初中英语语法复习-名词.ppt

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1、1,语法复习：名词,名校通 初中英语语法复习,执教老师:樊老师 2011 年 05月13 日,1,2,词语分类,实词：名词，代词，数次，动词，形容词，副词 虚词：冠词 介词 连词 感叹词 兼词：work名词/动词 I like this work I work everyday,语法复习：名词,3,熟记已学过的名词； 掌握常用名词的数的变化； 掌握名词所有格的构成及其变化； 掌握可数名词与不可数名词的区别及用法。 ,名词复习策略,语法复习：名词,4,1.掌握名词的概念、分类，名词可分为：普通名词和专有名词； 2.掌握名词复数的构成、用法；名词所有格的构成方法及用法； 3.理解名词在句中的功能，

2、掌握名词作主语、表语、宾语、复合宾语、定语、状语和同位语的用法； 4.能够辨析部分名词的用法区别，并熟练运用，如：family, home, house; work, job等,语法复习：名词,5,一、名词,1、名词种类 2、名词的数 3、名词的主谓一致,语法复习：名词,6,名词概念,表示人、食物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词 Banana coke,语法复习：名词,7,英语名词可以分为两大类：普通名词和专有名词。学习英语名词，通常要掌握名词的数（单数、复数）、格（主要是所有格）、主谓一致等几个语法概念。 1. 普通名词 普通名词根据其意义又可以分为四种：个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。,

3、语法复习：名词,8,(1) 个体名词,个体名词可以指具体的人或物，也可以指一类人或物。例如：desk 课桌，book 书，student 学生，bird 鸟，house 房子。个体名词有单数和复数之分。我们在使用个体名词时，不能“拿来就用”，而应当考虑到与限定其词义的各种限定词连用。例如： Have you found the your child? 你找到你的孩子了吗？ There are many some / about ten / no birds in the tree. 树上有许多有一些/有大约10只/没有鸟。,语法复习：名词,9,(2) 集体名词,集体名词是指由个体组成的集合体，

4、使用时视为复数名词。family 家庭，team 团队，police 警方，people 人民，class班级。例如： There are a lot of people on the playground. 操场上有许多人。 The police have caught the head of the gang. 警察抓住了团伙的头目。,语法复习：名词,10,有时，一个名词可以用作个体名词，也可用作集体名词，视具体情况而定。例如： His family is not poor any more. 他家再也不穷了。 I hope your family are quite well. 我希望你

5、的家人身体都很好。 Were there many people at the meeting? 有许多人参加了会议吗？ The Chinese are a hard-working people. 中华民族是一个勤劳的民族。,语法复习：名词,11,(3) 物质名词,物质名词是指那些不能分成个体的物质，例如：water 水，bread 面包，metal 金属，cotton 棉花，silk (蚕)丝，rain 雨，air 空气。使用物质名词，不可以和数词、不定冠词等表示可数概念的限定词连用，也不可能有复数形式。例如： 我们不能说：There is a bread are two breads o

6、n the plate. 我们只能说：There is some a little / two pieces of bread on the plate.,语法复习：名词,12,如果要给物质名词计数，就要使用量词。例如： a piece of bread 一块面包 two bottles of orange 两瓶橘子汁 three bags of rice 三袋大米,语法复习：名词,13,有些物质名词也可用作个体名词，这时，可以用不定冠词，也可以用复数形式。请比较： Paper is made of wood. 纸是用木材做的。 （物质名词） Have you read todays pape

7、r? 今天的报纸你看了吗？ （个体名词）,语法复习：名词,14,(4) 抽象名词,抽象名词是指那些抽象概念的名称，例如：work 工作，pleasure 乐趣，feeling 感觉，health 健康，duty 责任，weather 天气。一般情况下，抽象名词不能和数词、不定冠词等表示可数概念的限定词连用，也不可能有复数形式。例如： We had great fun playing with our good friends. 我们和好朋友在一起玩，很开心。（不能说：a great fun） What is the weather like in your country? 你们国家的天气怎样

