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1、Use of Idioms,8,7,6,5,4,3,PICTURE START,What is an idiom?,N-COUNT 习语;成语 An idiom is a group of words which have a different meaning when used together from the one they would have if you took the meaning of each word separately.,Stylistic Features,How to learn an idiom,Rhetorical Features,Variations
2、 of Idioms,The resources of the idioms are various, for example, some comes from seaman on the sea, hunters in the woods, farmers in the fields, workman at mills, housewives and cooks in the kitchen and so on. And these idioms come from their daily occupations. Although some of the expressions are c
3、olloquial, they can express things vividly and forcibly. Gradually they are widely accepted.,As a result, they become part of the common core of the language and now are used in different situations. As times goes on, they developed into colloquialisms, slang and literary expressions. In addition, t
4、he same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned different meanings. And there are also differences between British English and American English. We should know which is the most suitable in different situations, talking to different groups of people. It is vital to pay attention to
5、the use of the idioms.,Colloquialism,Stylistic Features,Slang,Literary Expressions,Colloquialisms take up the maximum percentage in idiom. Colloquialism is a word, phrase or paralanguage that is employed in conversational or informal language but not in formal speech or formal writing. Dictionaries
6、often display colloquial words and phrases with the abbreviation colloq. as an identifier. Colloquialisms are sometimes referenced collectively as “colloquial language“. A colloquial name is a word or term used for identification that is employed in conversational or informal language but not in for
7、mal speech or formal writing.,a type of language speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people: slang is a phenomenon of speech, rather than written language and etymologies which are typically traced via consisting of words and phrases that are regarde
8、d as very informal, are more common in corpus. Slang consists of a lexicon of non-standard words and phrases in a given language. Words and expressions that are informal and not standard English. Different social groups often use a special vocabulary. Sometimes this is fairly widespread and well und
9、erstood.,Example: 1.according to Hoyle(纸牌游戏） with strict adherence（坚持） to a set of rules 2.all systems go a state of readiness（准备就绪） for immediate action 3.all thumbs（拇指） clumsy and awkward 4.apple of ones eye* the favorite object of a persons love or affection 5.as the crow（乌鸦） flies the most direc
10、t route between two places,Lexical Manipulation,Phonetic Manipulation,Semantic Manipulation,Alliteration Alliteration is a term that describes a literary stylistic device. Alliteration occurs when a series of words in a row (or close to a row) have the same first consonant sound. Chop and change (ke
11、ep changing ones opinion) Might and main (all ones power and strength) Drips and drabs (small irregular amounts) Busy as a bee; Dead as a doornail; Get your goat Give up the ghost; Good as gold Rhyme A rhyme occurs when two or more words have similar sounds. Typically, this happens at the end of the
12、 words, but this isnt always the case. Kith and kin (relative) Wear and tear (damage from continuous use),Phonetic Manipulation,Little Miss Muffet, sat on her tuffet, eating her curds and whey. Along came a spider, that sat down beside her, and frightened Miss Muffet away. Had I but lived a hundred
13、years ago I might have gone, as I have gone this year, By Warmwell Cross on to a Cove I know, And Time have placed his figure on me now,Reiteration Duplication of synonyms Repetition Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer .As a rhet
14、orical device, it could be a word, a phrase or a full sentence or a poetical line repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text Juxtaposition (of antonyms) Juxtaposition is a literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions etc. are placed side by side
