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1、Lesson 5 Environmental Engineering 环境工程,New words and phrases: perturbation ecosystem subdiscipline depletion anaerobic scum grease coagulation sedimentation emanate colloidal filtration pesticide herbicide fertilizer centrifuge aquifer impoundment ozone carcinogenic eutrophic algae runoff refuse di
2、sposal 垃圾处理 by-product 副产品, 出乎意料的结果 deal with 安排, 处理, 涉及,Environmental engineering is a branch of engineering that is concerned with pollution by the structures, machines, systems, and processes that are involved in human activities. 环境工程是和结构、机械、系统，以及涉及到人类活动的过程所产生的污染有关的一个工程学的分支。 The development of c
3、ivilization has caused perturbation of much of the Earths ecosystem, resulting in pollution of the air, land and water. 文明的发展已经引起许多地球生态系统的紊乱，造成空气、陆地和水的污染 。 It is the task of the environmental engineer not only to design systems to assuage this pollution but also to educate people in protecting their
4、 surroundings from additional pollution. 环境工程师的任务不仅是设计出一些系统来减轻这个污染，而且还要教育人们保护他们周围的环境免遭额外的污染。 The practice of environmental engineering is divided into various subdisciplines. 环境工程专业又被分为了不同的分支学科。,Environmental engineering 环境工程,In many cases, rivers, lakes, and oceans have become polluted from dischar
5、ges of liquid wastes from residential, commercial, and industrial sources. 在许多情况下，河流、湖泊和海洋已经被由住宅、商业、和工业源点排放的废液所污染 。 Many of these bodies of water have been reclaimed because of a movement in the 1970s to construct new wastewater treatment facilities and to improve old ones. 许多这些水体已经被回收了是因为20世纪70年代的一
6、场修建新的废水处理设施和改进旧的设施的运动。 Both physical-chemical and biological processes are used to remove from the liquid wastewater stream. 可以采用物理化学方法和生物学方法从废液中除去污染物。,Water treatment and disposal 水处理,It is this organic matter that causes a depletion of oxygen in rivers and lakes, with consequent anaerobic conditio
7、ns leading to fish kills and noxious odors. 正是这种有机物会使江河湖泊中的氧气耗尽，形成导致鱼类死亡的厌氧环境并产生有害气体。 The physical-chemical and biological processes remove an abundance of the organic matter along with floatable scum and grease from the waste stream. 物理化学方法和生物学方法消除了大量的有机物质连同来自废水中的漂浮的浮渣和油脂。 Chemical disinfection ina
8、ctivates bacteria, viruses, and protozoa in the waste stream. 化学消毒可使废水中的细菌、病毒和原生动物钝化。 The physical and chemical processes used for removing solids from the waste stream include screening, sand and grit separation, chemical coagulation, and plain sedimentation. 用来除去废水的固体化学物的物理和化学方法包括过筛、砂和粗砂分离、化学凝结和简单
9、沉淀。,Water treatment and disposal 水处理,Biological processes include activated sludge, contact towers, and biological discs. 生物学方法包括活性污泥、接触塔和生物圆盘。 The application of these treatment processes to residential, commercial, and industrial wastewaters has reduced the pollutional load on many rivers, lakes,
10、and harbors. 这些处理方法应用到住宅、商业和工业废水上，已经降低了许多河流、湖泊和海港的污染程度 。 There do remain, however, cases of large metropolitan areas that have not complete their clean-up campaigns, and in many other regions discharges of untreated mixtures of sanitary wastes and stormwaters occur during heavy rains. 然而，仍然有部分大城市没有完
11、成它们的卫生大扫除活动，在许多其他地区，暴雨期间未经处理的生活污水和雨水的混合液随意排放。,Water treatment and disposal 水处理,These discharges emanate from large conduits that carry both sanitary and storm wastes. 这些排放物来自于输送生活污水和雨水的管道。 The impurities that run off the land during a storm mix with the sanitary wastes in the pipes, and the quantity
12、 of wastewater overtaxes the carrying capacity of the conduits；a portion of this mixture flows into the nearest body of water before it can reach the wastewater treatment facility. 在暴雨期间，陆地上的杂质和管道中的生活污水混和在一起，废水的数量超过了管道的输送能力，混合物的一部分在到达废水处理设施前就流进了附近的水体。 It is usually too expensive to construct a whole
