synonymy,Semantically synonymous field,English l
16、exicology (III),22,6.3 Synonymy,Implications of Semantically synonymous field General-specific Say/speak: murmur, scream, retort, argue, protest, claim, state, declare Monotony-vividness We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of t
17、he Nazi regime. From this nothing will turn us, nothing. We will never parley, we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gangs. -Winston Churchill Barbie dolls fashion: fashions, costumes, outfits, apparel, dress,English lexicology (III),23,6.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms Difference
18、in denotation -look: stare, gaze, eye, peep, glance -laugh: chortle, chuckle, giggle, guffaw, snicker/snigger, titter -extend, increase, expand -make ones way: thread ones way, dig ones way, break ones way, push ones way, shoulder ones way, elbow ones way, worm ones way,English lexicology (III),24,6
19、.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms Difference in denotation -let, allow, permit -want, wish, desire -rich, wealthy -big, large, huge,English lexicology (III),25,6.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms Difference in denotation -chilly, frigid, icy, cold, frosty, cool,Cool-chilly-cold-frosty-frigi
20、d-icy,English lexicology (III),26,6.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms Difference in connotation Differ in emotional coloring Differ in stylistic coloring,English lexicology (III),27,6.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms Difference in collocation -empty (box, street, room), vacant (seat, chair,
21、 apartment), blank (check, a blank sheet of paper) -a large (not big) amount/number/quantity of -great courage/confidence/wisdom -make efforts, take measures,English lexicology (III),28,6.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms Difference in collocation -accuse.of, chargewith, rebukefor, reproachwith/
22、for -a lump of sugar, a sheet of paper, a slice of meat/bread, a cake of soap, a chunk of wood -a flock of sheep/goats/birds, a herb of cows/elephants/zebras/antelopes, a school of fish/whales/dolphins, a swarm of ants/bees/wasps/locusts, a stable of horses, a pride of lions,English lexicology (III)
23、,29,6.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms Difference in distribution Pre-modifier VS post-modifier -He is the greatest living novelist in England. -He is the greatest novelist alive in England. -Dont disturb the sleeping old man. -Dont disturb the old man asleep.,English lexicology (III),30,6.3 Sy
24、nonymy,Discrimination of synonyms The losing team was from further competition. Firefighters a big fire. The meeting has been because of the flu. The government the tax on alcohol.,abolish, cancel, extinguish, eliminate,extinguished,eliminated,cancelled,abolished,English lexicology (III),31,6.3 Syno
25、nymy,Discrimination of synonyms She made an of ideas she wanted to present in her talk. I have read the of his book. The chemistry book had a at the end of each chapter.,abstract, outline, summary,outline,abstract,summary,English lexicology (III),32,6.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms It is to j
26、udge a foreign culture only by its food. There was an idea that the earth was flat and motionless. You were very to trust him.,absurd, ridiculous, silly,ridiculous,absurd,silly,English lexicology (III),33,6.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms Reading the mind only with materials of knowledge, it i
27、s thinking that makes what we read ours. This hotel can up to 500 guests. We cant that expensive sports car. The company the customers wish and sent the delivery overnight. The tall building a beautiful view of the ocean.,accommodate, afford, furnish,furnishes,accommodate,afford,accommodated,affords
28、,English lexicology (III),34,6.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms The boss him strongly for his negligence The police him of theft. The police him with murder.,accuse, charge, rebuke,rebuked,accused,charged,English lexicology (III),35,6.3 Synonymy,Discrimination of synonyms An lack of food brough
29、t hunger to the Iraqi people. It is that you study hard for the exam or you will fail it. Improved consumer confidence is to an economic recovery. We have an need for help; we are running out of water.,acute, critical, crucial, urgent,acute,critical,crucial,urgent,English lexicology (III),36,6.3 Syn
30、onymy,Discrimination of synonyms It is whether the economy will get better. His changes of recovery from illness are . He has some ideas about what to do, but nothing specific. His directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take. The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult
31、 to understand because it contains so many - - - references.,ambiguous, obscure, vague, unclear, dim,unclear,dim,vague,ambiguous,obscure,English lexicology (III),37,6.4 Antonymy,The definition of antonymy Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are oppo
