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1、Unit 4 Performance of the Contract The principles for performance合同履行的基 本原则 n1）fully perform 合同全面履行原则 n合同法第60条第1款规定：“当事人应当按照约定全面 履行自己的义务” The parties shall perform their obligations thoroughly according to the terms of the contract. n2）good faith 诚实信用的原则 n第2款规定：“当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据合同的 性质、目的和交易习惯履行通知、协助
2、、保密等义务。” The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith and perform the obligations of notice, assistance and maintaining confidentiality, etc. based on the character and purpose of the contract or the transaction practices. Obligations of the seller under CISG n1. Delivery of the goods and
3、handing over of documents n If the contract involves carriage of the goods, the seller needs to hand over the goods to the first carrier; n If no transportation is stated, and the contract relates to specific goods, or unidentified goods to be drawn from a specific stock or to be manufactured or pro
4、duced, and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the parties knew that the goods were at, a particular place, in placing the goods at the buyers disposal at that place, the buyer fulfill his duty of delivery. n In other cases, the seller places the goods at the buyers disposal at the place w
5、here the seller has his place of business at the time of the conclusion of the contract. n The seller shall hand over documents relating to the goods at the time and place and in the form required by the contract. Obligations of the seller under CISG n2. Conformity of the goods and third party claim
6、s n The seller must deliver goods which are of quantity, quality and description required by the contract or packaged in the manner required by the contract. n3. The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party, unless the buyer agreed to take the goods subject t
7、o that right or claim. n The seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party based on industrial property or other intellectual property, of which are the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or could not have even unaware. n4. Passing of the Title
8、 Obligations of the Buyer under CISG n1. Payment of the price n The buyer muss pay the price for the goods: n (1) at the place required by the contract; or if no place is specified, n (2) at the sellers place of business, or n (3) if the payment is to be made against the handing over of the goods or
9、 of documents, a the place where the handing over takes place. Obligations of the buyer under CISG nThe buyers obligation to take delivery consists: n (1) in doing all the acts which could reasonably be expected of him in order to enable the seller to make delivery; and n (2) in taking over the good
10、s. Passing of risk under CISG na. If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller isnt bound t hand them over at a particular place, the risk passed to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the contract of
11、 sale. If the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place. nNevertheless, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract, whethe