15、in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts.,Lexical Manipulation,完全地，充分地 例句：You can trust him，for hes honest through and through. 你可以信任他，他是真正诚实的。,Because I do not hope to turn again Because I do not hope Because I do not hope to turn These three lines have been
16、taken from “Ash-Wednesday” authored by T. S. Eliot, a famous modern poet of the 20th century. The repletion of a full phrase shows us mastery the poet has acquired in using words and phrases to make his point clear and emphasize what he wants to say that he has no hope to come back.,on the up and up
17、,坦率，诚实 例句：How can we know whether a person is on the up and up by his appearance! 从一个人的外表我们怎么能知道他是坦率的呢！,out and out,完全地，彻底地 例句：What I said is an out and out truth. 我说的全都是事实。,over and over,多次地，重复地 例句：The foreigner repeated what he said over and over，but I still couldnt understand him. 外国朋友一遍一遍地重复，但我仍
18、然没有听懂他说什么。,through and through,Here and there now and never up and down,on and off 间断地 例句： It rained on and off all day long. 今天断断续续地下着小雨,high and low 到处 例句： I looked high and low for my pen，but I couldnt find it anywhere. 我到处找我的钢笔，但我怎么也找不到它。,ins and outs 错综复杂事物的因果 例句： After careful investigation, h
19、e got to know the ins and outs of the accident. 经过仔细的调查，他终于弄清了事件的前因后果。,out and about 户外活动 例句： Mr. Smith recovers quickly，and hell be out and about very soon. 史密斯先生复原得很好，很快他就能到户外活动了,ups and downs 盛衰，浮沉 例句： Life is hardThere are a lot of ups and downs in ones life. 生活是艰辛的，生活中充满了大多的盛衰的浮沉。,a big fish in
20、 a small pond 小地方的大人物 例句：In her hometown, she was a big fish in a small pond，but after she moved to New York, she was just only one among many millions. 在她家乡，她很了不起。可是搬到纽约后，她就不过是芸芸众生之一了。,The main reasons why people in different nations are inclined to create and use idioms is that idioms are vivid, c
21、oncise and rich in meaning. And it is the use of simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, personification , euphemism contribute to the effect of idioms in terms of rich meaning. so let us to see some examples.,simile(明喻).We usually use as , seem ,like ,as if ,as though to connect two similar thing .
22、 As gray as ashes如死灰一般 As graceful as swan 和诗人一样优雅 As Mute as a fish 鸦雀无声 As brave as a lion 狮子般勇敢 As timid as a mouse 胆小如鼠 Spend money like water花钱如流水 As bold as brass脸皮厚的像城墙 Sleep like a hole 熟睡,A,metaphor 隐喻 a. An animals use to refer to people .for example 1A black sheep (the member thought be a
23、 graceful in the family)被嫌弃的人 2.A dark horse（ a person who tends to keep their activities, feelings, or intentions secret, who may have unexpected qualities or abilities） 黑马 3.A gray mare母马(the wife who rules her husband)母老虎 4.a grace in the grass (hidden enemy ),潜在敌人,b. inanimate 无生命物things to refe
24、r to people A new broom (a person who has newly come to office),新来的 A flat tire (a boring person),一个无聊的人 The salt of the earth (the few of the highest execellence)美德的人 A square peg in a round hole ( a person who not suit to her job or position)不适合某个位置的人,c. things refer to something else 1.bed of dus
25、t (grave)坟墓） 2.crocodile tears (signs of insincere sorrow )假慈悲，假悲伤 3. A wet blanket (something that spoils the pleasure)破坏气氛的 4.black bottle (poison) 有毒的,d. actions，to abstract ideas or other actions, state . 1. set on the fence (take impartial attitude)公平起见 2. cut the ground from under sb. (destroy
26、 someone success by taking his ideas )剽窃某人的观点 3. fall from grace犯罪,B,metonymy(转喻)：a figure of speech in which one word or phrase substituted for another with which it is closely associated. 1. give every man the year . but few the voice.多听少说。 2. from cradle to grave (from birth to death) 3. live by
27、one is pen (live by writing)以写作为生 4. under the shade (under the tree)在树下,C,synecdoche (提喻法) 1.earn one is bread (making a living )谋生 2.fall into good hands (good people)好人 3.two heads better than one (two people)2个人 In fact, both metonymy and synecdoche involved substitution of names, yet they diffe
28、r in that the former is a case of using the name of one thing for another closely associated with it and the latter is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa.,D,Personification （拟人化）, 象征. 1.Failure is the mother of success 失败乃成功之母 2.action speak louder than words 行动大于语言 3.the pot cal