32、site in meaning. They are a variety of “oppositeness”. They can be classified into three major groups.,English lexicology (III),38,6.4 Antonymy,Types of antonyms Contraries Complementaries Conversives Semantic incompatibles,English lexicology (III),39,6.4 Antonymy,Contraries(相对反义词/两极反义词) Antonyms of
33、 this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable. hot, warm, cool, cold beautiful, pretty, good-looking, plain, ugly old-young, open-close, big-small, poor-rich,English lexicology (III),40,6.4 Antonymy,Complementaries(绝对反义词/互补反义词) T
34、hese antonyms truly represent oppositeness. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them (non-gradable). dead-alive, present-absent, male-female, true-false, approval-disapproval, capable-incapable Prefixes: dis-, in-, il-, ir-, im-, un-,En
35、glish lexicology (III),41,6.4 Antonymy,Conversives(换位反义词/关系反义词) This third type consists of relational opposites. Husband-wife, fianc-fiance, employer-employee, debtor-creditor Above-below, in front of-behind, up-down Buy-sell, give-receive, go-come, gain-lose,English lexicology (III),42,6.4 Antonym
36、y,Semantic incompatibles(多项不相容词) North, south, east, west Spring, summer, autumn, winter January, February, March,December Sunday, Monday, .Saturday,English lexicology (III),43,6.4 Antonymy,A word can have more than one antonyms Fresh bread-stale bread Fresh air-stuffy air Fresh flowers-faded flower
37、s Fresh look-tired look,English lexicology (III),44,6.4 Antonymy,Stylistic purpose of the use of antonyms To achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, to express economically the opposite of a particular thought.,English lexicology (III),45,6.4 Antonymy,Stylistic purpose of the use of
38、antonyms United we stand, divided we fall. Hope for the best and prepare for the worst. Visible darkness, a victorious defeat, a clever fool, an open secret, painful pleasure, cruel kindness.,English lexicology (III),46,6.4 Antonymy,Stylistic purpose of the use of antonyms It was the best of times,
39、it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the era of incredulity; it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the Spring of Hope, it was the Winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothi
40、ng before us; we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities),6.5 Homonymy,- Homonymy: the state or quality of a given words having the same spelling and the same sound or pronunciation as another word, but with a different meaning.
41、 - Homonym: words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling 同形（同音）异义词 - The words which are in the relationship of homonymy are homonyms.,(1) Types of homonyms,Perfect homonyms Homographs Homophones,Perfect homonyms(同形同音）, bear n. 熊（l
42、arge furry animal）from Old English bera bear v. 忍受（tolerate）from Old English beran lie vi. 位于（be located somewhere）from Old English licgan lie vi. 说谎（deliberately say something untrue）from Old English lyge meet vt. 遇到（come across somebody）from Old English metan meet adj. 合适的（appropriate）from Old Eng
43、lish gemaete tack n. 钉子（small nail）14th century. From Old Northern French tague tack n. 马鞍和马勒（saddles and bridles）late 18th century. Shortening of tackle tack n. 劣质的东西（something inferior）late 20th century. Back-formation from tacky tack n. 食物（poor fare）late 16th century. Origin unknown,Homographs,re
44、fuse v. 拒绝（indicate unwillingness） refuse n. 垃圾（garbage） sow v. 播种（plant seed） sow n. 母猪（female hog） tear n. 眼泪（single drop of fluid from the eye） tear v. 撕裂（pull or come apart） prayer n.祈祷（communication with God or other being） prayer n.祈祷者（one who prays） sewer n. 下水道（drain for water） sewer n. 中世纪佣
45、仆（medieval servant） sewer n. 裁缝（one who sews）,Homophones, dear n. a loved person deer n. a kind of animal aero adj. of aircraft arrow n. slender, pointed shaft air n. stuff we breathe heir n. one who will inherit altar n. raised center of worship alter v. to change baron n. minor royalty barren adj.
46、 unable to bear children,(2) Origins of homonyms,change in sound and spelling Some homonyms are native by origin, derived from different earlier forms in Old English. The change in sound and spelling gradually made them identical in modern English. borrowing As a result of heavy borrowing from other
47、 languages, many words of foreign origin coincide in sound and/or spelling with those of native origin or with those of other foreign origin. shortening Many shortened forms of words happen to be identical with other words in spelling or sound.,(3) Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants,the same form,the same form,Polysemants,Perfect Homonyms,Lexeme: A lexeme is an abstract unit of morphological analysis in linguistics, that roughly corresponds to a set of words that are different forms of “the same word“. For example, the English word