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1、小议桥梁工程中钻孔灌注桩的成桩质量控制本站编辑：论文中国 日期： 2009年07月21日点击数： 1论文摘要：钻孔灌注桩；施工技术；质量控制论文摘要摘要：钻孔灌注桩属于隐蔽工程,成桩环节多,施工过程轻易出现质量事故，作者通过多年来在桩基础工程的施工经验，介绍一下钻孔灌注桩施工技术质量控制办法。仅供参考。 概述摘要： 钻孔灌注桩的施工大部分是在水下进行的，其施工过程无法观察，成桩后也不能进行开挖验收。施工中任何一个环节出现新问题，都将直接影响到整个工程的质量和进度，甚至给投资者造成巨大的经济损失和不良的社会影响。因此，要求基础施工队伍在施工技术办法上要落实，并加强施工质量管理，密切注重抓好施工过
2、程中每一个环节的质量，力争将隐患消除在成桩之前。因此在施工前要认真熟悉设计图纸及有关施工、验收规范，核查地质和有关灌注桩方面的资料，对灌注桩在施工过程中可能会发生的一些新问题进行分析后制订出施工质量标准、验收实施方案和每根桩的施工记录，以便有效地对桩基施工质量加以控制。 1 成孔质量控制 成孔是混凝土灌注桩施工中的一个重要部分，其质量如控制得不好，则可能会发生塌孔、缩径、桩孔偏斜及桩端达不到设计持力层要求等，还将直接影响桩身质量和造成桩承载力下降。因此，在成孔的施工技术和施工质量控制方面应着重做好以下几项工作。 确保桩身成孔垂直精度 这是灌注桩顺利施工的一个重要条件，否则钢筋笼和导管将无法沉放
3、。为了保证成孔垂直精度满足设计要求，应采取扩大桩机支承面积使桩机稳固，经常校核钻架及钻杆的垂直度等办法。 泥浆护壁技术 泥浆护壁是钻孔灌注桩施工技术关键之一。泥浆护壁的好坏直接关系到钻孔灌注桩的质量。泥浆护壁按土层的性质可以用原土造浆，即钻孔时直接注人清水使之和原位的粘土混合成护壁泥浆，也可用人工制备的泥浆。在砂层、砂夹层等易塌孔的土层中钻孔，应采用人工制备的非凡泥浆。 泥浆的功能是护壁、携砂、冷却钻头和润滑，其中护壁和携砂是主要的。注入干净泥浆的比重应控制在1.1左右，泥浆稠度过大会影响钻进速度，而泥浆过稀则不利于护壁和排渣。排出泥浆的比重应控制在1.2-1.4左右;当穿过砂夹卵石层或轻易塌
4、孔的土层时排出泥浆的比重可增大至1.3-1.5。泥浆除控制比重外，还应定期测定它的粘度。在不同的土层中钻孔，泥浆粘度要求是不同的，在混有砂土的淤泥层中，合适的泥浆粘度为20-23 Pa.s；在砂土中为23一45 Pa.s；在沙砾层中大于45 Pa.s。 确保桩位、桩顶标高和成孔深度。 在护筒定位后及时复核护筒的位置，严格控制护筒中心和桩位中心线偏差不大于50mm，并认真检查回填土是否密实，应保持护筒位置稳定，以防钻孔过程中发生漏浆的现象。在施工过程中自然地坪的标高会发生一些变化，为准确地控制钻孔深度，在桩架就位后及时复核底梁的水平和桩具的总长度并作好记录，以便在成孔后根据钻杆在钻机上的留出长度
5、来校验成孔达到深度。 虽然钻杆到达的深度已反映了成孔深度，但是如在第一次清孔时泥浆比重控制不当，或在提钻具时碰撞了孔壁，就可能会发生坍孔、沉渣过厚等现象，这将给第二次清孔带来很大的困难，有的甚至通过第二次清孔也无法清除坍落的沉渣。因此，在提出钻具后用测绳复核成孔深度，如测绳的测深比钻杆的钻探小，就要重新下钻杆复钻并清孔。 为有效地防止塌孔、缩径及桩孔偏斜等现象，除了在复核钻具长度时注重检查钻杆是否弯曲外，还根据不同土层情况对比地质资料，随时调整钻进速度，并描绘出钻进成孔时间曲线。当钻进粉砂层进尺明显下降，在软粘土钻进最快200mmin左右，在细粉砂层钻进都是15mmin左右，两者进尺速度相差很
6、大。钻头直径的大小将直接影响孔径的大小，在施工过程中要经常复核钻头直径，如发现其磨损超过10mm就要及时调换钻头。 清孔施工 清孔的主要目的是清除孔底沉渣，而孔底沉渣则是影响灌注桩承载能力的主要因素之一。清孔则是利用泥浆在流动时所具有的动能冲击桩孔底部的沉渣，使沉渣中的岩粒、砂粒等处于悬浮状态，再利用泥浆胶体的粘结力使悬浮着的沉渣随着泥浆的循环流动被带出桩孔，最终将桩孔内的沉渣尽量排除干净。清孔方法主要有换浆、抽浆、掏渣、空压机喷射和砂浆置换等。不论采用何种清孔方法，在清孔排渣时，必须注重保持孔内水头，防止坍孔。灌注桩成孔至设计标高，应充分利用钻杆在原位进行第一次清孔，直到孔口返浆比重持续小于
7、1.10-1.20，清孔后孔底残留的沉渣厚度，对于支承桩不得大于l00mm，对于摩擦桩不得大于300mm。通常清孔分两次进行，既在钻孔结束后清孔一次，待钢筋笼、导管安放完毕后再清一次孔。第二次清孔后应马上进行水下混凝土的灌注工作，中间耽搁时间不宜过长。 钢筋笼制作质量和吊放 钢筋笼制作前首先要检查钢材的质保资料，检查合格后再按设计和施工规范要求验收钢筋的直径、长度、规格、数量和制作质量。在验收中还要非凡注重钢筋笼吊环长度能否使钢筋准确地吊放在设计标高上，这是由于钢筋笼吊放后是暂时固定在钻架底梁上的，因此，吊环长度是根据底梁标高的变化而改变，所以应根据底梁标高逐根复核吊环长度，以确保钢筋的埋入标
8、高满足设计要求。在钢筋笼吊放过程中，应逐节验收钢筋笼的连接焊缝质量，对质量不符合规范要求的焊缝、焊口则要进行补焊。同时，要注重钢筋笼能否顺利下放，沉放时不能碰撞孔壁；当吊放受阻时，不能加压强行下放，因为这将会造成坍孔、钢筋笼变形等现象，应停止吊放并寻找原因，如因钢筋笼没有垂直吊放而造成的，应提出后重新垂直吊放；假如是成孔偏斜而造成的，则要求进行复钻纠偏，并在重新验收成孔质量后再吊放钢筋笼。钢筋笼接长时要加快焊接时间，尽可能缩短沉放时间。 2 成桩质量的控制 为确保成桩质量，要严格检查验收进场原材料的质保书（水泥出厂合格证、化验报告、砂石化验报告），对不合格的材料严禁用于混凝土灌注桩。 钻孔灌注
9、水下混凝土的施工主要是采用导管灌注，混凝土的离析现象还会存在，因此，现场的配合比要随水泥品种、砂、石料规格及含水率的变化进行调整，为使每根桩的配合比都能正确无误，在混凝土搅拌前都要复核配合比并校验计量的准确性，严格计量和测试管理，并及时填入原始记录和制作试件。 在混凝土灌注时应加强对混凝土搅拌时间和混凝土坍落度的控制。因为混凝土搅拌时间不足会直接影响混凝土的强度，混凝土坍落采用18cm-20cm，并随时了解混凝土面的标高和导管的埋人深度。导管在混凝土面的埋置深度一般宜保持在2m-4m，不宜大于5m和小于1m，严禁把导管底端提出混凝土面。当灌注至距桩顶标高8m-10m时，应及时将坍落度调小至12
10、cm-16cm，以提高桩身上部混凝土的抗压强度。在施工过程中，要控制好灌注工艺和操作，抽动导管使混凝土面上升的力度要适中，保证有程序的拔管和连续灌注，升降的幅度不能过大，如大幅度抽拔导管则轻易造成混凝土体冲刷孔壁，导致孔壁下坠或坍落，桩身夹泥。在灌注过程中必须每灌注23 m左右测一次混凝土面上升的高度，确定每段桩体的充盈系数，建筑施工操作规程规定桩身混凝土的充盈系数必须大于l.同时要认真进行记录，这对日后发现有新问题的桩或评价桩的质量有很大功能。 总结 钻孔灌注桩的整个施工过程属隐蔽工程项目，质量检查比较困难，要保证钻孔灌注桩的施工质量，其关键还在于人。强调现场管理人员要有高度责任心，以防为主
11、，对桩基各个施工环节要充分重视并精心施工，只有这样桩基的质量控制才能得到保证。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the
12、party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requ
13、irements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision
14、process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation
15、 of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party r
16、egulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the
17、partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jin
18、ping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an i
19、mportant role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positi
20、ve advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not promine
21、nt, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, w
22、hich many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not spe
23、cific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is li
24、kely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revisio
25、n process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear ins
26、tructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special m
27、eeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central minis
28、tries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central
29、Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two reg
30、ulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Commit
31、tee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles
32、 of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious
33、 discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the pa
34、rty constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of
35、the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for
36、the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 s
37、econd is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for al
38、l members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is
39、this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In v
40、iew of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and d
41、iscipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes
42、 in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put f
43、orward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second
44、 is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved into synchronization amendment . Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully emb
45、odies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remem
46、ber. The revised is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National Peoples solemn commitment. criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts,
47、 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the , a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as four must eight code. Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as four must the princip