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1、提供各专业全套设计设计说明书叉杆的工艺及钻M8螺纹孔夹具设计院 系：专 业： 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导老师： 摘要本设计的零件为叉杆，选用QT40-10钢。根据零件的形状、尺寸精度、生产的经济效益等各方面的详细分析其加工工艺，多采用专用机床加工。通过对零件的分析，此轴要求精度高，工序适当集中，要求光滑，所以选用工具和尺寸要准。最后对零件进行校核。以便达到零件精度的要求。关键词：夹具、校核、工艺设计全套图纸，加153893706Abstract：This design components are a beam holder.Selects the QT40-10 steel.Acco
2、rding to the components shape, the size precision, the production economic efficiency and so on various aspects multianalysis its processing craft, uses the special purpose machine processing much. Through to the components analysis, this axis required accuracy is high, the working procedure suitabl
3、e centralism, the request is smooth, therefore selects the tool and the size wants.Finally carries on the examination to the components.In order to achieve the components precision the request.Key word：Jig, examination, technological design目 录 前言11.设计的目的22、机械制造工艺要求的基本任务和要求22.1、基本任务22.2、设计要求23、机械制造工艺
4、课程设计的方法和步骤43.1、零件分析43.2、选材43.3、材料特性53.4、毛坯63.6 加工工艺路线73.7确定工序尺寸及其公差93.8确定切削用量103.8机床及工艺设备的选择104、夹具设计124.1问题的提出124.2定位基准的选择124.3切削力和夹紧力的计算124.4定位误差分析134.5夹具设计及操作的简要说明13总 结14致 谢15参 考 文 献16Opinions and suggestions on the partys mass line educational practiceAccording to the central and provincial, muni
5、cipal unified deployment, according to municipal Party committee about carrying out the partys mass line educational practice activity in the citys implementation opinions, the spirit of the partys mass line educational practice activities from 20* in January to 99 months, carried out at all levels
6、of departments and directly affiliated institutions and grass-roots party organizations. According to my actual County, the county to carry out the education practice put forward the following implementation opinions.First, the overall requirementsCounty county education practice to the eighteen Par
7、ty of eight, the spirit of the the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee as the guidance, conscientiously implement the spirit of general secretary Xi Jinping book series of important speech, earnestly implement the Central Committee really, opinions and advice , party implementing
8、 the guiding ideology of opinions to determine the objectives and requirements, step method, in accordance with the look in the mirror, dress up, wash bath, cure treatment, the general requirements of for the people pragmatic honest people as the theme, in carrying forward the spirit of Zhuanglang Z
9、huang, improve their work style, service to the masses of the people, the foundation of consolidating grassroots, promote transformation across efforts, to further implement the central eight regulations and The opposition party and government austerity waste regulations , double section provincial
10、regulations, municipal provisions of the twelve plan and the implementation measures for on improving the work style of close ties with the masses law, highlight style building, carry out the whole wind spirit, resolutely oppose formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism and wasteful extravagance to solve the
