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1、Unit 5 Breach of the Contract,When a persons performance is due, any failure to perform that is not excused is a breach of contract. Not all breaches of contract are of equal seriousness, however. Some are relatively minor deviations, whereas others are so extreme that they deprive the promisee of t
2、he essence of what he bargained for. The legal consequences of a given breach depend on the extent of the breach.,Classification of Contract Breach,1. Non-performance （1）Subjective non-performance不愿履行 （2）Objective non-performance履行不能 2. Late performance 3. Partial performance 4. Defective performanc
3、e 5. Anticipatory Breach and Actual Breach 6. Material Breach and nonmaterial Breach,违约的种类 中国,1）单方违约：指违约是由一方当事人的行为造成的。 双方违约：指合同的双方当事人都违反了其依据合同所应尽的义务。 2）根本违约：一方的违约致使另一方订约目的不能实现。 非根本违约：指一方的违约并没有导致另一方订约目的不能实现，或者使其遭受重大损害。 3）不履行：指无正当理由完全不履行合同义务。 不完全履行：当事人岁有履行行为，但履行不符合法律和合同的约定。不完全履行包括：迟延履行，不适当履行，部分履行等行为。
4、4）预期违约指在合同履行期限到来之前，一方无正当理由明确表示其在履行期到来后将不履行合同，或者其行为表明其在履行期到来后将不可能履行合同。预期违约：包括明示预期违约和默示的预期违约 实际违约：即实际发生的违约行为。,Effect of Material Breach,A material breach occurs when the promisors performance fails to reach the level of performance that the promisee is justified in expecting under the circumstances. T
5、he party who is injured by a material breach has the right to withhold his own performance. He is discharged from further obligations under the contract and may cancel it. He also has the right to sue for damages for total breach of contract.,Effect of Nonmaterial Breach,By contrast, when the breach
6、 is not serious enough to be material, the nonbreaching party may sue for only those damages caused by the particular breach. In addition, he does not have the right to cancel the contract, although a nonmaterial breach can give him the right to suspend his performance until the breach is remedied.
7、Once the breach is remedied, the nonbreaching party must go ahead and render his performance, minus any damages caused by the breach.,Determining the Materiality of the Breach,The standard for determining materiality is a flexible one that takes into account the facts of each individual case. The ke
8、y question is whether the breach deprives the injured party of the benefits that he reasonably expected.,Anticipatory Repudiation,One type of breach of contract occurs when the promisor indicates before the time for his performance that he is unwilling or unable to carry out the contract. This is ca
9、lled anticipatory repudiation or anticipatory breach. Anticipatory breach generally constitutes a material breach of contract that discharges the promisee from all further obligation under the contract.,Remedies for Breach of Contract,Contract remedies focus on the economic loss caused by breach of
10、contract, not on the moral obligation to perform a promise. The objective of granting a remedy in a case of breach of contract is simply to compensate the injured party. Types of Contract Remedies 1) Legal remedies (money damages) 2) Equitable remedies (such as Specific Performance ) 3) Restitution