13、 new set of separate sanitary conduits; 通常，由于成本太高而不能修建一整套新的单独生活污水管道；,Water treatment and disposal 水处理,however, some cities, like Chicago, have begun to solve the problem by constructing a system of deep underground tunnels that store the large quantities of discharges during the storm, following whi
14、ch the wastewaters can be bled into the treatment facilities at reasonable rates. 然而，有些城市，像芝加哥，已经开始修建一个深埋的地下隧道系统来解决这个问题，该系统可以存储暴雨期间的大量排出物，这样废水就能以一个合理的速度流进处理设备。 Where wastewater must be discharged into lakes and dry streams, a higher level of treatment must be employed, including removal of nutrients
15、 and colloidal matter. 在那些废水必须被排入湖泊和干河的地方，必须采用更高水平的处理措施，包括营养物和胶质物的去除 。 Physical-chemical and biological treatment processes are employed as for wastewater treatment. 物理化学和生物处理方法被用来处理废水。,Water treatment and disposal 水处理,In addition, chemicals are introduced for precipitation of nutrients, followed by
16、 coagulation and filtration for removing solids remaining after biological treatment; and in some cases granular activated carbon or membrane filtration is used for additional purification of the waste stream. 此外，化学药品被用来进行营养物的沉淀，接下来，采用凝结和过滤法来消除生物处理后的固体残留物；在某些情况下，颗粒状活性炭或薄膜过滤被用于污水河流的补充净化。 This higher
17、level of treatment is advisable because of the damage that any visual traces of wastes can do to the appearance of the waters. 宜采用高水平的处理方法，因为任何可见的垃圾遗迹都会对水体外表造成损害。 In addition, the treatment may combat the potential eutrophic effect that the nutrients phosphorus and nitrogen can have on the receiving
18、 waters. 此外，这种处理可以抑制营养物磷和氮对流进水体的潜在营养促进效应 。,Water treatment and disposal 水处理,Where wastewater discharges into rivers from which drinking water is taken downstream, special attention is given not only to the removal of organic matter from the wastes but also to the disinfection processes that inactiva
19、te microorganisms. 在废水排入河流处的下游汲取饮用水，不仅要特别注意废水中有机物的清除，而且要注意钝化微生物的消毒处理。 Also of concern are discharges of organic chemical contaminants from industry or runoff from farm lands along the river contaminated by pesticides and herbicides. 还要关心的是工厂有机化学污染物的排放或沿河农田被杀虫剂和除草剂污染的水流。 The indirect reuse of wastewa
20、ter that has been discharged into rivers is common around the world, and it is acceptable as long as the discharges are treated properly and contamination from organic chemicals is avoided. 世界上比较普遍的是对排入河川废水进行间接的重复利用 ，只要排放物经过适当的处理，并且有机化学污染物被消除，它是可以被接受的。,Water treatment and disposal 水处理,Less acceptabl
21、e is the direct reuse of wastewater for potable use, even after a high level of treatment. 即使经过高标准处理的废水直接再用作饮用水仍然是很难被接受的。 Of most concern here is the possibility of outbreak of disease. 这里人们关心得最多的是爆发疾病的可能性。 However, some nations, such as Israel, do practice, out of necessity, reuse by storing wastew
22、aters for long periods of time in maturation ponds prior to chemical and physical treatment. 然而，有些国家，比如以色列，实际上并不是出于必要，在采用化学和物理方法处理之前，将废水储存在熟化池中很长一段时间然后再利用。,Water treatment and disposal 水处理,It has become quite common and acceptable, especially in drier climates, to reuse wastewater, following a respe
23、ctable level of treatment, for irrigation of crops and for watering golf courses. 特别是在比较干燥的气候条件，废水经过一个高质量标准的处理后再用来灌溉庄稼和给高尔夫球场洒水这种做法已经非常普遍和认可。 In addition, certain communities such as Naples, Florida, and Irvine, California, have constructed dual water systems, using treated wastewater for outdoor re
24、sidential and commercial use and for fire fighting, while saving higher-quality water for portable use. 此外，某些地方，如那不勒斯、佛罗里达、伊尔文和加利福尼亚，已经修建了双重水系统，处理过的水可用于户外的民用和商业用水，以及消防用水，同时储存更高质量的水供饮用。 In other cases, large industries take waters directly from rivers for the cooling of industrial processes. 其他情况下大型工
25、厂直接从河里取水用于工业加工的冷却。,Water treatment and disposal 水处理,The organic and inorganic solids that are removed from wastewater by the physical-chemical and biological processes must be dewatered, stabilized biologically or chemically, and then placed in a controlled landfill, burned or composted for return t