8、？,语法复习：名词,15,有时，抽象名词如果被一个形容词修饰，就具有了特定的性质，这时，可以用不定冠词来限定其意义。例如： There was a heavy rain last night. 昨天夜里下了一场大雨。 有些抽象名词也可用作个体名词，这时，可以用不定冠词，也可以用复数形式。请比较： The invention of the telephone took a long time. 电话的发明花费了很长时间。（抽象名词） The telephone is a wonderful invention. 电话是一项奇妙的发明。（个体名词）,语法复习：名词,16,2. 专有名词,专有名词是

9、指人名、地名、团体、机构等的名称，月份、星期、节日等名称也是专有名词。专有名词的开头字母要大写。例如： 人名：John, Green, Mr. Wang等。 民族名：Chinese, English, French, Australian等。 团体、机构名称：the United Nations 联合国，UNESCO联合国教科文组织，WTO 世界贸易组织，等。,语法复习：名词,17, 地名：Beijing, London, China, England, Yellow River, Wall Street等。 月份、星期、节日名称：January, Saturday, Christmas Da

10、y, Spring Festival等。 对家人的称呼：Dad, Mom / Mum, Auntie, Granny, Uncle John等。,语法复习：名词,18,名词的单数形式 一般可用a来修饰 * a car *a book 在元音发音开头的单词前用 an * an elephant * an apple,名词的数,语法复习：名词,19,名词的复数形式 1.复数形式的构成方法 (1) 一般在复数名词后加“s”/s/or/z/ * dog dogs * book books (2) 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加“es”/iz/ *box boxes *watch watches,语法

11、复习：名词,20,(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加“es” /iz/ * country countries * factory factories 请区别：如果是元音字母加y 结尾的名词则只须加“s” * boy boys holiday-holidays * monkey monkeys,语法复习：名词,21,要点考点聚焦,找规律,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes,语法复习：名词,22,radios,photos,找规律,zoos,pianos,语法复习：名词,23,(4) 以o结尾的名词加“s” /z/ * radio radios * zoo zoos 只有

12、potato tomato加“es”构成复数 potato potatoes tomato tomatoes zero-zeros / zeroes。 (5) 以f、fe 结尾的名词,变f、fe 为v再加“es” /vz/ * half halves * shelf shelves * knife knives * leaf leaves 注: belief-beliefs（信心）,roof-roofs（屋顶） , safe-safes（保险箱）, gulf-gulfs（海湾）则直接加s,语法复习：名词,24,2.特殊变化的单词 (1)单复数同形 Chinese Chinese fish fi

13、sh Japanese Japanese sheepsheep Swiss - Swiss yuan yuan deer deer (2)变元音字母oo为ee tooth teeth foot feet,语法复习：名词,25,不规则变化,child-children,woman-women,deer,sheep,man-men,语法复习：名词,26,3.变man为 men man men woman women policeman policemen Frenchman Frenchmen 请区别：German(德国人) Germans 4. 其它形式 child children mouse

14、 mice,语法复习：名词,27,5.一些合成名词的复数构成分两种情况 (1)将中心词变为复数 girlfriend girlfriends grandchild grandchildren (2) man, woman 构成的合成词，每个名词都要变成复数 a man doctor men doctors a woman teacher women teachers,语法复习：名词,28,6.常以复数形式出现的名词 people clothes police cattle trousers glasses goods 这些名词作主语时，注意它们的谓语用复数 * My clothes are n

15、ewer than yours. * The police often come here.,语法复习：名词,29,7.可用how many，many，a few，few，any，lots of, some，a lot of 等修饰可数名词复数 *There are a few people in the park. *How many knives are there in your pencil-box?,语法复习：名词,30,名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人（单） 两个人（复） 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a S

16、wiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Am

17、ericans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes,一些国家专有名词复数形式,语法复习：名词,31,不可数名词 物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词，不可以计数，在句中视为单数，例如：water，rice，fish，meat 等。 特别记住

18、： work chalk time space music money weather cotton homework wood information news medicine,语法复习：名词,32,1.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数 *Some bread is over there. *No news is good news. 2.常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等来修饰不可数名词 *They had much money. *He does little housework at home.,语法复