11、 problems, Party members and cadres of the style and the masses of people strong, the Ministry of Party members and cadres to further improve their thinking and understanding, to further change the style of the wind, the masses to close, honest and pragmatic people honest image to further establish
12、the foundation to further reinforce the basic level. Style of the building of the new results to promote the construction of a powerful force of the county and the ecological culture of the county and county construction.In educational practice activities of the unit is mainly: the county and below
13、county departments under the organs, enterprises and institutions directly under the township, street, and community, village, non-public economic organizations, social organizations and other grass-roots organizations. Agencies and branches, each single unit, follow the rules on internal institutio
14、ns. Educational practice with step by step.To adhere to the county leadership, leadership and leading cadres to focus on outstanding catch to directly contact the service of the masses of law supervision departments and window units, service industry, educational practice, pay attention to grasp the
15、 heavy towns, streets and villages, community education activities and the masses of grassroots groups in close contact to strengthen, and the majority of Party members, cadres and the mass line line Marx doctrine view of the masses and the partys education.Always speak seriously as a basic attitude
16、, adhere to positive education, to carry out criticism and self criticism group, adhere to the pragmatic, more emphasis on leadership, pay more attention to the layers of the demonstration, more focus on the four winds, solve the problem, pay more attention to open the door, the participation of the
17、 masses, pay more attention to the classification guidance. Orderly, pay more attention to the cooperation and cohesion driven, more strict requirements on injection, really supervision practice, ensure education practice is not empty is not empty is not partial, not as a mere formality.Two, the key
18、 point of the taskThe main task of the countys education practice is to seize against four wind this focus on centralized solve outstanding problems asked County, township leadership and leading cadres of the four winds, the disadvantages of the style, scale behavior to a large scale investigation,
19、overhaul, cleaning greatly. At the same time, respond to the concerns of the masses, safeguard the interests of the masses, pay attention to solve practical problems, solve the people around the unwholesome tendencies especially on eat, take the card, Yong lazy luxury, extravagance and waste fees, p
20、rivileges and other issues, timely and effective, without any discount to solve, to improve the style of real implementation of the requirements of real to the grassroots, real let group Benefit the public.(a) focus on solving the four winds outstanding issuesThe central and provincial requirements,
