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1、高中英语语法专题复习,省略句,高东东,一.考纲要求 按照考试大纲的要求，考生应掌握英语省略的一些基本原则，在行文中正确地使用省略。 二。命题导向 近年的高考试题主要考查定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句、简单句中和交际语境中的省略。,一、概述,在英语中，为了避免重复而省去某些重复的部分，这种现象叫省略。如：,知识详解, Beg you pardon., Sounds like a good idea., （ I ）Beg you pardon., ( It ) Sounds like a good idea,知识详解,二、分类详解,（一）简单句中的省略,1、 省略主语 祈使句中主语通常省略；其它省略
2、主语多限于少数现成的说法。如：, Thank you for your help., ( I ) Thank you for your help.,简单句中的省略, Doesnt matter., ( It ) doesnt matter.,知识详解,2、省略主谓或主谓语的一部分。如：, (There is) No smoking .,（省略主语和谓语）, （Will you) Have a smoke ?, What/How (do you think) about a cup of tea ?, Why (do you) not say hello to him ?,简单句中的省略,知识详
3、解,3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to，但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态，则须在之后加上be或have 。如：, Are you going there? Yes, Id like to .,简单句中的省略, He didnt give me the chance, though he had promised to ., Are you an engineer? No, but I want to ., He hasnt finished the task yet. Well, he ought to .,(go there).,(give me the chance).,be,have
4、,知识详解,4、省略表语。如：, Are you thirsty? Yes, I am .,简单句中的省略, His brother isnt lazy, nor is his sister .,(thirsty).,(lazy).,5、同时省略几个成分 。如：, Lets meet at the same place as yesterday.,(we met),同时省略主、谓语,知识详解, Have you finished your work ? Not yet.,简单句中的省略,I have not finished my homework yet.,I have not finish
5、ed my homework yet.,I have not finished my homework yet.,（二）复合句中的省略,知识详解,1、主句中有一些成分被省略，如：,主从复合句中的省略, Pity that he missed such a good chance.,( Its a ),知识详解, Are you leaving for Beijing this Sunday? I think so.,主从复合句中的省略,so,Im leaving for Beijing this Sunday.,状语条件句 Tom must be free today. If so. He c
6、an help us.,so,he is free.,2、宾语从句中有一些成分被省略、而用so或not来代替，如：,知识详解, It is going to rain, isnt it? I hope not.,主从复合句中的省略,not,it is not going to rain.,这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so. 及I suppose /believe /hope/guess not. Why not?等等。,定 语 从 句 的 简化,1、把定语从句简化为形容词短语作定语。 （如果定语从句的表语是形容
7、词短语） She received a box which was full of gifts. She received a box full of gifts.她收到了满满一盒子礼物。 2、把定语从句简化为介词短语。 （如果定语从句的表语是介词短语） The books which lie/is under the bed arent worth reading. The books under the bed arent worth reading.床下那些书不值得读。,定 语 从 句 的 简化,3、1.把定语从句简化为不定式或不定式短语作定语。 （如果定语从句中的谓语动词是一般将来时，
8、或先行词前有序数词或追高级修饰，或last only 修饰，或者先行词是不定代词something,anthing） Have you anything that you want to say at the meeting? Have you anything to say at the meeting?你在会上有什么要说的吗？ Mary is the only person that can save me from danger. Mary is the only person to save me from danger.,定 语 从 句 的 简化,3.2、把定语从句变成不定式复合结构
9、作定语。例如： Is there anything else that we can do? Is there anything else for us to do?还有其它我们可做的事吗？ 3.3.定语从句简化为 介词+which +不定式（含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面） The farmers use wood to build a house in which they can store grain. The farmers use wood to build a house in which to store grain,4.1、把定语从句简化成现在分词短语作定
10、语。(一般情况下，在定语从句中的谓语动词时主句的主语发出的，是主动语态用现在分词) The boy who stands against the door is his younger brother. The boy standing against the door is his younger brother.靠门站着的那个男孩是他弟弟。 4.2、把定语从句简化为过去分词短语作定语。（一般情况下，在定语从句中的谓语动词时不是由主句的主语发出的，是被动语态，用过去分词） The dictionary which my mother bought for me is very useful.