12、r by markings on the goods, by shipping documents, by notice given to the buyer or otherwise. nb. the risk in respect of goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract. But, if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought t
13、o have known that the goods have known that the goods had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer, the loss or damage is at the risk of the seller. nc. in other cases, the risk passes to the buyer when he takes over the goods or, if he does not do so in due time, fro the time whe
14、n the goods are placed at his disposal. Passing of the Title nUnder Article 133 of China Contract Law, the parties to a contract can agree upon the time of transferring the ownership of the goods. Except as otherwise stipulated by law or agreed upon by the parties, the ownership of goods shall be tr
15、ansferred upon the delivery of the goods. Special rights in performance right of defence 抗辩权 n所谓抗辩权，是指用以对抗他人请求权或者否认他人 权利主张的权利。双务合同履行中的抗辩权，是指在 符合法定条件时，当事人一方对抗对方当事人的履行 请求权，暂时拒绝履行其债务的权利。 n(1) Simultaneous Performance rejection 同时履行抗辩权 n(2) Rejection to perform by the party required to perform later 后履行
16、抗辩权 n(3) Right to Suspend Performance by the party required to perform first 先履行抗辩权，亦称不安抗辩权 Simultaneous Performance Rejection 同时履行抗 辩权 n Where the parties owe performance toward each other and there is no order of performance, the parties shall perform simultaneously. Prior to performance by the ot
17、her party, one party is entitled to reject its requirement for performance. n 同时履行抗辩权：是指双务合同的当事人一方，在 对方未对待给付之前或者履行不适当时，有权拒绝自 己的履行。 n适用条件： n（1） 须由同一双务合同互负债务 n（2） 须双方互负的债务均已届清偿期 n（3） 须对方未履行或未适当履行债务 n案情简介：甲与乙在2005年3月份签订一份合同，双方 约定甲应于同年5月份向乙交付10台冰箱，乙应同时向 甲交付价值5万元的制冷机。后来甲企业转产不从事冰 箱行业，但由于过去业务上的来往欠丙借款5万元。于
18、是与商场丙达成合意，由丙来接受乙交付的制冷机。 甲丙达成协议后，甲就此事通知了乙，乙表示到时会 将制冷机交给丙企业。同年5月份，乙已准备好应该交 付给丙的制冷机，但甲却于此时未向乙提供冰箱。乙 于是对丙表示，除非甲对其履行，否则他为避免风险 不会对丙履行。丙此时才知道甲乙之间的关系，表示 这与他无关，双方发生争议。在受到乙的抗辩后，丙 找到甲向其要求要么马上向乙履行，要么返还欠款。 甲不同意，主张合同已签订，不能反悔，只说尽快履 行其对乙的债务。 Rejection to perform by the party required to perform later 后履行抗辩权 n Where
19、 the parties owe performance toward each other and there is an order of performance, prior to performance by the party required to perform first, the party who is to perform subsequently is entitled to reject its requirement for performance. n是指在双务合同中应当先履行的一方当事人未履行或 者不适当履行到履行期限的，对方当事人享有不履行 或部分履行的权利。
20、 n适用条件： n第一，须由同一双务合同互负债务。 n第二，须由一方当事人先为履行。 n第三，先履行的一方不履行或不适当履行合同债务。 n陶瓷买卖合同纠纷案： n原告与被告签订陶瓷买卖合同，约定由原告先行给付 10000元预付款，在被告将陶瓷运至原告处后支付剩余 的30000元货款。合同签订后，被告在未将货物运送给 原告之前，要求原告将货款支付完毕才发货。原告遂 向人民法院起诉，要求被告严格履行合同。 n审判理由及结果： n法院经审理认为：该买卖合同之履行有先后之分，被 告有先应履行之义务而不履行，反而要求有后履行义 务一方先行履行其义务，是不合理的；原告行使其后 履行抗辩权，是合理合法的，故
21、判令被告应严格履行 合同。 Right to Suspend Performance by the party required to perform first nThe party required to perform first may suspend its performance if it has conclusive evidence establishing that the other party is in any of the following circumstances: n先履行抗辩权，亦称不安抗辩权，是指在双务合同成 立后，应当先履行的当事人有证据证明对方不能履
22、行 义务，或者有不能履行合同义务的可能时，在对方没 有履行或者提供担保之前，有权中止履行合同义务。 n 适用条件： n第一，须因双务合同互负债务 n第二，须当事人约定一方应先履行债务。 n第三，先履行的一方有确切的证据证明另一方不能或 不会作出对待履行。 n n合同法第68条规定：“应当先履行债务的当事人， 有确切证据证明对方有下列情形之一的，可以中止履 行： n（一）经营状况严重恶化； n（二）转移财产、抽逃资金，以逃避债务； n（三）丧失商业信誉； n（四）有丧失或者可能丧失履行债务能力的其他情形” n(i) Its business has seriously deteriorated;
