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1、堆石棱体在高州水库除险加固工程的应用探讨陈 金 鹏1 丘 常 军2（1.广东省水利水电第三工程局 广东 东莞 523710；2. 广西电力工业勘察设计研究院 广西 南宁 530023）摘要：高州水库除险加固工程主副坝应用了大量的堆石棱体作为排水设施。堆石棱体能有效地降低坝体浸润线和防止坝坡土料的渗透变形，并支撑下游坝坡,增加稳定性，保护坝脚不受尾水冲刷，防止坝坡冻胀，具有结构安全可靠等优点，被广泛应用于各种水利工程的加固建设。本文以高州水库除险加固工程石骨主坝为例，简要的分析探讨堆石棱体在水库加固工程的应用。关键词：堆石棱体 水库加固工程 应用1、概述堆石棱体又称堆石体，其一般是设置在下游坝脚
2、处，由堆石填筑成棱形体状，有效地降低坝体的浸润线，排除坝体的渗水和固降雨而渗入坝体的雨水，保护下游坝坡不受下游河水的冲刷，增加下游坝坡的稳定性。高州水库是水利部水建管2001258号文“关于建立病险水库除险加固责任制的通报”中首批150座全国大中型病险水库之一，是一座以灌溉、防洪、供水为主，结合发电等综合利用的大()型水利枢纽工程，其主要建筑物为1级，次要建筑物为3级，临时建筑物为4级，其石骨主坝为级坝，其加固坝体堆石棱体是依在旧堆石棱体上进行加高加宽，约500m长，高程范围：44.0m54.39m，顶部宽度为2m，上下游边坡均为1：1.5，堆石体排水的顶部高度高出下游最高水位10m以上，高于
3、波浪沿边坡的爬升高度。因坝基为透水层，为防止渗流出逸处产生渗透变形，在堆石棱体与坝体接触面、堆石棱体与坝基接触面处，均设置了厚300mm碎石垫层和厚200mm砂垫层的反滤层。同时，石骨主坝左坝脚新建堆石棱体基础为流塑状淤泥质土软基础，承载力不符合设计要求，经茂名市投资审核中心、茂名水务局、业主、设计、监理、施工单位等多方现场研究，从技术、经济及安全性等多方面进行方案比选、论证, 决定对淤泥进行清除处理，淤泥清除至原状土即止，同时采用边开挖边换填的方式进行石渣换填至旧堆石棱体建基面，以免影响旧堆石棱体的稳定。本文以高州水库除险加固工程石骨主坝为例，简要的分析探讨堆石棱体在水库加固工程的应用。2、
4、堆石棱体施工原理及主要技术指标2.1施工原理本工程石骨主坝加固坝体堆石棱体采用了机械和人工结合的施工方法来完成，其施工作业大体有：1、砂、石反滤料填筑，顺序如下：放方格网控制清基平整度并夯实；自卸汔车运输反滤料至坡顶；人工用砂铲等工具将反滤料装斗后拉至铺筑面，由下到上铺筑砂或碎石垫层；利用方格网控制整平，使坡面平顺，厚度均匀，细粒料浇水略加夯打；2、堆石棱体块石则采用倾填法（竖向填筑法）施工：通过自卸汽车运输至开挖坡面上，挖掘机抛投，人工堆砌，坡面和顶部用人工平砌法堆砌平整；3、左坝脚基础石渣换填则利用自卸汽车运输石渣，挖掘机边挖边换填的方法进行石渣换填至旧堆石棱体建基面，以免影响旧堆石棱体的
5、稳定。石骨主坝堆石棱体标准断面图如下：石骨主坝堆石棱体标准断面图2.2主要技术指标堆石棱体的石料要具有与其使用目的相适应的物理力学性质，并且有较好的长期稳定性，石骨主坝加固坝体堆石棱体采用的反滤材料和块石参数技术指标如下：（1）堆石棱体反滤层：中粗砂：h=20cm；0.25mmd5mm；3(不均匀系数) 6；0.5mmD150.7mm。 碎石层：h=30cm；2.5mmd50mm（或小石5mmd20mm）；3(不均匀系数) 6。反滤料采用未经风化和溶蚀砂及砾石，碎石采用新鲜的石料，粒径小于0.075mm的颗粒5%（按重量计），级配良好，渗透系数110-3cm/s,粉土和粘土颗粒按重量计1%；碎
6、石孔隙率4%。（2）堆石棱体石料： 采用新鲜、坚硬的岩石，抗压强度500kg/cm2，软化系数0.85，空隙率3%，吸水率0.8，2.2t/ m3;石料呈块状，15cm棱体石料粒径60cm,规格小于要求的毛石，用于塞缝，用量10%，块石最大边长与最小边长比例1.52.0。石料不均匀系数要求：46。堆石棱体块石填筑孔隙率25%。 3、技术要点堆石棱体依靠无胶结的块石间的薄弱连接维持稳定，连接强度低，抗剪能力小，坝坡缓，剖面为梯形，体积庞大，不会发生沿坝基面的整体滑动，是一种可靠的、被广泛采用的排水设施。其对坝体渗透稳定性，堆石棱体材料，施工等均有严格的要求。下面就石骨主坝加固坝体堆石棱体的技术要
7、点进行简要的分析：3.1渗透计算及分析根据规范要求，土石坝一般通过渗流计算确定坝体浸润线位置，绘制坝体及坝基的流网图；确定坝体及坝基的渗流量，并确定坝体及坝基的渗透坡降和出逸坡降，判断其渗透稳定性。石骨主坝坝体主要为粘土填筑的均质土坝，坝脚下游堆石棱体外常淤积较多的水，其浸润线绘制是依据浸润线方程y2=2h0+ho2，其中h0=L2+(H1-H2)2-L和渗流量计算：q/K=(H12-(H2+h0)2)/（2L）=(y2-(a0+H2)2)/（2X）来确定的。通过地质资料及相关数据进行渗流计算、渗流稳定性分析等，我们知道：坝体下游浸润线沿排水砂层分布一致，排水效果较好。石骨主坝加固坝体堆石棱体