11、 The dictionary bought for me by my mother is very useful.我母亲给我买的那本词典非常有用。,定 语 从 句 的 简化,5.另外：还可以把表明身份、职业等非限定性定语从句简化为同位语结构。例如： Lao Zhang,who was our hospital driver,died yesterday. Lao Zhang,our hospital driver,died yesterday.老张，我们医院的司机，昨天去世了。 The old man,who is a famous scientist,is coming to give u
12、s a report. The old man,a famous scientist,is coming to give us a report.那位老人，一个著名的科学家，要来给我们作报告。,定 语 从 句 的 简化,状语从句的省略,在以when, while, once引导的时间状语从句及以if, unless引导的条件状语从句中，如果从句中的主语与主句中的主语指同一对象，且从句中含有be动词时，从句中可省去“主语+be”部分。, When asked what he had done, John just kept silent., When he was asked what he h
13、ad done, John just kept silent.,he, If he is free, Jack will go with us.,he was, If free, Jack will go with us.,he is,状语从句的省略, Unless invited, he wont come., Unless he is invited, he wont come.,he, While he is doing house work, my father often listens to music.,he is, While doing house work, my fath
14、er often listens to music.,he is,he,状语从句的省略,状语从句的简化 具体讲解,一、当状语从句的主语是it, 且谓语动词是be时，it和be可完全简化掉。例如： If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty. 如果可能的话，他会帮你摆脱困境。 You must attend the meeting on time unless (it is) inconvenient to you. 除非情况对你不便，否则你必须出席这个会议。,二、当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句可以将主语和be
15、动词简化掉。常用于以下情形： 连词+形容词 As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike. 他小时候就学会了怎样骑自行车。 Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping. 她有空就去购物。 Work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 连词名词 While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others. 他在孩提时代，就乐于助人。 连词+现在分词 （
16、相当于非谓语动词作状语） As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song. 她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。 Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks. 尽管近来他一直在努力学数学，但仍然没有取得好成绩。,状语从句的简化,4. 连词+过去分词 （相当于非谓语动词作状语） He wont go there with us unless (he is) invited. 除非受到邀请，
17、否则他是不会和我 们一道去那儿的。 The concert was a great success than (it was) expected. 这场音乐会出乎意料地获得了巨大成功。 5. 连词+不定式 （相当于非谓语动词作状语） He stood up as if (he were) to say something. 他站起来好像要说点什么。 He wouldnt solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge. 即使他来负责也解决不了这个问题。 6. 连词+介词短语 She looked anxious as though (she
18、 was) in trouble. 她看上去很焦虑，就好像是遇到了麻烦。 He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA. 他到美国之前就精通英语了。 注意：若从句主语和主句主语不一致，从句部分要么用完全形式，要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如： When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-place. 当会议结束时，所有的人都走出了会场。(=The meeting over, .),状语从句的简化,知识详解, My brother
19、 is a doctor and my sister-in-law (is) a lawyer.,并列中的省略,（省略相同的谓语动词）,1、两个并列句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。 如：, When summer comes, the day is getting longer and longer, and the night (is getting) shorter and shorter.,(is getting),(is),省略相同的谓语动词,（三）并列句中的省略,知识详解,其它形式的省略, We all know (that) the earth runs around
20、 the sun.,(that),（四）其它形式的省略,1、连词的that省略,宾语从句中常省略连词that，但当有两个并列的宾语从句时，第二个that则不能省略。, Mary said (that) she is from American and that she is 16 years old.,(that),知识详解,其它形式的省略,（2） 在定语从句中，that, which, who在从句中作宾语时可省略。, I havent read the book (that/ which) youre reading.,(that/ which), The man (that/ who)
21、your father just talked to is our English teacher, Mr. Smith.,(that/ who),知识详解,其它形式的省略,2、不定式符号to的省略, My father often asks me to go to the market and to buy some vegetables.,(to),（1）并列的不定式可省去后面的 to.,（2）介词but前若有动词do（did, does, done)，后面的不定式不带 to，否则要带to., He had no choice but to wait.,to, He had nothing