21、 the county leadership and leading cadres of key performance concept is not correct, do not dare to play, to engage in image project, political project, a leadership guide, a set of ideas, orders and prohibitions, and a policy, there are countermeasures county. The units directly under the heavy foc
22、us on solving Yung lazy drag, buck passing skin, work is not implemented, the service is not active. The dynamic problem of law enforcement and supervision departments and window units, service industry mainly solve the door hard, ugly face, something difficult, and arbitrary charges, fines, levies,
23、 and breach of privilege, chinakayao, not the problem of law. The township, street The collar of leading bodies and leading cadres to solve key does nottheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establi
24、sh brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs
25、, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the grou
26、p, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic
27、activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the e
28、xisting business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial
29、development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core compet
30、itiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial pol
31、icy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.前言随着科技技术的不断进步，生产都向着自动化、专业化和大批量化的方向发展。这就要求企业的生产在体现人性化的基础上降低工人的生产强度和提高工人的生产效率，降低企业的生产成本。现代的生产和应用设备多数都采用机电一体化、数字控制技术和自动化的控制模式。在这种要求下叉杆越发体现出其广阔的应用领域和市场前景。特别是近年来与微电子、计算机
32、技术相结合后，使叉杆进入了一个新的发展阶段。又因需求的增加，所以生产也步入大批量化和自动化。为适应机械设备的要求，对叉杆的设计要求和技术领域的拓展还需要不断的更新1.设计的目的(1)培养工程意识(2)训练基本技能(3)培养质量意识(4)培养规范意识2、机械制造工艺要求的基本任务和要求2.1、基本任务2.1.1、工艺设计的基本任务 (1)绘制装配图一张 (2)绘制零件图两张(3)编写设计说明书一份2.1.2、夹具设计的基本任务 (1)收集资料,为夹具设计做好准备 (2)绘制草图,进行必要的理论计算和分析以及夹具的结构方案 (3)绘制总图和主要非标准件零件图,编写设计说明书 (4)编制夹具的使用说
33、明或技术要求2.2、设计要求2.2.1、工艺设计的设计要求 (1)保证零件加工质量,达到图纸的技术要求 (2)在保证加工质量的前提下,尽可能提高生产效率 (3)要尽量减轻工人的劳动强度,生产安全 (4)在立足企业的前提下,尽可能采用国内技术和装备 (5)工艺规程应正确.清晰,规范化,标准化的要求2.2.2、夹具设计的设计要求 (1)保证工件的加工精度 (2)提高生产效率 (3)工艺性好 (4)使用性好 (5)经济性好3、机械制造工艺课程设计的方法和步骤3.1、零件分析1. 首先在对加工零件进行充分的工艺分析，确定零件的编程坐标系，计算零件的几何元素坐标参数。确定钻孔或扩孔、镗孔和锪孔的中心坐标
34、，铣面时的起点坐标和终点坐标，两端点坐标。2. 其次零件加工工艺路线或加工顺序。根据零件图、零件的制造材料、零件的质量要求确定主运动的启动、停止、方向、变速；进给运动的速度大小；选择刀具的参数及冷却液开、关等辅助装置的动作。3. 根据零件的形状和加工位置设计制造其专用夹具，适合于工件的大批量生产。4. 零件的图形、尺寸及公差、形位公差、表面粗糙度、材料、热处理及其他技术要求要表示的清晰明了。5. 要做到加工效率高、加工质量符合要求、加工费用低等要求。基本尺寸考虑材料力学性能：强度、塑性、硬度、冲击韧性、疲劳强度；内外表面质量此零件用于两轴,杆之间连接传递,扭力或运动的中间联接器所以对韧性和强度
35、耐磨度有一定的要求.如零件图所示该零件主要加工表面及技术要求分析如下. 1.零件整体在未注尺寸公差为IT14级.这对一般的铣削加工都不难打到. 2.零件的形位公差要求也不高.它是GBIT1184-1996K级也较容易达到. 3.T1.T2.T3.T4.T5.T6表面3.2、选材接头的许用应力和安全系数的关系：=/n=96.67MPa113.33MPa（极限应力,n=3）脆性材料的=b。安全系数n反映了构件的强度储备。脆性材料的n=23.5或是39。 =290 / 3=96.67MPa 拉伸的强度计算：=N/A=96.67 N =*Aaz N*A 材料为QT500 3.3、材料特性牌号抗拉强度屈
36、服硬度延伸率%布氏硬度HBN/uu2(c/ uu2)N/mm(kgf/mm2)QT400-1840025018130-18QT400-1540025012130-18QT400-1045031010160-210QT500-75003207170-230QT600-36003703190-270QT700-27004202225-305QT800-28004802245-335QT900-29006002280-3603.4、毛坯根据零件材料确定毛坯为铸件，根据其结构形状、尺寸大小和材料性能毛坯的铸造方法选用-低压铸造毛坯公差等级-IT8级球墨铸铁：在铁水（球墨生铁）浇注前加一定量的球化剂（硅