11、It requires the defendant to pay the value of the benefits that the plaintiff has conferred on him.,Legal Remedies ( Damages ) - Limitation on recovery of Damages in contract Cases,1 A party can recover damages only for those losses that he can prove with reasonable certainty. 2 A breaching party is
12、 responsible for paying only those losses that were foreseeable to him at the time of contracting. 3 Plaintiffs injured by a breach of contract have the duty to mitigate ( avoid or minimize ) damages.,Compensatory Damages,Subject to the limitations discussed above, a person who has been injured by a
13、 breach of contract is entitled to recover compensatory damages. 1 Loss in value: The starting point in calculating compensatory damages is to determine the loss in vale of the performance that the plaintiff had the right to expect. 2 Consequential damages: compensate for losses that occur as a cons
14、equence of the breach of contract. 3 Incidental damages: compensate for reasonable costs that the injured party incurs after the breach in an effort to avoid further loss.,Alternative Measures of Damages,Nominal Damages Nominal Damages are very small damage awards that are given when a technical bre
15、ach of contract has occurred without causing any actual or provable economic loss. Liquidated damages The parties to a contract may expressly provide in their contract that a specific sum shall be recoverable if the contract is breached. Such provisions are called liquidated damages provisions.,Puni
16、tive Damages,Punitive damages are damages awarded in addition to the compensatory remedy that are designed to punish a defendant for particularly reprehensible behavior and to deter the defendant and others from committing similar behavior in the future. The traditional rule is that punitive damages
17、 are not recoverable in contracts cases unless a specific statutory provision ( such as some consumer protection statutes ) allows them or the defendant has committed fraud or some other independent tort.,赔偿的范围,合同法上对损害赔偿采取的是完全赔偿原则，即赔实际损失，也赔可得利益。损害赔偿的计算方法主要依据当事人约定，在当事人没有约定的情况下，确定的公式是： （1） 完全赔偿原则 包括直接
18、损失与间接损失。前者主要表现为标的物灭失，费用的支出等，后者指在合同适当履行后可以实现和取得的财产利益，也称为可得利益的赔偿。 （2） 合理预见规则 违约损害赔偿的范围以违约方在订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的损失为限。 （3） 减轻损失规则 一方违约后，另一方应当及时采取合理措施防止损失的扩大，否则，不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。,损害赔偿的计算公式,损害赔偿范围=直接损失+间接损失-可避免的费用 可避免的损失 例：张三与李西与8月1日约定由张三于10月1日交付活鸡1000只，价格10000元，由李四负责提货。李四为此安排车辆运输，运费500元。李四又与王五签订合同，将该批活鸡转卖，价格1500
19、0元。 问（1）如果张三未能与10月1日将该批活鸡交付给李四，应当赔偿李四多少钱？ （2）如果张三准时交付，但交付的1000只活鸡有禽流感，导致李四自有的两千只鸭子死亡。每只鸭子8元。问张三应赔偿李四多少钱。 （3）如果张三在发现活鸡得了禽流感以后可以及时将其隔离，并予以处理。但张三拒绝及时处理该批活鸡，导致其两千只鸭子受感染。问张三应赔偿李四多少钱。,Remedies under CISG,The remedies under CISG are drawn from both common law and civil system (1) avoidance of the contract;
20、 (2) sellers right to remedy or cure; (3) sellers additional time to perform (4) price reduction (5) money damages (6) specific performance,Avoidance of contract,In the case of a dispute under CISG, one party can avoid the contract only in the case of a fundamental breach by the other party.,Sellers