22、 to do but wait.,wait,前若有do后则无to，前若无do，后必带to,知识详解,其它形式的省略, Id like to help (to) do it for you.,(to),（3） help 作“帮助”讲时，后面的宾语或宾补的不定式符号to可带可不带。,（4） find 作“发现”讲时，后面作宾语补足语的不定式符号to可带可不带。, The parents found their son to study very hard.,(to), We found he to be very humorous.,to be, He is kind enough to help
23、 me to do some work.,(to),但如果是不定式 to be，则不能省略。,但如果是不定式 to be，则不能省略。,但如果是不定式 to be，则不能省略。,知识详解,其它形式的省略,（5）一些使役动词及感官动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去 to, 但在被动语态中须将to 复原。, I noticed a man to enter the classroom when I passed by., A man was noticed to enter the classroom.,to,X,这类使役动词及感官动词主要有,这类使役动词及感官动词主要有,一“感”:,二“听”
24、:,三“让”:,四“看”:,feel,hear,listen to,have,make,let,watch,notice,observe,see,知识详解,其它形式的省略, What he can do is to keep silent.,(to),（6）主语从句中有动词do,后面作表语的不定式的 to可带可不带。,3、在以if引导的非真实条件句中若含有were, had, should时，常可以省略if而将were, had, should置于句。, Were I you, Id give the AIDS patient a hug.,Were, Had I a lot of money
25、, Id aid the poor children.,Had, Should there be bird-flu, what would we do?,Should,知识详解,其它形式的省略, He suggest we should set out right away.,(should),4、在含有表示“命令、要求、建议、许可”或“禁止”等意义的名词性从句中使用“should + 动词原形”表示虚拟语气的，should常可以省略。如：, His suggestion is that we should set out right away.,(should), The order tha
26、t we should stay where we are is very serious and severe.,(should), Its very important that students should study hard at school.,(should),类似的动词是：I DROP CAPS (insist坚持,demand要求,require要求，request请求，recommend建议，order命令，propose建议，command命令，ask要求，advise建议，prefer宁愿，suggest建议，),1.状语从句的省略：在以when, while, if
27、, as if, though (although), as, whether, once等连词引导的时间、原因、条件、方式、让步等状语从句中，常常省略相同的主语或作主语的代词it以及be动词,保留现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式等。,高 考 考 点,.状语从句中的省略： 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，谓语动词含有be时，或状语从句为there be结构时，可以省略状语从句的主语和谓语be，常见结构为: 1).连词as/as if/once+名词 Once( he was) a teacher ,he now works in a government . 2)连词though/whe
28、ther/when+形容词 Work hard when (you are) young, or you will regret . 3).连词whether /as if /while+介词短语 He looks everywhere as if (he was) looking for something.,4)连词when/while/though+现在分词 While (I was )walking in the street, I heard my name called . 5).连词when/if/even if/unless/once/until/than/as+过去分词 Th
29、e exhibition is more interesting than( it was) expected. 6).连词as if/as though +不定式 He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak. 当状语从句的主语为it ,谓语动词含有be时，可以省略状语从句的主语和谓语be，常见结构为: 连词if/unless/when/whenever+形容词 Unless( it is) necessary, youd better not refer to the dictionary.,7)if+ so/not省略句式， so/not 代替上
30、文内容 Get up early tomorrow morning, if not (you dont get up early), you will miss the bus. 练习：补充省略部分 1) When in trouble , I always turn to her for help. 2) Errors , if any, should be corrected. 3）He seldom goes to the cinema, if ever.,I am,there is,he has ever been,4) Wood gives much smoke while burn
31、ing. 5) The letter is to be left here until called for . 6) Henry stopped walking as if to wait for her 7) You must eat it when fresh.,wood is,it is,he was,it is,2、 比较状语从句的省略 1) 以as, than 引导的比较状语从句可以全部或部分省去。 如：He got up early as usual (he did). After half an hour, she became quieter (than she had be
32、en). He studies as hard as you (study). 2）在“the + 比较级. , the +比较级 “ 的句型中, 当谓语是be 动词时 , 而且主语非代词时, 常省略动词be. The older you are , the poorer your memory. （memory will be ） The more I can do , the better （better it will be）,3. 以as soon as 引导的状语从句的主语和主句主语一致时,可用on/upon doing 形式简化状语从句, 此时的动词为瞬间动词. As soon a
