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1、Unit4,Words,1. in time: sooner or later; eventually 迟早；最后；终于,in time (for sth/to do sth): not late 及时；不迟 She will be back in time to prepare dinner. 她来得及回来准备晚饭。,Ill see him in time. 总有一天我会遇见他。,in/out of time: in/not in the correct time 合/不合节拍,The audience clapped in time to the music.,观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。,b
2、e harmful to 对有害,do harm to sb. = do sb. harm 伤害某人，对某人有害处,1) Pollution is especially harmful to animals.,2) Smoking will do you a lot of harm.,It does no harm (for sb.) to do It does no harn for you to open the window.,There is no harm in (sb.s) doing sth. There is no harm in (your) opening the wind
3、ow.,2.,3.multiply (数目上)增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖,1) Our problems have multiplied since last year.,2) 2 and 5 multiply to make 10.,4) The plants here multiply rapidly.,3) 6 multiplied by 5 is 30.,= Multiply 6 by 5 to make 30.,4.prevent sb from (doing) sth=stop sb from doing sth“阻止.做.” 在主动语态中from可以省略，被动语态中不行。 How
4、 to prevent/stop this (from) happening. Its nationals may be prevented/stopped from leaving the country. keep sb from doing sth中的from无论在主动语态中还是在被动语态中都不能省略。“ 阻止.做.”,如果省略from,意思为“让某人一直做某事“ He kept me from getting hurt. He kept me doing homework.,5.puzzle n. 谜；难题 v. （使）迷惑；（使）为难 Its puzzles me. feel/ be
5、 puzzled about sth. 对某事感到迷惑 puzzle over/ about sth. 对某事苦苦思索 这个字母使我迷惑不解。This letter puzzles me. 她对她的未来感到迷惑。She felt puzzled about her future. 他昨晚冥思苦想一道数学题。He puzzled over/ about a math problem last night. puzzling adj. 使迷惑的 puzzled adj. 迷惑的；困惑的,6.break out vt.也可以表示突然大声叫喊等。 The war broke out in 1937.
6、A fire break out last night. She broke out, “That is too unfair!” take place 表示“发生、举行、举办”，一般指非偶然性事件的“发生”，即这种事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排。例如： The Olympic Games of 2008 took place in Beijing.,happen 作“发生、碰巧”解，常指具体事件的发生，特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”，一般用于偶然或突发性事件。例如： A storm happened across the river in another country. occ
7、ur 作“发生、想到、突然想起”解，其意义相当于 happen。例如： What has occurred? (= What has happened?) come about 表示“发生、产生”，多指事情已经发生了，但还不知道为什么，常用于疑问句和否定句。例如： When Mother woke up, she didnt know what had come about.,Reading,Whats the meaning of the word “Astronomy”?,I. Warming up,行星,the science of stars;,2. Do you know the f
8、ollowing terms?,star, planet, the sun / moon / earth, solar system,太阳系,3. How many planets are in the solar system?,8,恒星,Pluto,Scientists now think Pluto is too small to be called a planet.,4. Do you know the correct order of their distance to the sun?,nearest to the sun?,farthest to the sun?,5. The
9、 names of eight planets.,Mercury m:kjri Venus Earth Mars Jupiter du:pt Saturn stn Uranus jrns Neptune neptu:n, -tju:n,1) 水星 2) 金星 3) 地球 4) 火星 5) 木星 6) 土星 7) 天王星 8) 海王星,In this unit, well learn something more scientific. 1.Whats the title of the text?,2. From the title, we can predict that the text m
10、ay tell us the origin of life on the earth. Do you know some stories about it?,How life began on the earth,Pangu separates the sky from the earth.,Nvwa made humans.,1. When did the “Big Bang” happen?,Read the passage quickly and answer the questions.,2. What form was the earth after the “Big Bang”?
