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1、Unit1,World War II, or the Second World War, the most widespread war in history, lasted from 1939 to 1945 and involved most of the worlds nations which formed two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis.,Cultural information 1,Cultural information,The war began on 1 September, 1939, wit
2、h the invasion of Poland by Germany and Slovakia, and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and most of the countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth.,From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or subdued much of continental Europe. Br
3、itain and the Commonwealth remained the only major force continuing the fight against the Axis in North Africa and in extensive naval warfare. Churchills speech at Harrow as was adapted in the text was delivered in this historical context.,Cultural information 2,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural infor
4、mation,Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 24 January 1965) was a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War (WWII) and his success in leading his country from the brink of defeat to victory. He se
5、rved as Prime Minister twice (1940 1945 and 1951 1955) and is widely regarded as one of the great wartime leaders. He is a noted statesman and orator, historian, writer, and an artist. To date, he is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the first person
6、 to have been recognized as an honorary citizen of the United States.,Cultural information 3,Audiovisual supplement,Cultural information,Winston Churchill was born to an aristocratic family, with renowned ancestors and a politician father. As a prolific writer, he wrote a novel, two biographies, thr
7、ee volumes of memoirs, and several histories in addition to his many newspaper articles. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 “for his,Cultural information4,mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values”.,Audiovi
8、sual supplement,Cultural information,Structural analysis,This text is an inspiring speech made by Winston Churchill, Great Britains then Prime Minister, when he visited Harrow School on 29 October, 1941. The whole speech can be divided into three parts.,Part I,(Paragraph 1): Some opening remarks, in
9、 which Churchill summarized the events that had happened since his last visit to Harrow.,Rhetorical features,Structural analysis,Part II,(Paragraphs 2 5): The body of the speech, in which Churchill drew the lessons to be learned from the past year.,Structural analysis,Rhetorical features,Structural
10、analysis,Part III,(Paragraphs 6 8): The concluding part, in which, by changing a word in the additional verse of the school song, Churchill expressed his conviction that the entire nation was blessed with the chance to display its courage to the full in what was, as he elsewhere put it, its finest h
11、our.,Rhetorical Features 1,As a representative piece of oration by the great orator Churchill, this speech was made eloquent and encouraging by employing many rhetorical devices. With generally short (in length) and simple (in structure) sentences, the message conveyed by the speech was highlighted
12、by constant repetition, e.g. “Never, Never, Never” in the title, and strengthened by the use of antonyms, e.g. “ups/downs” and “short/long”.,Rhetorical features,Structural analysis,Practice: Find more examples of repetition and pairs of antonyms in the speech.,Detailed reading 1,Detailed reading,NEV
13、ER GIVE IN, NEVER, NEVER, NEVER Winston Churchill 1 Almost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Masters kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of my friends by singing some of our own songs. The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible cata
14、strophic events in the world ups and downs, misfortunes but can anyone sitting here this afternoon, this October afternoon, not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the time that has passed and for the very great improvement in the position of our country and of our home? Why, when I was he
15、re last time we were quite alone, desperately alone, and we had been so for five,Detailed reading 2,Detailed reading,or six months. We were poorly armed. We are not so poorly armed today; but then we were very poorly armed. We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating
16、 upon us, and you yourselves had had experience of this attack; and I expect you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up! 2 But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough. It is generally said t
17、hat the British are often better at the last. They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis; they do not always expect that each day will bring up some noble chance of war; but when they very slowly make up their minds that the thing has to be done and the job put through and finished, then, even
18、 if it takes months if it takes years they do it.,Detailed reading3-4,3 Another lesson I think we may take, just throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago and now, is that appearances are often very deceptive, and as Kipling well says, we must “ meet with Triumph and Disaster. And t
19、reat those two impostors just the same.” 4 You cannot tell from appearances how things will go. Sometimes imagination makes things out far worse than they are; yet without imagination not much can be done. Those people who are imaginative see many more dangers than perhaps exist; certainly many more
20、 will happen; but then they must also pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination. But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this period I am addressing,Detailed reading,Detailed reading4,myself to the school surely from this period of ten months this is t
21、he lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never in nothing, great or small, large or petty never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. We stood all alone a year ago, and to many
22、 countries it seemed that our account was closed, we were finished. All this tradition of ours, our songs, our school history, this part of the history of this country, were gone and finished and liquidated.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading5-6,Very different is the mood today. Britain, other nation
23、s thought, had drawn a sponge across her slate. But instead our country stood in the gap. There was no flinching and no thought of giving in; and by what seemed almost a miracle to those outside these islands, though we ourselves never doubted it, we now find ourselves in a position where I say that
24、 we can be sure that we have only to persevere to conquer. You sang here a verse of a school song: you sang that extra verse written in my honour, which I was very greatly complimented by and which you have repeated today. But there is one word in it I want to alter I wanted to do so last year, but
25、I did not venture to. It is the line: “Not less we praise in darker days.”,Detailed reading,Detailed reading7-8,7 I have obtained the Head Masters permission to alter darker to sterner. “Not less we praise in sterner days.” 8 Do not let us speak of darker days: let us speak rather of sterner days. T
26、hese are not dark days; these are great days the greatest days our country has ever lived; and we must all thank God that we have been allowed, each of us according to our stations, to play a part in making these days memorable in the history of our race.,Detailed reading,What was the difference bet
27、ween the present situation and the situation when Churchill came to Harrow School ten months ago? (Paragraph 1),Detailed reading1-Quesion,Ten months ago, Britain was poorly armed, fighting alone, and faced with unmeasured menace of the enemy. Now, Britain was not that poorly armed, and the situation
28、 was improving.,Detailed reading,What did Churchill mean by saying “we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough”? (Paragraph 2),Detailed reading2-Quesion,By saying this he meant to make his audience fully aware that they should not only be able to fight and
29、 win short and quick battles but also be ready to fight and win hard and enduring wars.,Detailed reading,What lesson had they learnt? (Paragraphs 3 4),Detailed reading3-4-Quesion,The lesson learnt throughout the past ten months was that one should not be deceived by appearances and should never give
30、 in to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. With a combination of imagination and courage, the British people could overcome any kind of difficulties and smash any attack of the enemy.,Detailed reading,Why did Churchill replace the word darker with sterner? (Paragraphs 7 8),Detailed readi
31、ng7-8-Quesion,Because he had a strong conviction of victory. The word darker carries a pessimistic tone, for it usually indicates “a period of unpleasant and frightening time” and implies hopelessness in a difficult period. But the word sterner, although it has the identical referent, suggests a tim
32、e that is testing, but testing in a way that offers the British the opportunity to display their courage to the full.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading8 Activity,Group discussions Topic A: How does the speaker Churchill impress you in the speech? Does it contribute to your understanding of the WWII?