37、，镁）使铸铁中石墨球化，由于碳以球状存在于铸件基体中，改善其对基体的割裂作用，球墨铸铁的抗拉强度，屈服强度，塑性，冲击韧性大大提高，并且有耐磨，减震。工艺性能好，成本低等优点因为零件要求无砂眼，所以在毛坯铸造时要注意气孔的产生 气孔原因：1空气夾杂在熔汤中2气体的来源：熔解时、在料管中、在模具中、离型剂改善方法：1适当的慢速2检查流道转弯是否圆滑，截面积是否渐減3检查逃气道面积是否够大，是否有被阻塞，位置是否位於最后充填的地方4检查离型剂是否噴太多，模温是否太低5使用真空3.5、零件图的分析：要求：表面清晰，无毛刺，尺寸精度如上图。表面粗糙度要求高。 3.6 加工工艺路线1定位基准的选择 正确
38、地选择定位基准是设计工艺过程的一向重要内容，也是保证加工精度的关键。定位基准分为精基准和粗基准。对于无合适定位面的零件可在毛坯上另外专门设计或加工出定位表面，称为辅助基准。（机械制造基础P254）2拟定工艺路线 确定各表面的加工方法工件各加工表面的加工方法和加工次数是拟定工艺路线的重要内容。主要依据零件各加工表面本身的技术要求确定，同时还要综合考虑生产类型、零件的结构形状和加工表面的尺寸、工厂现有的设备情况、工件材料性质和毛坯情况等。各种加工方法的经济精度和粗糙度如下:表面加工的经济精度与表面粗糙度序号加工方法经济精度（IT）表面粗糙度Ra(m)适用范围1粗铣1113256.3适用于淬火钢以外
39、的各种金属2粗铣半精铣8106.33.23粗铣半精铣精铣691.60.84粗铣半精铣精铣抛光680.20.0255粗铣半精铣精铣磨削680.80.4适用于淬火钢、未淬火钢6粗铣半精铣粗磨精磨570.40.17粗铣半精铣粗磨精磨超精加工560.10.0128粗铣半精铣精铣精磨研磨5级以上0.19粗铣半精铣精铣精磨超精磨5级以上0.0510粗铣半精铣精铣抛光560.20.025适用于有色金属加工顺序的安排 在确定了零件各表面的加工方法之后,就要安排加工的先后顺序。零件加工顺序是否合适，对加工质量、生产率和经济性有着较大的影响。1 机械加工顺序的安排在安排机械加工顺序时，一般遵循先粗后精、先面后孔、
40、先主后次、基准先行的原则。对于工序内容复杂的零件则视具体情况采取工序集中与分散的原则处理。2 加工阶段的划分对于精度和表面质量要求较高的零件，应将粗、精加工分开进行。为此，一般将整个工艺过程划分阶段，按加工性质和作用不同，一般划分为粗加工阶段、半精加工阶段、精加工家段和光整加工阶段。这对于保证零件加工质量、合理使用机床设备、及时发现毛坯缺陷及合理安排热处理工序等有很大好处。3 热处理工序的安排热处理工序主要用来改善材料的性能及消除应力。热处理的方法、次数和在工艺路线中的位置，应根据零件材料和热处理的目的而定。如图1-4所示为热处理工序安排图。毛坯-粗加工-半精加工-精加工-抛光 4 合理安排辅
41、助工序辅助工序种类很多，主要包括检验、划线、去毛刺、清洗、平衡、退磁、防锈、包装等，根据工艺需要穿插在工序中。3.7确定工序尺寸及其公差工序顺序确定后，就要计算各个工序加工时所应达到的工序尺寸及其公差。工序尺寸公差一般按经济加工精度确定，但就其性质和特点而言，一般可以归纳为两类：1 基准重合时（定位基准或工序基准重合）工序尺寸的计算当确定了各个工序间余量和工序所能达到的加工精度后，将余量一层层叠加在被加工表面上，计算顺序是从最后一道工序开始，由后往前推，就可计算出每道工序的工序尺寸。2 基准不重合时工序尺寸的计算在零件的加工过程中为了加工和检验的方便可靠，或由于零件表面的多次加工等原因，往往不
42、能直接采用设计基准作定位基准，会出现基准不重合的情况。形状复杂的零件在加工过程中需要多次转换定位基准，这时工艺尺寸的计算微比较复杂，应利用尺寸链原理进行分析和计算，并对工序余量进行必要的验算（是否够切）以确定工序尺寸及其公差。3.8确定切削用量在单件小批生产中，各工序的切削用量一般又操作工人根据具体情况自己确定，以简化工艺文件。 在大批大量生产中则应科学地、严格地选择切学用量，以充分发挥高效率设备的潜力和作用。切学用量的选用与下列因素 关：生产率，加工质量（主要是表面粗糙度），切削力所引起的工艺系统的弹性变形，工艺系统的振动，刀具的耐用度，机床功率等。在综合考虑上诉因素的基础上，使背吃刀量ap
43、，进给量f，切削速度v的乘积最大。一般应先尽量取大ap，其次尽量取大f，最后取合适的v。3.8机床及工艺设备的选择（1）选择机床选择机床和工艺装备的总原则是根据生产类型与加工要求使所选择的机床及工艺装备既能保证加工质量，又经济合理。基于次原则本叉杆设计所选机床如下：数控机床、铣床、钻床、磨床等（具体铣床类型及型号请看工艺卡片）。 （2）选择夹具粗铣、半精铣可采用压板对底面进行固定。红金控可以用直径10mm的铣刀直接铣出。（3）选择量具 粗加工、半精加工可选用通用量具。大端面工序尺寸中无高公差，而查参考文献知计量器具不确定度允许值为0.012mm，故选择分度值为0.01mm的游标卡尺，其不确定度
44、值为0.006mm，可满足要求。仿形铣工序中轴向尺寸32f6其上偏差为-0.025，下偏差为-0.041，查表并根据有关公式计算得，计量器具不确定度允许值为0.045mm，查参考文献选择分度值为0.02mm的游标卡尺，其不确定值可满足要求。精加工工序为零件完工尺寸，精度要求高，若用通用量具，需选用比较仪、指示表，使用不便。故宜选用专用量具。1 内圆测量宜采用卡规，测量时要注意从相互垂直的两个方向测量。4、夹具设计4.1问题的提出 本夹具主要用于钻M8螺纹孔，精度要求不高，和其他面没有任何为主度要求，为此，只考虑如何提高生产效率上，精度则不予考虑。4.2定位基准的选择本道工序加工M8螺纹孔，精度
45、不高，因此我们采用已加工好的20孔及端面定位，采用心轴和削边销定位，20端面限制三个自由度，心轴限制2个自由度，削边销限制1个自由度，这样空间的六个自由度就限制完全了，因为孔径自身较小，切削力较小，因此不在采用其他的辅助定位，采用开口垫圈压紧工件可以满足要求。4.3切削力和夹紧力的计算由于本道工序主要完成孔的钻孔加工，钻削力。由切削手册得：钻削力 式（5-2）钻削力矩 式（5-3）式中： 代入公式（5-2）和（5-3）得 本道工序加工孔时，夹紧力方向与钻削力方向相同。因此进行夹紧立计算无太大意义。只需定位夹紧部件的销钉强度、刚度适当即能满足加工要求。4.4定位误差分析本工序选用的工件以圆孔在心
46、轴上定位，心轴为水平放置，由于定位副间存在径向间隙，因此必将引起径向基准位移误差。在重力作用下定位副只存在单边间隙，即工件始终以孔壁与心轴上母线接触，故此时的径向基准位移误差仅存在Z轴方向，且向下，见下图。式中 定位副间的最小配合间隙（mm）； 工件圆孔直径公差（mm）； 定位销外圆直径公差（mm）。图 心轴水平放置时定位分析图4.5夹具设计及操作的简要说明使用心轴定位，压板的压紧力即可指定可靠的卡紧力。同时我们采用快换钻套，当导向的钻套磨损后，我们松开螺钉可以快速地换下钻套。保证导向的精度，这样就大大的提高了生产效率，适合于大批量生产。总 结这次设计是大学学习中最重要的一门科目，它要求我们把大学里学到的所有知识系统的组织起来，进行理论联系实际的总体考虑，需把金属切削原理及刀具、机床概论、公差与配合、机械加工质量、机床夹具设