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1、基础句法知识应用点拨 英语的基本句型,任何一个简单句都可归属于下列6种之一,1. S + V 2. S + V + O 3. S + V + O + O 4. S + V + O + C 5. S + L + P 6. There be + S + A S: 主语 V：动词 O：宾语 C:补语 L: 系动词 P: 表语 A: 状语,举例说明,1. Dinner is at six oclock. 2. I am a student. 3. The tree is very tall. 4. Iron rusts. 5. We all laughed. 6. I need a house. 7.
2、 Liverpool won the game. 8. I sent him an email. 9. He lent me his dictionary. 10. We elected him our monitor.,11. He made his son a lawyer.,并列句的结构,简单句1 并列连词 简单句2 1. I am a student while he is a worker. 2. He family is not rich, but he studies hard. 3. Listen carefully, or I will punish you. 4. Tom
3、got up late, so he didnt catch the bus. 5. I was just about to go out, when it started to rain.,何谓复合句？,如果一个句子中的一个成分本身就是句子，即包含着从句，那么这个句子就是复合句。 Nominal 从句 (包括S 、O、P、T四种从句), 即名词性从句。 Adverbial 从句 (包括time,place, condition, cause, way, comparison, concession,hypothesis, result九种)， 即状语从句。 Adjective 从句 (包括a
4、ttributive clause一种 )，即定语从句。 一共14种从句。,举例说明,1. That he became an artist may have been due to his fathers influence. 2. Whether is will do us harm or good remains to be seen. 3. It struck me that nobody was in favor of the arrangement. 4. What she wants on her 18th birthday is a mobile phone. 5. The r
5、eason was that he was too poor to see a doctor. 6. Thats where we differ. 7. She told me there was a good doctor in a town not far away.,8. It all depends on whether we can get cooperated with them. 9. I think it a pity that you missed so instructive a lecture. 10. It looks as if its going to rain.
6、11. There is a possibility that the train may be late. 12. This is the book which was bought by my father for my birthday. 13. After they picked it, they sliced it, dried it, and strung the slices before they stored them.,总结,不管多么复杂的句子，都可以属于这三种句子之一，或者属于并列复合句。有时候句子里面会出现插入成分，或者出现倒装结构，这就使句子变得复杂起来。 只要见得多
7、了，你会发现无非就是这几种情况，完全可以应对。 懂得句子结构是理解句子的必要条件之一。,判断句子结构并理解句子,1. Maybe its you, maybe its your boss, and maybe its somebody who works for you. 2. When asked about the ongoing uproar involving U.S. President Bill Clinton , most people say the affair involves a purely private matter . But many other people
8、regard his actions as deplorable . I personally think the president committed impeachable offences .,专项训练之,当被问及对现在有关美国总统比尔克林顿的沸沸扬扬的议论有什么看法时，大多数人认为这种暧昧关系纯属私事。但是，还有很多人认为他的行为应当受到谴责。我个人认为总统犯了这些过错，应该被指控。,3. A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other g
9、roups as well， from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. 要求：分析上句的句法结构。,4. With as many as 120 varieties in existence， discovering how cancer works is not easy,应对方法,主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结
10、构，尤其是独立的谓语部分。什么样的词能构成独立的谓语部分？注意：do, does和is, am, are的各种时态变化都可以做谓语，但是单纯的to do, doing, done和to be, being 的形式是不可以做谓语的。一个看似句子的结构，如果没有独立的谓语部分，那它就不是句子，而是分词短语或者独立主格结构。 从前向后，抓住独立的谓语部分从而区别出主句和分词状语，再根据从句的连接词（有时无连接词）区分主句和从句，层层理解，插入语插在哪个层次中就放在哪个层次中理解。,5. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textboo
11、ks, require revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries. 译：对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。,点拨,插入语的识别方法很简单，其特征为完整的句子结构插入两个逗号或两个“”，即：“Abcdefghijk, uvwxyz, lmnopqrst.”、“Abcdefghijkuvwxyzlmn
12、opqrst.”。如上例的“especially textbooks”即可视为插入语。,6. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. 译：人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学
13、和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。 析：在此句中, “it is often said” 是插入语。,7. This was a defensive pact（盟约）, designed to protect Germany against the French, who aspired to（追求） recover the Alsace-Lorraine Provinces lost in 1871, and also to protect Austria-Hungary against the Russians, with whom they c
