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1、MLA vs. APA,Which should you use? Ask each of your teachers which style they want you to use. If they have no preference, you can use any or follow these guidelines： APA: psychology, education, and other social sciences. MLA: literature, arts, and humanities. Chicago: used with all subjects in the “
2、real world“ by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications.,MLA & APA,I. Parenthetical Citation Authors Name in the Text MLA Style According to Jones, “Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (199). Jones found “students often ha
3、d difficulty using APA style” (199). You only need to indicate page numbers, since the authors name appears in the text. APA Style According to Jones (1998), “Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p. 199). Jones (1998) found “students often had diff
4、iculty using APA style” (p. 199). Date of publication is placed after authors name.,MLA & APA,MLA style This point has already been argued (Tannen 178-85). Authors name and page numbers are placed at the end of the attributed text. APA style This point has already been argued (Tannen, 1994). 如果没有引述具
5、体观点，APA可以省略页码。 Authors name and publication date (separated by a comma) are placed at the end of the attributed text. Omit year from subsequent citations after first citation within paragraph.,MLA & APA,Authors Names in the Text MLA Style (2 or 3 authors) Others, like Jakobson and Waugh (210-15), ho
6、ld the opposite point of view. Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304). 如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：(Alton, Davies, and Rice 56) According t
7、o educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, Smith 135).,MLA Style (4 or more authors) The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine
8、 et al. 35). APA Style (2 authors) Others, like Jakobson and Waugh (1978, pp. 210-15), hold the opposite point of view. Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases.,APA Style (3
9、to 5 authors) 第一次引用： According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995). 以后的引用： To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” (Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135). APA Style (6 or more author
10、s) Patterns of Byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003, p. xxx) MLA不使用“&”， APA不使用“and”。,MLA & APA,Authors Name Not in the Text MLA style Others hold the opposite point of view (e.g., Jakobson and Waugh 210-15). Mon
11、asteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions (Marcuse 190-203). APA style Others hold the opposite point of view (Jakobson & Waugh, 1978). Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988,
12、p. 11).,MLA & APA,Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author or Authors MLA Style 引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组。书名用下划线，文章用引号。 Shakespeares King Lear has been called a “comedy of the grotesque” (Frye, Anatomy 237). Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38), thou
13、gh he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Development” 17). The book title (underlined) or journal article (in quotes) is provided. If there is no author, then only the book title journal article would appear,
14、 example, (Anatomy, 237).,APA Style 按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：(Zhang, 1997)， (Zhang, 1999)，(Zhang, 2004) 。 同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)。 同年发表的多个文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别，正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母，如：(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)。 Shakespeares King Lear has been called a “comedy of the grotesque”
15、(Frye, 1982, p. 237).,Citing indirect source 论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出。 MLA Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man” (qtd. in Boswell 450). 注意：“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。,APA： Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelm
16、an, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability. One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability. 引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需
17、列入该非直接文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”）。,MLA & APA,Bibliography Entries Books of a Single Author MLA Style Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957. APA Style Frye, N. (1957). Anatomy of criticism: Four essays. Princeton: Princeton UP. Doubl
18、e space is required for the APA format.,MLA & APA,Books of Multi-Authors MLA Style Bondanella, Peter, and Julia Conaway Bondanella, eds. Dictionary of Italian Literature. Westport: Greenwood, 1979. APA Style Bondanella, P., & Bondanella, J. C. (1979). Dictionary of Italian Literature. Westport: Gree
19、nwood.,Selection from an edited book MLA Style Glover, David. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83. APA Style Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration
20、: New directions for outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and assessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Longman. MLA规范中，书的编者的姓和名均用全称。 APA规范里，编者的姓用全称，名用首字母。,MLA & APA,Journal Articles MLA Style Monk, Patricia. “Frankensteins Daughters: The Problems of the Feminine Image in
21、 Science Fiction.” Mosaic 13. 4 (1980): 15-27. APA Style Monk, P. (1980). Frankensteins daughters: The problems of the feminine image in science fiction. Mosaic, 13. 4, 15-27.,在MLA规范里，作者的姓名应完整，应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。在APA里，作者的首名和中间名均应用首字母。 在MLA规范里，期刊名与期刊卷数之间不用逗号。 在APA规范里期刊的卷数应用斜体表示。 按MLA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的
22、首字母均必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除冠词、介词、并列连词以及不定式符号（“to”）以外都必须大写。按APA的规范，标题第一个词和冒号后第一个词的首字母必须大写，而其余每一个词的首字母，除专有名词以外，均不需要大写。,MLA & APA,Newspaper Articles MLA Style Dalin, Damon. “A $7 Greeting Card? Yes, But Listen To The Melody It Will Play For You.” Wall Street Journal 10 May 1983, Eastern ed.: 37. APA Style D
23、alin, D. (1983, May 10). A $7 greeting card? Yes, but listen to the melody it will play for you. Wall Street Journal, p37.,MLA & APA,Articles from Reference Books MLA Style “Mandarin.” The Encyclopedia Americana. 1994 ed. Bergmann, Peter Gabriel. “Relativity.” The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. 2
24、6. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. 1993. 501-8. . APA Style Bergmann, P. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.,MLA & APA,Web Sources MLA Style 姓，名. “文献题名.” 杂志名称. 发表日期. 网址(检索日期). Fischer, Michael F. “Paronomasia.” Worthless Words for the Day. 21 November 2005. http:/www. answers. com/topic/paronomasia (8 May 2007). APA Style 姓，名首. (发表年,月日). 文献题名. 杂志名称. On line. (检索年,月日). Fischer, M. F. (2005, November 21). Paronomasia. Worthless Words for the Day. On-line. (2007, May 8).,MLA & APA,Many Thanks and All the Best,