23、 (ii) It has engaged in transfer of assets or withdrawal of funds for the purpose of evading debts; n(iii) It has lost its business creditworthiness; (iv) It is in any other circumstance which will or may cause it to lose its ability to perform. n陶瓷买卖合同纠纷案 n仍依前例。被告发现原告经营状况严重恶化，将可能 没有能力支付剩余的30000元货款，
24、故决定先不发货， 要求被告提供相应的担保或者先将货款支付完毕才发 货。原告遂向人民法院起诉，要求被告严格履行合同 ，先发货才向其提出支付剩余货款。 n审判理由及结果： n法院经审理认为：该买卖合同之履行有先后之分，被 告有先应履行之义务而不履行，反而要求有后履行义 务一方先行履行其义务，是不合理的。但因其具有法 定之事由，既经查明原告经营状况发生严重恶化的情 形，被告行使其先履行抗辩权，即是合理合法的，故 判令驳回原告的诉讼请求。 Special rights in performance: right of creditor ( 债权保全权，债权人的权利） n 所谓债权人的债权保全权，是指债
25、权人行使该项法律 所规定的权利，为防止债务人的责任财产的不当减少 ，确保无特别担保的一般债权得以清偿；因其保全责 任财产，最终使债权得以保障，因此称为债权人的债 权保全权。 债权保全权 - Subrogation 代位权 n Where the obligor delayed in exercising its creditors right against a third person that was due, thereby harming the obligee, the obligee may petition the Peoples Court for subrogation, e
26、xcept where such creditors right is exclusively personal to the obligor. n债权人的代位权是指当债务人怠于行使其对第三人的 权利，听任责任财产减少害及债权人的债权时，债权 人为保全其债权，以自己的名义向第三人行使债务人 现有债权的权利。 n合同法第73条规定：因债务人怠于行使其到期债 权，对债权人造成损害的，债权人可以向人民法院请 求以自己的名义代位行使债务人的债权，但该债权专 属于债务人自身的除外。 n代位权行使的要件： n（1） 债权人对债务人的债权必须合法、确定，且必 须已届清偿期。 n（2） 债务人怠于行使其到期债
27、权 n（3） 债务人怠于行使权利的行为已经对债权人造成 损害 n（4） 债务人的债权不是专属于债务人自身的债权。 n原告：某市工商贸易公司 n被告：某市鹏威 百货公司 n第三人：某市智达贸易公司 n原告与第三人曾签订购销合同，第三人向原告购买家 用电器一批，价值人民币100万元。原告依约发货后， 第三人未能在合同约定期限到来时给付货款。原告多 次催款，均未果。此时，第三人提出，被告曾在半年 前向其购买电视机、冰箱等，共计人民币150万元，至 今亦未清偿货款，但由于其与该被告为老主顾的关系 ，不愿意与之发生诉讼，只好等到其有能力偿还时才 清偿该笔款项；现在其确实无力偿还所欠原告的该笔 款项，请原
28、告宽限时日。原告见第三人享有到期债权 而不行使，遂向人民法院起诉，请求判令被告立即偿 还所欠第三人的款项，由于第三人仅欠其100万元，因 此其也仅主张所诉欠款中的100万元。 n审判理由及结果： n人民法院经审理认为：在原告与第三人的合同关系中 ，第三人确实拖欠原告货款；而在第三人与被告的合 同关系中，被告也确实拖欠第三人货款。但因第三人 怠于行使其到期债券，在被告的还款期限届至之时， 未能采取积极措施促使被告偿还货款，同意被告延期 偿还，致使原告的合法债权受到损害而无法实现。原 告依其债权人债权保全权之规则，行使代位权，合法 有理，应予支持。根据民法通则及有关法律的规 定，判决被告自判决生效
29、之日起15日内向第三人支付 所欠货款100万元。 债权保全权 - 撤销权cancellation right n债权人的撤消权，是指当债务人积极地减少责任财产 而害及债权人的债权时，债权人为保全其债权，以自 己的名义向法院请求撤销该行为的权利。 n Where the obligor waived its creditors right against a third person that was due or assigned its property without reward, thereby harming the obligee, the obligee may petition
30、 the Peoples Court for cancellation of the obligors act. Where the obligor assigned its property at a low price which is manifestly unreasonable, thereby harming the obligee, and the assignee was aware of the situation, the obligee may also petition the Peoples Court for cancellation of the obligors
31、 act. n撤销权的要件： n（1） 债权人对债务人必须享有合法有效的债权 n（2） 债务人实施了一定的有害于债权的行为 n撤销权行使的期限 n撤销权自债权人知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一 年内行使。自债务人的行为发生之日起五年内没有行 使撤销权的，该撤销权消灭。 n公司卖楼纠纷案： n被告某市房地产开发公司长期拖欠原告某市建筑公司 工程款2000万元，原告多次催要未果，被告表示将卖 掉公司楼房物业以作还债之用。后被告将其仅有楼房 物业以捆绑式全体发售给某市实业公司，得款1500万 元。但原告向物价部门要求对上述物业进行估价，其 市场价值至少应为2100万元，原告遂向人民法院提起 诉讼，请
32、求判令撤销被告的上述处分行为，而应按照 市场价格出售其所有物业。 n审判理由及结果： n人民法院经审理认为，被告以明显不合理的低价转让 其财产，将价值2100万元的财产以1500万元出售，其 行为使原告的债权遭受实际的损害。故判令撤销上述 买卖合同，被告与实业公司应各自返还其财产；被告 在接受财产后，应将其财产作为清偿债务的财产，向 原告清偿债务。 Termination of contract 合同的终止 nReasons for a contract to terminate： n(i) The obligations were performed in accordance with t
33、he contract; (清偿) n(ii) The obligations were set off against each other; (抵销) n(iii) The obligor deposited the goods in accordance with the law; ( 提存 ) n(iv) The obligee released the obligor from performance; 免除：免除即债权人抛弃其债权，全部或部分终止合同关 系的单方行为。 n(v) Both the obligees rights and obligors obligations were assumed by one party;混同：指债权与债务同归于一人，致 使合同关系消灭的事实。