14、ontinually clashed（冲突） in the Balkans. 析：句中的who aspired to recover the Alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871为非限制性定语从句，起补充的作用。 译：这是一个防御性的盟约，旨在保护德国人免受法国人的攻击，保护奥匈帝国免受俄国人的攻击；因为法国人想收复1871年失去的阿尔萨斯-洛林地区，而俄国人则在巴尔干半岛同奥匈帝国接连不断地发生冲突。,技巧,1. 对于语感不强的学习者来说，可以先把插入语去掉的方法来理解主要的意思。 2. 修饰语主要有两种结构：定语结构修饰名词，状语结构修饰动词、形容词
15、或副词。起修饰作用的定语结构或状语结构可以是一个或若干个词，也可以是一个或若干介词短语、分词短语或不定式短语，也可以是从句。这些词、短语或从句可同时使用。,理清下列句子中的修饰关系,8. The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four. 析：句中number被 of the young people in the United States who cant read修饰，而 people 前面被the young，后面被 in the Unite
16、d States 和who cant read的修饰。 译：大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。,下句中的三个主谓搭配是什么？,9. Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history. 答：which matters、the world possessed和everythingwas known to，注意千万不可
17、把was当作其他任何名词的谓语。 译：近代史开始时，世界拥有的每一项重大成就，已为历史发端期的人们所知晓。,找出主要的主谓成分,10. And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited only by the Western Europeans. 析：句中的第二个were作为inventions的谓语，而不是Greco-Romans的谓语.
18、 译：它有助于说明，为什么发源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明，只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。,代词的指代关系,11. Taking his cue（暗示） from Ibsens A Dolls House（易卜生的剧作玩偶之家）, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husbands treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself
19、; she must have economic rights to survive. 析：句中which 指的是前面的A Dolls House。 译：易卜生的剧作玩偶之家中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。,点拨,弄清楚句子中的指代词所指代的对象 如：it, this, that, these, those, which, so, one, other及常用人称代词等所指代的内容。这些词和词组有时在本句中就能找到，有时则要到前面有关的句子中去找。结合上下文的意思进行
20、理解。狭义的上下文指本句前后句子，广义的上下文指前后段落。,下列句中的 which 指什么？,12. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. 析：句中which 指的是前面的整个句子“The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this” 译：食品供应的增长
21、将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着，我们在粮食生产和购销方面正陷入危机。,今日作业：观察句子结构并翻译下列句子,1. When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in Beijing , some people think that use should be limited . Others argue that the opposite is true . There is probably some truth to both arguments, but emission controls must be instituted
22、 regardless of the number of vehicles.,2. It is widely acknowledged that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer flooding . Experts argue that China must introduce a massive afforestation program . But I doubt whether afforestation alone will solve the problem .,3. Most people are of the
23、 opinion that wealth provides solutions to all problems . But in spite of the material benefits wealth provides , I believe one should abandon the pursuit of materialism and instead concentrate on the pursuit of happiness .,4. Many people believe that capital punishment deters crime . But although c
24、riminologists have conducted exhaustive research regarding the subject , little evidence exists to support the claim .,Capital punishment 死刑,5. An increasing number of people are joining the “ Information Age “ via the Internet . In reaction to the phenomenon , some say the Internet has removed barr
25、iers and provided people with immediate access to the world . But do they realize that rapidly advancing information technology can also lead to intrusions of privacy ?,6. The use of guanxi is a widespread method for conducting business , but is it a wise one ? The method is now being challenged by
26、more and more people.,7. These days we often hear about the widening gap between the rich and poor . Some argue the developed world has totally ignored the problem . But has it ? Close examination fails to bear out the argument .,8. We re often told that the world is tethering on the brink of destruction . But is this really the case ? 9. One of the pressing problem facing our nation ( China ) today is overcoming disparities in urban and rural income levels,Thanks for your attention!,