11、3. What made up the earths atmosphere,4. How did water come into being on the earth?,5. Whats the significance of the presence of water on the earth?,6.What was important to the development of fish? 7. What made possible the rise of mammals on the earth?,8. Why are mammals different from all life fo
12、rms in the past?,1. When did the “Big Bang” happen? It happened several billion years ago.,Scanning,Read the passage quickly and answer the questions.,2. What form was the earth after the “Big Bang”? The earth was still just a cloud of dust. 3. What made up the earths atmosphere after the earth expl
13、oded? Carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases.,4. How did water come into being on the earth? As the earth cooled down after it exploded, water came into being.,5. Whats the significance of the presence of water on the earth? It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the o
14、ceans and seas.,6. What was important to the development of fish? oxygen. 7. What made possible the rise of mammals on the earth? The disappearance of dinosaurs made the possible the rise of mammals on the earth.,8. Why are mammals different from all life forms in the past? They gave birth to young
15、baby animals and produced milk to feed them.,Close reading,I. Read the passage carefully and match the main idea with each paragraph.,Para. 1 The formation (形成) of the earth. Para. 2 The importance of water for life. Para. 3 A widely accepted theory about the formation of the universe. Para. 4 The a
16、rrival of humans and their impact on the earth. Para. 5 The development of plants and animals on the earth.,Detailed reading,Stage 1 : The development of the earth Stage 2 : The development of life,(para 13),(para 45),Stage 1: The development of the earth,(1) After the Big Bang, what was the earth l
17、ike?,a cloud of dust,a solid globe,exploded with fire and rock,produced water vapour and gases,(2) What happened next?,(3) What did the water vapour and gases form?,the earths atmosphere,Water appeared,(4) What appeared as the earth cooled down?,water is important for the beginning of life on the ea
18、rth.,Why is water so important for the beginning of life? Because water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases into oceans and seas.,？,Stage2 The development of life,small plants appears in water,1.What life developed after water appeared?,Shellfish and all sorts of fish,2.What life developed i
19、n water next?,green plants began to grow on land,insects appeared,3.What about the life on land?,amphibians on land and in the water,forests,4. What life developed next on land?,reptiles appeared,dinosaur developed,5.What life developed after forests appeared?,mammals on land,6.What life developed a
20、fter dinosaurs?,small clever animals,7. What life developed after mammals?,1.Who are the small clever animals with hands and feet? 2. Are they taking care of the earth well? Why?,?,Because they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth
21、into space.,The earth may become too hot to live on .,Can you fill in the blanks?,2,3,4 5,6,7 8 9 10,1 small plants in water,shellfish and all sorts of fish,insects,reptiles,amphibians,mammals,dinosaurs,humans,plants,animals,Green plants on land,forests,1. Insects and amphibians appeared. 3. The ear
22、th became a solid ball. 5. Reptiles appeared. 7. The earth was a cloud of dust 9. Shellfish and other fish appeared. 11. Clever animals with hands and feet appeared,2. Dinosaurs appeared. 4.Small plants grew on the water. 6. Plants began to grow on dry land. 8. Water appeared on the earth 10. The un
23、iverse began with a “Big Band”. 12. Mammals appeared.,8,3,10,9,11,5,1,7,4,12,6,2,Can you put the order of development of life into a time line?,Ex.2 on P27,III. Fill in the blanks in the following form.,Atoms,violent,atmosphere,presence,acids,oxygen,shellfish,amphibians,Reptiles,existed,gave birth t
24、o,clever,dioxide,IV. True (T) or False (F). 1. The earth appeared before the Big Bang happened. 2. The original atmosphere consisted of nitrogen and oxygen. 3. The main difference between the earth and other planets is that there is water on the earth. 4. Life began in water and then on land.,F,F,T,
25、T,5. Mammals appeared before the development of dinosaurs. 6. Dinosaurs could give birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them. 7. Human beings produce too much carbon dioxide which causes the global warming on the earth. 8. According to the text, human beings would disappear in the e
26、nd.,F,F,T,F,宾语从句 Object Clause,表语从句 Predicative,主语从句 Subject Clasuse,同位语从句 Appositive Clause,名词性从句 Noun Clause,从句一律保持陈述语序。,主语从句,同位语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,名词性从句,在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句(Subject Clause)、宾语从句(Object Clause)、表语从句(Predi
27、cative Clause) 和同位语从句(Appositive Clause,Who will win the match is still unknown. I want to know what he has told you. The fact is that we have lost the game. The news that we won the game is exciting.,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,主语从句 一个句子在复合句中充当主语叫主语从句。 常用引导词： 连接词： that(无词义) whether That he will come and h
28、elp us is certain. Whether we stay or not makes no difference. 连接代词: who(ever) whom what(ever) which(ever) whose Who will go to the energy conference is not important. 连接副词：when where how why When and where the test will be given is not decided.,1. 引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。 That the earth is round is true 2.
29、 That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如： It is true that the earth is round. 结构：,Attention,a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重要的是 It is obvious that 很明显 b. It + be + p.p.+ that-从句 It is believed that 人们相信 It is known to all that 从所周知 It has been decided that 已决定,c.
