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1、Writing Devices,In metonymy, an idea is evoked or named by means of term designating some associated notion. “It” stands for “thought” in grammar, but actually refers to Mr. Houghton, and it is vulgar to refer to a girl as a skirt. ：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿 代替 美政府 或用 剑 代替 军事力量,It will l
2、ecture on disinterested purity while its neck is being remorselessly twisted toward a skirt. (Para. 23),Mr. Houghton,More examples,To be continued on the next page.,girls,Writing Devices,Democracy favors the vote rather than the bullet. (Vote=election, bullet=military solutions) “Political power gro
3、ws out of the barrel of a gun.” (Mao Zedong refers it to the military revolution) Bill Gates is the king of operating systems worldwide. (Bill Gates = Microsoft) The pen is mightier than the sword. (pen = writer; sword = fighter),Comparison,synecdoche,To be continued on the next page.,Writing Device
4、s,To be continued on the next page.,Technically, it is about as proficient as most businessmens golf, as honest as most politicians intentions, or as coherent as most books that get written. (Para. 23) Mr. Houghton was given to high-minded monologues about the good life, sexless and full of duty. (P
5、ara. 20),Writing Devices,To be continued on the next page.,You could hear the wind, trapped in his chest and struggling with all the unnatural impediments. His body would reel with shock and his face go white at the unaccustomed visitation. He would stagger back to his desk and collapse there, usele
6、ss for the rest of the morning. (Para. 19),Writing Devices,To be continued on the next page.,They all came tumbling down like so many rotten apples off a tree. (Para. 31) Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill. (Para. 24),Writing Devices,He seems to me ruled n
7、ot by thought but by an invisible and irresistible spring in his neck. (Para. 20) It took the swimmer some distance from the shore and left him there, out of his depth. (Para. 29),The end of Writing Devices.,Grade- 3 thinkers Majority Self-contradiction Stampede, jump on the bandwagon Delight in the
8、ir solidarity Innocent stupidity,Grade- 2 thinkers Minority the contradictions Lag behind, withdraw from the crowd Delight in laughing at others Destruction without construction,What kind of follies and contradictions did the author detect? Para. 25,The price for being a grade-2 thinker,It “could be
9、 costly as well as fun”. It “did not make for content”. It “satisfies the young ego but does not make for personal security” It “took the swimmer out of his depth”. It asks “what is truth?” and stops there.,What might be grade-one thinking like?,Comprehension Qs,system,moral,living,logical,unconvent
10、ional,Summary,Text Analysis,Grade-three,Grade-two,Grade-one,characteristics,examples,Ignorance, hypocrisy, prejudice, self-satisfied, contradictions,Mr. Houghton, nine tens of people,Detecting contradictions; do not stampede easily; lag behind, a withdrawal, destroy but not create,Ruth, the author,
11、(maybe) some acquaintances,To find out what is truth, based on a logical moral system,far and few between, only in books,thinking,The end of General Analysis.,go to 11,I no longer consider the way grade-three thinkers think unimportant because they account for nine-tenths of the people and therefore
12、 have great power. Now I know that ignorance, prejudice and hypocrisy are very powerful enemies.,1 I no longer dismiss lightly a mental process. (Para. 24),The author thinks that it is probably human nature to enjoy agreement because it seems to bring peace, security, comfort and harmony.,2,go to 12
13、,A crowd of grade-thinkers, all shouting the same thing, all warming their hand at the fire of their own prejudices Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill. (Para. 24),All feeling very content and happy because they share the same prejudices,Simile: enjoy the p
14、eaceful, safe and harmonious environment,3,go to 13,Grade-two thinkers do not stampede easily, though often they fall into the other fault and lag behind. Grade-two thinking is a withdrawal, with eyes and ears open. It destroys without having the power to create. (Para. 25),To get easily frightened
15、and run with the crowd,To go to the other extreme, that is to act too slowly and lag behind,Detachment: (冷漠) as from social or emotional involvement; refusing to be part of the crowd.,4,She claimed that the Bible was literally inspired. I countered by saying that the Catholics believed in the litera
16、l inspiration of Saint Jeromes Vulgate and the two books were different. Argument flagged. (Para. 26),A true historical record,The Latin translation of the Bible, used in a revised form as the Roman Catholic authorized version,to become dull,“Both Methodists and Catholics believed that their Books a
17、re a true record of the Gods divine plan.” The author used this example to defy Ruths illogical opinion, therefore the argument became dull because Ruth didnt know how to respond to it.,go to 15,5,go to 16,That was too easy, said I restively since there were more Roman Catholics than Methodists anyw