26、o the land. 通过物理化学和生物方法从废水中清除的有机和无机固体物质必须经过脱水和生物或化学稳定，然后置于一个受控的垃圾填埋场，燃烧或堆肥，再回到土地中。 There are some circumstances in which the solids do not have to be dewatered but can be applied directly to the land, following biological stabilization. 有些境况下，固体物质不必经过脱水就能直接被土地利用，其后是生物稳定过程。,Wastewater solids treatmen
27、t and disposal 废水固体物质处理,There are also instances, such as in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where the solids are processed into a fertilizer. 也有一些例子，比如在密尔沃基市、威斯康星州，固体物被加工成了一种肥料。 Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, including the east coast of the United States, the waste solids are neither reclaimed to
28、 the land nor burned as a source of energy. 不幸的是，在世界上的许多地方，包括美国的东海岸，固体废料既没有被回收进土地，也没有作为一种能源燃烧。 They are barged or piped out to sea and then dumped into the water. 它们被用驳船或管道运出大海，然后倒进水里。 It is anticipated that this practice will be discontinued, and incineration for energy recovery along with composti
29、ng for reuse on the land will replace ocean dumping. 我们期待这种做法将被废止，焚化供能源回收和堆肥供土地再利用将取代海洋倾弃的做法。,Wastewater solids treatment and disposal,Where the solids are composted, heavy and toxic metals must be removed at their source. 在固体废料堆肥的地方，重金属和有毒的金属必须彻底地清除。 The processes employed for treating wastewater s
30、olids include dewatering presses, belts, and centrifuges, as well as fluid-bed furnaces. 用来处理废水固体物的方法包括挤压脱水法，传送带及离心脱水法，还有流化床熔炉法。 Another process that has received considerable attention is in vessel composting. 另一种已经受到相当关注的方法是容器堆肥。,Wastewater solids treatment and disposal,The indiscriminate dumping
31、of trash and garbage on land has caused serious pollution problems. 地上的垃圾和废料不加区别地倾倒已经导致了严重的污染问题。 Refuse disposal can be controlled in a well-designed and -operated landfill, and this can be a suitable process for certain small communities. 在一个设计得好又操作得好的垃圾填埋场，垃圾处理能加以控制，这对于某些小地方可能是一个恰当的方法。 However, la
32、nd for the disposal of refuse for mid- and large- size communities is being seriously reduced, and composting of refuse for reuse on the land may have limited application. 然而，在一些大中城市，用作垃圾处理的场地正在严重地减少，在土地上进行垃圾堆肥再利用就受到了限制。,Refuse disposal 垃圾处理,The appropriate system for the majority of communities app
33、ears to be incineration of the refuse, with recovery of the energy from the burning of organic materials. 对于大多数地方，适当的体系好像就是垃圾焚烧了，通过有机物质的燃烧来回收能量 。 The air emission systems from these thermal reactors, as well as from the furnaces that burn solids emanating from wastewater plants, must be designed to
34、prevent chemical and particulate air pollution. 源于热反应堆及污水厂固体废料焚烧炉的空气散发系统必须设计成能够防止化学品和微粒子空气污染 。 These air emission systems include electrostatic precipitators and afterburners. 这些空气散发系统包括静电除尘器和加力燃烧室。,Refuse disposal 垃圾处理,Unfortunately, countrysides and groundwaters have become cluttered and polluted
35、by long-term illegal dumping and washings from industrial and commercial activities, as well as from public agencies. 不幸的是，由于来自工业和商业活动以及公众机构的长期非法倾卸和洗涤，乡间和地下水已经变得混乱并且被污染。 The removal of stored containers of wastes from the dumping grounds is necessarily a slow process, and an approved disposal site m
36、ust be developed and contained. 垃圾堆积场中废料储存坑的搬迁应缓慢进行，一个核准的处理场地必须加以开发并包含在内。 The cleaning of contaminated soils and groundwaters is an even slower process, and the technology for decontamination must be properly designed and put into place. 对已经污染的土壤和地下水进行净化是一个更慢的过程，清除污染的技术必须要恰当地设计和投入使用。,Hazardous waste
37、 disposal 危险性废物处理,For example, waters contaminated with organic chemicals are slowly pumped from the aquifer, and then the contaminants are removed either by air-stripping or adsorption onto granular activated carbon. 比如，被有机化学物污染了的水被慢慢地从含水土层中抽出来，然后通过空气清洗或粒状活性炭吸附作用清除污染物。 The cleansed water is injecte