33、 Topic B: Have you learned anything from Churchills oration about making a powerful speech?,Detailed reading,at your Head Masters kind invitation at: in response to,Detailed reading1 at your Head Masters kind invitation 1,e.g.,A meeting was arranged at the ambassadors request. At my suggestion, Mrs.
34、 Carey wrote to her former employer.,Collocations:,at ones invitation/request/suggestion, etc.,Detailed reading,Translation:,应胡锦涛主席之邀，美国总统将对中国进行国事访问。,At the invitation of President Hu Jintao, President of the United States will pay a state visit to China.,_ _,catastrophic: a. involving or causing su
35、dden great damage or suffering,Detailed reading1 catastrophic,Synonym:,disastrous,Detailed reading,Collocations:,catastrophic floods/losses/effects/results,Derivation:,catastrophe n.,Detailed reading1- ups and downs,ups and downs: a mixture of good things and bad things,e.g.,Sitting beside the windo
36、w, he recalled the ups and downs of his parenthood.,Detailed reading,Translation:,从1999年建立以来，公司历经盛衰浮沉。,The organization has experienced its ups and downs since it was founded in 1999.,_ _,Detailed reading1- position,position: situation at a particular time,Synonym:,situation,Detailed reading,e.g.,It
37、 is time those companies revealed more about their financial position. Their soccer team is going to be in a very difficult position if nothing particular shows up.,Detailed reading2- throwing our,throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago: recollecting our meeting at Harrow School t
38、en months ago,e.g.,Please throw your mind back to 1945, when people all over the world were engaged in a great war against the Fascists.,Detailed reading,Detailed reading3- meet with,meet with: experience; undergo,Detailed reading,e.g.,Attempts to find civilian volunteers have met with embarrassing
39、failure. Efforts to put the Russian space programme into market have met with little success. She was worried that he might have met with an accident.,Detailed reading3- imagination,. imagination makes things out far worse .: . what one imagines tends to be worse than reality .,e.g.,How do you make
40、that out (= what are your reasons for thinking that)? + wh- I cant make out what she wants.,Detailed reading,make out: see or understand,Paraphrase:,I cant make out how to put it back.,I dont know/understand how to put it back.,_,Detailed reading3- far-reaching,far-reaching: a. having important and
41、widely applicable effects or implications,e.g.,The consequences of the decision will be far-reaching. They decided to carry on far-reaching constitutional reforms.,Collocations:,far-reaching consequences/implications/changes/reforms,Detailed reading,conviction: n.,Detailed reading5 conviction,e.g.,S
42、he was motivated by deep religious convictions. In face of difficulty, he held a conviction that all would be well in the end.,Detailed reading,(1) a strong opinion or belief,(2) U the feeling or appearance of believing sth. strongly or of being sure about it,e.g.,He said he agreed but his voice lac
43、ked conviction. The leaders speech in defense of the policy didnt carry much conviction.,Collocations:,political/moral convictions,never give in or surrender to the seemingly strong enemy,never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy,_,Detailed reading5yield,Detailed reading,yield: v
44、. yield (to sth./sb.): (formal or literary) give up control (of),e.g.,After a long siege, the town was forced to yield. He reluctantly yielded to their demands. If the newly founded regime does not yield, it should face sufficient military force to ensure its certain defeat. I yielded to temptation
45、and had a chocolate bar.,Synonym:,surrender,Paraphrase:,Detailed reading5overwhelming,The evidence against him was overwhelming. She had the almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth.,e.g.,Detailed reading,overwhelming: a. very great in amount,Derivation:,overwhelm: v. defeat or make powerles
46、s (usu. a group of people) by much greater force of numbers; e.g. to overwhelm the opposing army,Translation:,压倒性的大多数表决反对这个提议。,An overwhelming majority voted against the proposal.,_,Detailed reading6 persevere,Detailed reading,persevere: v. continue in a course of action even in the face of difficul
47、ty or with little or no indication of success,Collocations:,persevere (in sth. / in doing sth.); persevere (with sth./sb.),Despite a number of setbacks, they persevered in their attempts to fly around the world in a balloon. She persevered with her violin lessons.,e.g.,Derivations:,persevering a.; p
48、erseverance n.,Detailed reading7 compliment 1,compliment: v. politely congratulate or praise (sb.) for sth.,e.g.,She complimented him on his excellent German.,Detailed reading,Collocation:,compliment sb. (on sth.),These words have similar spellings but completely different meanings. If you compliment someone, you say something very nice to them. If one thing complements another, the t