18、ay; (Para. 27),restlessly, difficult to control ones emotion,Here, the author pointed out Ruths logical error. The number of people who hold a view is no proof of its validity.,Note the authors description of the contrasting combination of his intimate action and strong defiant expressions, which ev
19、entually made Ruth withdraw and give up as a grade-two thinker.,6,go to 17,I would bet on the Buddhists; I am sure, they are greater in number,More than she could accept or bear,If we were talking about the number of people who believe in this,I slid my arm around her waist and murmured that if we w
20、ere counting heads, the Buddhists were the boys for my money. She fled. The combination of my arm and those countless Buddhists was too much for her. (Para. 27),7,go to 18,I was given the third degree to find out what had happened. I lost Ruth and gained an undeserved reputation as a potential liber
21、tine. (Para. 28),To be severely questioned or interrogated,The author lost his girlfriend and won a bad name even as a grade-two thinker, satisfying himself by finding out deficiencies but not seeking for the truth. Note the effect of the authors self-mockery.,8,go to 19,To make one feel proud of on
22、es ability and cleverness,To be in the water that is too deep for you to stand in and breathe,The author uses this metaphor to express the idea that grade-two thinking has its limitations. It does not have anything positive to offer.,To find out the deficiencies of our elders satisfies the young ego
23、 but does not make for personal security. It took the swimmer some distance from the shore and left him there, out of his depth. (Para. 29),in the person, present Examples: I have corresponded with him for some years,but I have never met him in the flesh. He is nicer in the flesh than in his photogr
24、aph. flesh and blood:血肉之躯 Those sorrows are more than flesh and blood can bear. The author doesnt give his characters any flesh and blood. 逼真的形象 make ones flesh creep: 使人毛骨悚然 His story made my flesh creep. thorn in the flesh: 肉中刺,9 in the flesh（para.30）,10,I came up in the end with what must always
25、remain the justification for grade-one thinking. I devised a coherent system for living. It was a moral system, which was wholly logical. (Para. 31),According to the author, grade-one thinking must be based on a coherent and logical system for living, in other words, a moral system, without which yo
26、u cannot prove yourself to be a grade-one thinker. Judging by the context, this system probably refers to ones world outlook and basic political beliefs and moral principles.,go to 20,11,go to 21,repeated,What had happened to Ruth and me now happened again. My grade-two thinking frightened away many
27、 of my acquaintances.,It was Ruth all over again. I had some very good friends who stood by me, and still do. But my acquaintances vanished, taking the girls with them. (Para. 32),In those prewar days when many people were fully worked up to a political frenzy狂乱, it was very dangerous to voice diffe
28、rent opinions. You might lose friends or your job.,12,go to 22,Had the game gone too far? In those prewar days, I stood to lose a great deal, for the sake of a hobby. (Para. 33),To go beyond what is reasonable and acceptable,His grade-two thinking which he takes as a hobby,To be likely to lose,13,go
29、 to 23,Now you are expecting me to describe how I saw the folly of my ways and came back to the warm nest (Para. 34),Now you think I will tell you how I gradually saw my stupidity in being a grade-two thinker and therefore decided to give it up and return to the majority of grade-three thinkers.,14,
30、The end of Sentence Paraphrase.,But you would be wrong. I dropped my hobby and turned professional. (Para. 35),But you guessed wrong. I did not drop my hobby of thinking ( here, we can say he might give up the hobby of grade-two thinking). Instead I went further and became a professional thinker.,Wo
31、rd Building,List:,Prefixhind- Suffix -ette Derivative: orate Suffix -fer,Word Building,hindquarters,prefix,Prefixhind-,located at or forming the back or rear Examples: hindquarters n. 后腿，臀部 hindlimb (hind legs a.) n. (动物或昆虫的)后肢，下肢 hindsight n.枪的表尺，后瞄准器；后见之明，事后聪明 I now know with hindsight that I did
32、him a terrible wrong. 我事后才明白我完全冤枉了他。 hindmost a. 最后面的， 最后部的,a. small; diminutive 表示小的，小型的 b. female 表示女性的 c. an imitation or inferior kind of cloth 表示仿造品或衣料质地较差的 a. kitchenette 小厨房 novelette 中或短篇 launderette 自动洗衣店 b. bachelorette 未婚女子 c. Leatherette 人造革,suffix-ette,Word Building,statuette,Word Build
33、ing,oratory,orate v. to speak in a formal, pompous manner oration n. a formal speech, especially one given on a ceremonial occasion; a speech delivered in a high-flown or pompous manner orator n. one who delivers an oration; an eloquent and skilled public speaker oratory n. the art of public speaking; eloquence or skill in making speeches to the public; public speaking marked by the use of overblown rhetoric,