30、 It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 事实是 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 It appears that 似乎 It happens that 碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起,2.表示“是否”意义时，一般用whether 而不用 if引导主语从句， Whether she will come or not is still a question 3.有时可用形式主语it 代替主语从句：
31、 e.g. It is still a question whether she will come or not . It has not been decided yet when they will start .,4.无论主语从句有多长，一般做单数处理。 e.g. When we will start has not been decided yet. . 注意： 以what开始的主语从句如果后面的表语是复数名词，系动词用复数形式。 What he wants to buy are three books and two pens.,1.It is obvious to the stu
32、dents _ they should get well prepared for their future. A. as B. which C. whether D. that,2. _ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way. A. Anyone B. The one C. Whoever D. Who,练一练！,3.It is not immediately clear _ the financial crisis will soon be over. A. since B. what C.when D. whether,练一练
33、！,_ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who _the sports meet will be held depends on the weather. A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That,_ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It,宾语从句 一个句
34、子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句 连接词： that(无词义) whether if e.g. I dont know whether (if)you are willing to help me . 连接代词：what(ever) who(ever) whose which(ever) 等 连接副词： when where how why等,特别提示 1.由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分。 Im glad that you have passed the exam . 2. 有些词或词组如hate, love,enjoy,dislike, feel like, a
35、ppreciate, take(认为),rely on, dont mind等，习惯上后面跟it做形式宾语，再接宾语从句。 I take it that you will agree with us.,3.在接复合宾语的句子中，为了保持句子平衡，用it作形式宾语，而将从句放在句尾。常带复合宾语的动词有：make/find/see/hear/feel/think等。 I think it necessary that I take plenty of water every day. 4. 某些动词后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，如insist，order，request，suggest等。 I su
36、ggested that we (should) start before 5 o clock.,5.必须用whether 引导， 不可用if: 1). 从句后有or not 时，不可用if : I dont know whether he will come or not . 2). 介词宾语通常用 whether 引导: It depends on whether he is coming or not . 3). 后接动词不定式时。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 4).discuss 后面的宾语从句解释为是否用whether Imag
37、ine you are in this situation, and discuss whether you should do something at once.,5)主语从句放在句首 Whether we stay or not makes no difference. 6）表语从句和同位语从句 The question is whether we can get there on time . 7)当it做形式主语whether / if 都可引导主语从句 It hasnt been decided whether/if we shall attend the meeting.,6.
38、用who，whom, which(ever), whose,when, what(ever), where, why, how, whoever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。 Do you know how old he is? I want to know what he has told you. She always thinks of how she can work well. She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。,7. think, believ
39、e, imagine, suppose等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如： We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。,如果主句主语为第一人称反意疑问句常与从句的主语和谓语保持一致；其他情况看主句。例如： I dont believe she has been to Australia, has she? 我认为她没去澳大利亚，是吗？ I dont believe that he can translate this
40、book, ? She thinks that her husband is the best one in the team, ？,can he,doesnt she,I doubt if / whether he will pass the exam. I dont doubt that we will win the match. Do you doubt that he did it on his own?,doubt问题,肯定句中用 if / whether,否定句中用 that,疑定句中用 that,I doubt _he is telling the truth. We neve
41、r doubt _ the plan will be carried out . Does he doubt _ you are from Austria? Im doubtful _ he will agree to this.,if / whether,that,that,if / whether,宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略： （1）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个that不能省； （2）当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。 （3）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句 Everyone knew what happened and that she
42、was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.,宾语从句,He asked _ for a violin（MET1992） A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 2It is generally considered unwise to give a child _he or she wants. (NMET1997) A. however B. whatever C.
43、whichever D. whenever 3. She is very dear to us. We have been prepared to do _ it takes to save her life. A .whichever B. however C .whatever D. whoever,4. The true value of life is not in _, but _. A. which we get; what give we B. what we get; what we give C. which do we get; what do we give D. how
44、 we get; that we give 5. Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _. A. how she is getting along B. how is she getting along C. what she is getting along D. what is she getting along,6. I dont doubt _ hell come. A. that B. if C. what D. whether 7. Does anybody know _ we will have a sports me
45、eting this weekend or not. A. if B. where C. whether D. that,表语从句 一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句. 连接词:that/whether/as if/as though/because 连接代词：who/whom/what/which/whose 连接副词：when/where/how/why The problem is that I am short of money. The question is how we can get there . It looks as if it is going to rain.,特
46、别提醒 1. 主句的主语是advice,suggestion,order， request等名词时，表语从句的谓语要虚拟。 His suggestion is that we (should) go now. 2.主句的主语是reason时，表语从句常用that；若表原因用because，表结果用why. The reason for his absence was that he was ill. He forgot it. That was why he didnt call me. He didnt call me. That was because he forgot it.,What
47、 the doctors really doubt is _ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon（上海01年春季招生） A. when B. how C. whether D. why I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that _ you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999) A. why B. what C. when D. where 3. _ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and few
48、er students showed interest in her lessons. A. What; why B. That; why C. What; because D. Why; that,4. Go and get your coatIts _ you left it A. where B. there C. here where D. where there 5. The city is no longer _. A. what it is B. that it used to be C. which it was D. what it used to be 6.The problem is_ he has enough time. A. if B. whether C./ D. that,what与that在引导名词性从句时的区别: what引导名词性从句时在