38、d back into the aquifer, and this process can take years to accomplish. 净化了的水再被注回到含水土层中，这个过程要花数年时间才能完成。 This can be inconvenient and, in some cases, a danger to health for communities that must use these groundwaters for their potable water supply. 某些情况下这种做法可能会造成不便，对于那些必须使用地下水作为饮用水供应的居民健康是一种威胁。,Haza
39、rdous waste disposal 危险的废物处理,To the environment has been added smoke from diesel-driven trucks, uncontrolled gasoline engine emissions, and pollution from industrial smokestacks. 柴油驱动的卡车和不受限制的汽油机使环境中废烟增加，工业烟囱则带来污染 。 In the United States, statistics published by the Environmental Protection Agency in
40、 1987 revealed that 2.4109 lb of toxic chemicals are released into the air annually, while 100 million people live where other air pollutants, chiefly from automobiles, exceed federal standards. 在美国，由环保机构1987年公布的统计资料显示，每年有2.4亿磅的有毒化学物质被排放进了空气中，同时，有1亿人居住在其他空气污染物（主要来自汽车）超过联邦标准的地方。 Local smog in metropo
41、litan areas, such as Los Angeles, is caused by the activities of the respective communities. 在大城市的局部烟雾，比如洛杉矶，是由各个社区的活动造成的。,Air-pollution control 空气污染控制,Acid rain caused by the emissions of gases from the industrial smokestacks of the midwestern United States fails on the forests and lakes of the Nor
42、theast and Canada. 由美国中西部的工业烟囱排放的气体导致的酸雨降落在美国的东北部和加拿大的森林和湖泊上。 There have been attempts at cleaning up the air, but the action toward solution has been limited. 虽然已经做了很多空气净化的尝试，但是寻求解决方法的行动还是受到很大的限制 The technology is available (for example, multiple-hearth and fluid-bed reactors along with sophisticat
43、ed air emissions technology) for removing the particulate matter and the contaminating chemicals from the air emissions；but the processes are expensive, and the progress is slow. 用于清除空气中粒状物质和化学污染物的技术是可用的（比如，各式各样的炉床和流化床反应器，以及尖端的空气发射技术）。但是这些方法的代价昂贵，而且进度缓慢。,Air-pollution control 空气污染控制,The availability
44、 of drinking water that is safe and of good quality is an important factor in modern civilization. 安全高质量的饮用水的可用性是现代文明的一个重要因素。 Sources 来源 Indirect use of wastewater by withdrawing drinking water from rivers is a viable and economical way to supply communities with potable water, especially those loca
45、ted on waterfronts. 从河川汲取饮用水给社区的间接利用废水的方法是可行的和经济的，特别是对于滨水地区的社区。 The water must be disinfected for the inactivation of microbiological pollutants, and physical and chemical treatment must be provided for the removal of organic and inorganic impurities. 这水必须被消毒以钝化微生污染物，并且必须进行物理和化学处理以消除有机和无机杂质。,Potable
46、 management 饮用水管理,Other sources of drinking water are natural lakes and impoundments of rivers. 饮用水的其他来源是自然湖泊和人工湖。 These are usually of better quality than river waters, and they can be used for multiple purposes such as water supply and hydroelectric power. 这些水的质量通常比河中的水要好，它们能被用于双重目的，比如水供应和水力发电站。 C
47、ontrolled recreational use of sections of these lakes is not unusual. 这些湖泊的部分区域作为受控的娱乐性用途使用并非不寻常。 Underground aquifers are a common source of drinking water, and their quality is very high, except where chemical contamination has occurred. 地下含水土层是饮用水的普通来源，并且水质非常好，除了那些发生过化学污染的地方。,Sources 来源,In some p
48、arts of the world, aquifers can be recharged with reclaimed surface waters. 在世界上的某些地方，蓄水层可利用回收地表水进行回灌。 A serious problem in many parts of the world is the shortage of pure drinking water during periods of low rainfall and snow. A major drought occurred on the eastern seaboard of the United Sates in
49、the spring of 1989. 世界上许多地方的一个严重的问题是在低降雨量和降雪量期间纯净饮用水的短缺。1989年春天，美国东部沿海地区发生了一场大规模旱灾。 There appear to be two reasons for water shortages during droughts：Many drinking-water supply systems have not been planned to deal adequately with droughts, and water is wasted because of its relatively low price. 干旱期间缺水似乎有两个原因：许多饮水供给系统没有能计划充分以应对旱灾 ，相对低的水价又使大量水被浪费。,Sources 来源,It is prudent to select the purest water available for drinking purposes. 要谨慎选择可利用水中最纯净的水作为饮用用途。 This can be underground water, springs, or upland lakes. 这可能是地下水、泉水或高地的湖泊。 It th