8、的顶宽为2m,满足了施工和观测的需要；同时上下游边坡均为1：1.5，顶部高度高出下游最高水位10m以上，堆石棱体底部设置在透水地基上：将坝基表层厚度不大的弱透水层挖穿，基础面开挖至原状土；左坝脚基础进行了石渣换填处理;在棱体与坝体以及土质地基之间设置反滤层；这就满足：降低了坝体浸润线、减小孔隙压力，控制渗流，增加坝体稳定性; 具有充分的排水能力，保证自由地排出全部渗水; 按反滤原则设计，防止坝体与地基土产生渗透破坏，断面设计符合规范要求，保证了坝的安全稳定。3.2反滤材料及块石反滤层要具有较好的排水、滤土作用，可以有效的防止管涌，对坝体下游侧具有承压水的土层，起到压重的作用。其要求满足：(1)
9、能防止被保护土的渗透变形，被保护土的颗粒不应穿过反滤层而被渗流带走；(2)反滤层材料应为非管涌土，每一层自身不发生渗透变形，粒径较小的一层颗粒不应穿过粒径较大一层颗粒间的孔隙；(3)应大于被保护土的透水性，能通畅地排除渗透水；(3)特小颗粒允许通过反虑层的孔隙，不被细颗粒淤堵失效；(4)耐久、稳定，在使用期间不会随着时间的推移和环境的影响而改变性质；石骨主坝加固坝体堆石棱体的粒状反滤料按规范要求的准则进行确定：(1)被保护土与反滤层之间应满足式：D15/d855D15/d155式中D15-反滤料的粒径，小于该粒径的土重占总土重的15%；d85（d15）-被保护土的粒径，小于该粒径的土重占总土重
10、的85%（15%）；(2)当被保护土为细粒土（CL和CH），且其d85=0.010.03mm,可使用D150.5mm的砂或砾质砂作为反滤；(3)对于不均匀系数较大的被保护土,可取级配曲线中小于或等于58范围的细粒部分的d15、d85作为计算粒径；(4)对于不连续级配的土，应取级配曲线平段以下（一般是15mm以下）粒组的d15、d85作为计算粒径；(5)当第一层反滤料采用不均匀系数（）大于58的砂砾石时，要求砾石（d5mm）含量小于60%,且应取其细料(d5mm)部分的D15作为计算粒径。(6)特小颗粒（即砂土、沙砾石、及碎石，粒径分别小于0.1mm、0.15mm、0.5mm）的含量不超过相应各
11、层土料的5%；(7)排水要求：石骨主坝加固坝体堆石棱体的反滤层采用的厚度为500mm,符合D155d15的要求，具有良好的排水功能。石骨主坝加固坝体堆石棱体的排水材料不采用风化岩石，使用坚硬的、耐风化的块石、碎石、砂粒料；石料满足抗水性要求（即在水中不软化、溶蚀）、抗冻性和抗风化能力等要求。石料的抗压强度不低于50Mpa，软化系数不小于0.85，岩石的孔隙率不大于3%，吸水率（按孔隙体积比计算）不大于0.8，容重大于22kN/m3，块石填筑压实标准以（n）孔隙率控制要求n25%，符合规范要求。3.3施工要点反滤层在清基平整夯实后铺筑；每层用料颗粒粒径不超过邻层较小颗粒的5倍；铺筑时，细粒料浇水
12、略加夯打，并预留相当层厚5%的沉陷量；施工作业时间为610月份；堆石棱体施工：先铺底面上的反滤层，次堆棱体块石，再铺斜向反滤层。贴坡反滤体，从坝坡由内向外，依次铺筑至设计高度；确保反滤料的设计厚度，作好铺设反滤层的防护；砌筑时块石要铺砌稳定，相互错缝锁结，铺筑中使每一块石在上下层接触面上都有不少于三个分开的支承点，不得有水平通缝，层厚为0.5m1.0m；所有前后的明缝均用小片石料填塞紧密，以使沿石块的全长有坚实支承； 反滤体外坡石料采用平砌法砌筑，块石砌筑时垫层与坡面块石铺砌层配合砌筑，随铺随砌，已完成砌体要避免碰撞和震动；砌体修整采用边砌筑边平整措施，用木板钉制了专门的坡比架，结合拉线控制，
13、选择表观良好的面石，严格控制面石砌石的质量，保证堆石棱体坡面坡度和平整度，砌体完工后，外观达到技术规范要求；4、应用效果石骨主坝旧堆石棱体存在一定程度的风化，加固后坝体蓄水防汛能力要求提高。石骨主坝加固坝体堆石棱体是依在旧堆石棱体上进行加高加宽，有效地降低了主坝坝体的浸润线，排除坝体的渗水和固降雨而渗入坝体的雨水，加速孔隙水压力消散，减少渗透逸出比降，减少逸出区渗透破坏的可能性，保护下游坝坡不受下游尾水的冲刷，并可对下游坝坡起支承、压重作用，增加下游坝坡的稳定性，保证了石骨主坝符合蓄水防汛能力的要求。通过分部工程验收，石骨主坝堆石棱体质量被评定为优良。5、结束语堆石棱体是一种可靠的、被水库加固
14、工程广泛采用的排水设施，其结构简单，施工工序少，施工技术容易掌握，既可用简单机械施工，也可高度机械化施工，运用管理方便，寿命长，加高、扩建较容易，同时设计理论、试验手段、计算技术和施工技术的综合发展，提高了分析计算的水平，加快了设计进度，进一步保障了堆石棱体设计的安全可靠性，促进了大体积堆石棱体建设的发展。不过堆石棱体石料用量大，费用仍然较高，与坝体施工有干扰，检修也较困难，其应用具有一定的局限性。参考文献:1水利部天津水利水电勘测设计研究院.SL 189-96:小型水利水电工程碾压式土石坝设计导则M.北京：中华人民共和国水利部，19972颜宏亮.水工建筑物M.北京：化学工业出版社，20075
15、4（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervis
16、ion of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, foc
17、using on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interp
18、retation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party.
19、and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Year
20、s, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses
21、 of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, refle
22、cts the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to m
23、anage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited
24、 provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and
25、 is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable
26、to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party cons
27、titution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations f
28、irst amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the
29、 Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central de
30、ployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revisi
31、on, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The
32、first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice
33、 to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Com
34、mission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two reg
35、ulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision wor
36、k and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in f
37、ront of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses pa
38、rty consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline
39、Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtu
40、e is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance wi
41、th the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, em
42、phasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive
43、reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the pa
44、rty at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the partys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central
45、 eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to gras
46、p several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and sp
47、ecifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the self-discipline, removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, eight prohibition 52 are not allowed to about the content of the negative list moved