19、习：名词,33,3.常用a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a bottle of等来表示不可数名词的量,单复数表现在of 前面的名词上，而 of 后始终是单数 *There is a piece of paper in the book. *Three glasses of orange are on the desk.,语法复习：名词,34,(5) 可数名词和不可数名词,英语名词有可数与不可数之分，可数名词通常是个体名词和集体名词，可以计数，例如：tree trees, child children, family families, class class

20、es。 不可数名词通常是物质名词和抽象名词，water, paper, work, health。,语法复习：名词,35,物质名词转化为可数名词,a wind a rain a tea a beer a glass,一阵风 一场雨 一杯茶 一杯啤酒 一个玻璃杯,语法复习：名词,36,物质名词转化为可数名词,rains woods winds times waters sands seas glasses,大量的雨水 森林 阵风 时代 大片水域 沙滩 海域 眼镜,语法复习：名词,37,抽象名词转化为可数名词,beauty danger success surprise worry,美人或美丽的事

21、物 令人感到危险的人或事 成功的人或事 令人感到惊讶的人或事 令人感到烦恼的人或事,38,1、给名词分分类,39,专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns） 专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称， 如Beijing，China等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词， 如：book，sadness等。,名词的分类总结,40,1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的 个体，如：apple。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Materi

22、al Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：milk。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、 感情等抽象概念，如：work。,普通名词又分为四类,41,1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_. Awoman;children Bwoman;child Cwomen;children 2. There are three in my family. (2004长春） A.people B. person C. child 3. Most students can go to college for

23、 further in our city. A. education B. information C.science 4.Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a pieces C. a piece D. a piece of 5. This table is made of_. A. many glass B. some glasses C. glasses D. glass,典型例题解析,42,1.Several _ are talking under the treeAnd they are_. Awoman;children Bwoman;child C

24、women;children 2. There are three in my family. (2004长春） A.people B. person C. child 3. Most students can go to college for further in our city. A. education B. information C.science 4.Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a pieces C. a piece D. a piece of 5. This table is made of_. A. many glass B. som

25、e glasses C. glasses D. glass,典型例题解析,C,A,A,D,D,43,6. Some _ came to our school for a visit that day. A.Germans B.Germen C.Germany D.Germanies 7. In the picture there are many_ and two_. A. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; foxes C. sheep; foxes D. sheep;foxs 8.They write most of their_ in English. A. busines

26、s letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters 9._are_for cutting things. A. Knife, used B. Knives, using C. Knife, using D. Knives, used 10.John bought_for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes,44,6. Some _ came to our

27、 school for a visit that day. A.Germans B.Germen C.Germany D.Germanies 7. In the picture there are many_ and two_. A. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; foxes C. sheep; foxes D. sheep;foxs 8.They write most of their_ in English. A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters 9._are

28、_for cutting things. A. Knife, used B. Knives, using C. Knife, using D. Knives, used 10.John bought_for himself yesterday. A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes,D,B,A,C,A,45,根据所给单词的正确形式填空： 1. Different people may have different _. (idea) 2. I often go to w

29、ork on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy) 4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there any in the box? (watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month) 8. Would you like some ? (tomato) 9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing

30、. (woman) 11. Jim has some . (knife) 12. How much are these ? (vegetable),46,根据所给单词的正确形式填空： 1. Different people may have different _. (idea) 2. I often go to work on . (foot) 3. I know one of the . (boy) 4. Mr. Brown is wearing a pair of . (glass) 5. Please give them their . (photo) 6. Are there any

31、 in the box? (watch) 7. There are twelve in a year. (month) 8. Would you like some ? (tomato) 9. Look at those in the boats! (people) 10. Look! The are singing. (woman) 11. Jim has some . (knife) 12. How much are these ? (vegetable),ideas,foot,boys,glasses,photos,watches,months,tomatoes,people,women