21、 right to remedy,A seller who has delivered some goods to the buyer prior to the delivery date, even if the goods are nonconforming or the shipment is not complete, has the chance to remedy the problem in the shipment, until the time for performance expires.,Sellers additional time to perform,In the
22、 event that the seller has failed to deliver the goods, and the time for their shipment or delivery has passed, the buyer may grant the seller extra time to do so. During this time, the buyer may not avoid the contract or resort to a breach of contract action.,Money damages,The method of measuring m
23、oney damages depends on whether the buyer has been able to purchase substitute goods from another supplier. If the buyer does purchase substitute goods, the buyer may claim damages if the substitute goods cost more than the contract price. If the buyer has not purchased substitute goods, damages are
24、 measured by the difference between the contract price and the current market price.,Specific performance under CISG,A court may grant specific performance only if all of the following conditions are met: (1) the buyer had not resorted to another remedy, such as avoidance or price reduction; (2) the
25、 seller had failed to deliver, or in the case of nonconforming goods, the nonconformity was so serious that it constituted a fundamental breach; (3) the buyer gave timely notice to the seller that the goods were nonconforming; (4) the buyer had made a timely request that the seller provide substitut
26、e goods.,Remedies of anticipatory breach,Right to suspend performance: either party may suspend performance under a contract if one party realizes that the other party will not perform a substantial part of its obligations. The right to suspend performance ends when the other party provides adequate
27、 assurance that it will perform. Right to avoidance Avoidance of installment contract,elements of contract breach (China),the two elements that constitute a contract breach： （1）existence of breach， （2）no excuses,classification of contract breach,1 breach by one party/ breach by both parties单方违约与双方违约
28、。 2 material breach/ non-material breach根本违约与非根本违约。 3 non-performance/ incomplete performance不履行，不完全履行。 4 anticipatory breach/ actual breach预期违约与实际违约。,案情介绍： 恒通商场与瑞达电器集团于某年11月份订立了一份空调买卖合同，约定由瑞达电器集团于第二年的5月底交付空调500台给恒通商场，每台价4000元，恒通商场向瑞达电器集团交付30万元定金。第二年3月，气象部门纷纷预测今年将持续高温，瑞达电器集团的空调被订购一空，且订价达4500元每台。3月底，
29、瑞达电器集团给恒通商场发了份函，声称无法履约，要求取消合同。商场为了防止瑞达电器集团向他人交付货物，于4月2日将瑞达电器集团诉至法院，要求其实际履行合同，如不实际履行，则应双倍返还定金，赔偿其利润损失，以及支付违约金。瑞达电器集团辩称，合同未到履行期，拒绝承担违约责任。,common remedies for contract breach,（1）强制履行 Specific Performance （2）损害赔偿 Money Damage （3）解除合同 Discharge （4）禁令 Injunction （5）违约金 Penalty （6）采取补救措施 remedies（适用于不适当履行的
30、情况） （7）宽限期 period of grace （适用于迟延履行的情况）,remedies in China,1） 强制履行 (specific performance) 又称为实际履行，继续履行。指一方违反合同时，另一方有权要求其依据合同的规定继续履行。强制履行在我国是最重要的补救方法。对于金钱债务均可以适用强制履行，对于非金钱债务，适用强制履行有如下限制： （1）法律上或者事实上不能履行 （2）债务的标的不适于强制履行或者履行费用过高,违约的救济（补救方法）- 中国,2） 解除合同 cancellation of contract 按英美法的规定，只有在违反条件或重大违约时，才发生解