29、ls the kettle black五十步笑百步 4.fire and water are good servants ,but bad masters水能载舟亦能覆舟。 5. The rarer it is, the more it is worth.(物以稀为贵),All rivers run into the sea. 殊途同归。 A uncut gem does not sparkle. 玉不琢，不成器。 Diamonds cut diamonds. 棋逢对手，将遇良才。 Every bean has its black. 金无足赤，人无完人。 10. Cast an anchor
30、to windward. 未雨绸缪。,Euphemism委婉语 This word is from grace. Eu means good , phemism means speech ,so it means use a relatively good words instead of some direct and embarrassing words . 1. the call of nature 2.sleep around (behave promiscuously)不知好歹 3.Powder ones nose (go to the restroom) 去厕所 4.go to w
31、est 逝世 5.down on ones luck时运不济 6.home plain 一般。不好看,F,E,Characteristic of semantic unity and structural stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule. But the fixity of idioms is not absolute. When idioms are used in actual context, they do experience grammatical changes, e.g. different forms of v
32、erbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number.,Replacement,Addition or deletion,Position-shifting,Shortening,Dismembering,Verb动词替换： Flog a dead horse=beat a dead horse tread on air =walk on air Hit home=strike home go (swim) with the steam milk (suck) sb. dry Noun名词替换: strike gold (oil) not worth
33、a damn (straw) be up to ones ears (eyes. eyebrows. neck) in sth.,死马当活马医,欢天喜地,击中要害,随大流,榨取某人,找到丰富的消息来源.财源,毫无价值,忙的不可开交,adjective形容词替换： take a dim (poor. serious) view of sb. as firm (solid) as a rock a raw (rough) deal a fair (square) deal adverb副词替换: at (behind) the wheel beyond (past) all reason arti
34、cles, pronouns, numerals冠词，代词，数词被替换 have a lump in ones (the) throat Ask for it (trouble),不喜欢.不重视某人.某事,稳如磐石的,不公平的待遇,公平交易,驾驶,不合道理的，无法接受的,哽咽,自找麻烦，自讨苦吃,all (the) year round be all (fingers and) thumbs （every）now and then take ones medicine (like a man) thank ones (lucky) stars few (and far between) fro
35、m the (bottom of ones) heart for good (and all),一年到头,笨手笨脚,时而，偶尔,认罚,吉星高照,少的，不常发生的,忠心的，真诚的,永久，永远,casting swine before pearls =casting pearls before swine,like son, like father =like father, like son,有其父必有其子,对牛弹琴,Each for himself and let the devil take the hindmost =the devil take the hindmost,You run
36、after two hares, you will catch neither =to run after two hares,脚踏两只船，必定落空,人不为己，天诛地灭,In linguistics, idioms are usually presumed to be figures of speech contradicting the principle of compositionality. This principle states that the meaning of a whole should be constructed from the meanings of the p
37、arts that make up the whole. Dismembering means breaking up the idioms into pieces, an unusual case of use of idioms particularly in literature or popular press to achieve special effect. Idioms tend to confuse those unfamiliar with them; students of a new language must learn its idiomatic expressio
38、ns as vocabulary. Many natural language words have idiomatic origins,One can know that it is not part of the idiom because it is variable. A relatively recent development in the syntactic analysis of idioms departs from a constituent-based account of syntactic structure, preferring instead the caten
39、a-based account. Any word or any combination of words that are linked together by dependencies qualifies as a catena.,The fixed words of the proverbs (in orange) again form a catena each time. The adjective nitty-gritty and the adverb always are not part of the respective proverb and their appearanc
40、e does not interrupt the fixed words of the proverb. A caveat concerning the catena-based analysis of idioms concerns their status in the lexicon. Idioms are lexical items, which means they are stored as catenae in the lexicon. In the actual syntax, however, some idioms can be broken up by various f
41、unctional constructions.,The catena-based analysis of idioms provides a basis for an understanding of meaning compositionality. The Principle of Compositionality can in fact be maintained. Units of meaning are being assigned to catenae, whereby many of these catenae are not constituents.,To know the meaning of every word and have a guess,Read more conversations or literatures about it to appreciate its real meaning,learn how it come into being and its back ground,