32、,knives,vegetables,47,1.The rich_not always happy. A.are B.is C.have D.has 2.In Britain,_are all painted red. A.letter boxes B.letters boxes C.letter box D.letters box 3.There are four_and two_in the group. A.Japanese，Germen B.Japaneses，Germen C.Japanese，GermanD.Japanese，Germans 4.She was born in Wu

33、han,but Beijing has become her second_. A.home B.family C.house D.country 5.Mother brought me_. A.a good news B.a piece of news C.many good news D.two news,48,1.The rich_not always happy. A.are B.is C.have D.has 2.In Britain,_are all painted red. A.letter boxes B.letters boxes C.letter box D.letters

34、 box 3.There are four_and two_in the group. A.Japanese，Germen B.Japaneses，Germen C.Japanese，GermanD.Japanese，Germans 4.She was born in Wuhan,but Beijing has become her second_. A.home B.family C.house D.country 5.Mother brought me_. A.a good news B.a piece of news C.many good news D.two news,A,A,D,A

35、,B,49,6.We can do the work better with_money and _ people. A.less,fewer B.fewer,less C.little,little D.few, few 7.Beijing is one of the most beautiful_in China. A.city B.cities C.citys D.the cities 8.Would you like_? A.some more meat B.any more meat C.many more meat D.more much meat,课时训练,50,6.We can

36、 do the work better with_money and _ people. A.less,fewer B.fewer,less C.little,little D.few, few 7.Beijing is one of the most beautiful_in China. A.city B.cities C.citys D.the cities 8.Would you like_? A.some more meat B.any more meat C.many more meat D.more much meat,课时训练,A,B,A,51,9.What can I do

37、for you, sir? Id like two_. A.bottle of milk B.bottles of milks C.bottles of milk D.bottle of milks 10.“Nightingal Prize”is for_. A.workers B.scientists C.doctors D.nurse,52,9.What can I do for you, sir? Id like two_. A.bottle of milk B.bottles of milks C.bottles of milk D.bottle of milks 10.“Nighti

38、ngal Prize”is for_. A.workers B.scientists C.doctors D.nurse,C,D,53,名词的主谓一致,谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致 Be动词 Tom and Tim are right. Three apples are on the desk. David is going to do some exercisers,54,考点归纳,1、主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式 如：The computer was a great invention. The water in the glass is very cold. 2

39、、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class. 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.,55,4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting. 5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。

40、如： The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.,56,6、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。 如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.,57,7、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。 如：Either you or he is right. Neither you nor I am going there.,58,名词在句中可以做主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语，同位语和呼语等如： Yester

41、day a boy came to see you. (主语) Edison was a world-famous inventor. (表语) Would you like some bananas? (宾语) We chose him monitor of our class.（宾语补足语） They will meet at the school gate. (定语) The new film will last two hours. (状语) Mr Smith, my first teacher, died yesterday.(同位语) Boys and girls, please

42、look at the blackboard. (呼语),名词的句法功能:,59,1.名词作定语一般用单数。但以下名词woman, man作定语且修饰复数名词时，作定语的名词也用复数。 2.“名词作定语”与“名词所有格作定语” 名词可以位于另外一名词前作定语。名词作定语在逻辑上表示中心词的用途（职能）、材料、来源（地点）、时间，还可以与中心词构成主语补语、整体部分、宾语动作者等关系。a shoe shop鞋店，a stone wall石墙，a mountain plant高山植物，August weather八月的天气，a girl friend女朋友，,60,a street sweeper

43、扫路机，telephone number电话号码，evening dress晚礼服,coffee cup咖啡杯，boy students男学生，girl player女选手；men teachers男老师，women doctors女医生等。 名词所有格是表示一种所有关系。一般来说只有下列名词才有所有格形式：有生命的名词、集体名词、度量（重量、价格、距离、长度、时间等）名词以及国家、城市、地区等名词后可加s构成所有格。例如:ten minutes walk 10分钟的路程，todays newspaper今天的报纸，Beijings street北京的街道，Toms home汤姆的家等。,61

44、,_ turn green in spring. A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves 2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup 3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot,练习题,62,_ turn green in spring

45、. A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves 2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup 3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot,练习题,63,4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works 5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A