31、除合同的问题。如果一方仅仅是轻微违约，对方只能请求损害赔偿，不能解除合同。在中国，违约致使合同履行成为不必要时，才成为解除合同的理由。 3）宽限期（给予违约方一段合理的额外履约期限） 在买方要求卖方履行义务时，他可以规定一段合理时限的额外时间，就是Sellers Additional Time to Perform。在这种情况下，除非买方收到卖方的通知，声称他将不在所规定的时间内履行义务，买方在这段时间内不得对违反合同采取任何其他补救办法。但是，买方并不因此丧失他对迟延履行义务可能享有的要求损害赔偿的任何权利。,违约的救济（补救方法）：中国,4） 损害赔偿：损害赔偿是指合同一方当事人的违约行为
32、给对方当事人造成财产损失时，违约方向对方当事人所作的经济补偿。损害赔偿具有典型的补偿性，例外是，消费者权益保护法规定的经营者提供商品货服务有欺诈行为的，双倍赔偿的规定。 损害赔偿的构成要件： （1）损害事实 （2）违约行为 （3）违约行为与损害后果之间的因果关系,违约的救济（补救方法）- 中国,5） 定金 (deposit) 6） 违约金 这是违约补救的最常用办法之一。但各国规定有所不同。大陆法认为违约金具有两重性，即惩罚性和赔偿性，英美法认为，对于违约只能赔偿，而不能予以惩罚。,其他救济方式 Other Remedies 中国,7）采取补救措施 修理：指因出卖人交付的货物，承揽人提供的工作物
33、等有瑕疵，如果该瑕疵能够修理且修理瑕疵并不影响非违约方订约目的的实现，可以由违约方进行修理，也可由违约方提供修理费请他人修理。 更换：如果该标的物是可替代的物，则应当由违约方予以更换，在更换的情况下更换物应当在质量，规格，品种等方面与原物保持相同。 重作：指出卖人交付的货物，承揽人提供的工作物等有瑕疵，可以使违约方真正按照合同规定的质量重新制作标的物，并向非违约方交付标的物，从而使非违约方得到符合合同规定的质量的货物。 减少价款或者报酬：,A 公司为房地产公司，2002年初，其开发的某写字楼预计将于2002年6月竣工，A 公司开始进行预租售。B公司与A公司签订了房屋租赁合同，合同规定：B公司承
34、租该写字楼六楼某写字间200平米，日租金4元，自2002年7月1日起租，租期3年。合同签订后，B公司按照约定预付了一年的租金。但2002年6月底，该写字楼未能如期完工。A公司承诺2002年底肯定竣工，B公司同意租期顺延。2002年底，该写字楼仍未竣工，B公司提出解除合同，并要求A公司返还预付租金，赔偿经济损失。而A公司认为合同一经签订，就具有法律效力，B公司不能解除合同，双方遂发生争议。B公司将A公司告上法庭，请求解除合同并赔偿损失。 请分析本案主要涉及什么法律问题？你对此如何分析？,违约的免责事由 Excuses,Although nonperformance of a duty that
35、has become due will ordinarily constitute a breach of contract, there are some situations in which nonperformance is excused because of factors that arise after the formation of the contract. When this occurs, the person whose performance is made impossible or impracticable by these factors is disch
36、arged from further obligation under the contract. The following discussion concerns the most common grounds for excuse of nonperformance.,约定的免责事由免责条款 Disclaimers,免责条款是指当事人在合同中约定免除将来可能发生的违约责任的条款，其所规定的免责事由即约定免责事由。对此，合同法未作一般性规定。但免责条款不能排除当事人的基本义务，也不能排除故意或重大过失的责任。 特别是格式化的免责条款不得不合理地免除条款制作人的责任，加重对方的责任，排除对方
37、的主要权利。,法定的免责事由不可抗力 Force Majeure Clauses,根据我国法律的规定，所谓不可抗力，是指不能预见，不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。不可抗力的要件为： （1）不能预见，即当事人无法知道事件是否发生，何时何地发生，发生的情况如何。对此，应以一般人的预见能力为标准加以判断；（2）不能避免，即无论当事人采取什么措施，或即使尽了最大努力，也不能防止或避免事件的发生；（3）不能克服，即以当事人自身的能力和条件无法战胜这种客观力量；（4）客观情况，即外在于当事人的行为的客观现象。,Excuses for breach in Civil Law情势变更原则 fundamental
38、 change in circumstances,情势变更原则是指合同成立后，作为合同关系基础的情势，由于不可归责于当事人的原因，发生了非当初所能预料的变化，如果仍坚持原来的法律效力将会产生显示公平的结果，有悖于诚实信用原则，因此，应当对合同的法律效力作相应的变更乃至合同解除的一项法律原则。,Excuses for Breach in Common Law,Frustration of Contract A contract is frustrated where, after the contract was concluded, events occur which different f
39、rom that which was in the contemplation of the parties at the time they entered into the contract. A contract which has become impossible of performance is frustrated. Where the common purpose for which the contract was entered into can no longer be carried out because of some supervening event the
40、contract may be frustrated. Supervening illegality can operate to frustrate a contract.,CISG exemptions for impediments beyond control,A party is not liable for a failure to perform any obligations if : it was due to an impediment beyond control; the impediment was not reasonably foreseeable at the time the contract was concluded; the impediment was unavoidable and could not be overcome, notice was given to the other party of the impediment and of its effect on the contract.,