33、s he arrived at the village , Dr. Bethune began to operate on the wounded soldiers. On /Upon arriving at the village , Dr. Bethune began to operate on the wounded soldiers.,4. 定语从句中的省略 1)定语从句的关系代词that /which /who在从句中作主语且后面有be动词，我们可以省略关系代词及be动词. 如：The girl (who is) standing under the tree is Mary. Th
34、e bridge (which was) built in 1927 broke down. The girl (who is) in front of the classroom is Mary.,2)在限制性定语从句起宾语作用的关系代词that, which, whom可以省略;在the same. as和such. as引导的定语从句中,可以省略与主句相同的部分; 先行词是 direction(方向) , way(方式) , distance(距离) , time(时间) , times(倍数) 等后面所接的定语从句中常省略that, which, in which 如:,如：He is
35、 one of the man (whom) I can trust. We will do the same work as they (do). I dont like the way (that/in which) you speak to your mother. The direction (in which ) we move a body (物体) can be changed. The distance (that/ which ) light travels in one second is 300000 kilometers.,5.虚拟语气中的省略 If Thomas Ed
36、ison had stored his money , he would have died a wealthy man . Had Thomas Edison stored his money , he would have died a wealthy man . 注: 虚拟语气的 if条件句中省略if把 had(助动词), should , were 提前. It was suggested that the meeting be put off until the next week . 注: 在表建议,命令,劝告等词后所接虚拟语气的“should +动词原形“中的 should 常省
37、略.,五、 在一些固定搭配或句型中省略某些介词 have difficulty (in) doing sth spend some time / money (in) doing sth be busy (in) doing sth waste some time (in) doing sth have a hard time (in) doing sth There is no use (in) doing sth,六. 省略语还经常出现在新闻标题或使用说明中 例如： Newspaper headlines: Turandot on stage Signs and labels: No sm
38、oking Instructions: Do not bend Postcards and diaries: Have not had time to write diary Notes: Opera OK, costumes great,Lets practice.,1. He was a swimmer when _. A. to be a child B. a child C. being a child D. as a child. 2. When _ , he worked very hard all his life. A. was young B. be young C. bei
39、ng young D. young While _, I paid a visit to the Summer Palace. A. was in Beijing B. to be in Beijing C. be in Beijing D. in Beijing,he was a child.,he was young,I was in Beijing,B,D,D,Lets practice.,4. I hate talking with that guy. Look, he is coming. What should I do? Dont speak until _. A. speaki
40、ng B. spoken to C. spoken D. speaking to 5. The exhibition is more interesting than _. A.expected B. expect C. expecting D. to expect 6. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _ whether he was going in the right direction. (NMET2003) A. seeing B. having C. to have seen D. to see,you a
41、re spoken to,it was expected.,he was to see,B,A,D,Lets practice.,7.I wonder why you didnt do it as _. Its the third time you have done so. A. told to B. be told C. told you D. you told 8.Once _ during the examination, you will be punished. A. caught cheat B. catching to cheat C. catch cheating D. ca
42、ught cheating 9.Ask him to take you home if _. A.is possible B. to be possible C.possible. D. being possible 10. _ your letter, I would have written back two days ago. A. If I received B. Should I receive C. Had I received D. I could have received,you were told to,you are caught cheating,it is possi
43、ble,If I had received,A,D,C,C,Lets practice 2.,1.Why did you take a taxi? I _. I was late. A. have to B. have to do C. had to D. had to do 2.He is not _his sister,but _ _. A.taller than；stronger B. so tall as；strong C. taller than；is stronger D. as tall as; stronger 3. Im going to dig it up. What _?
44、 A. with B. by C. at D. from 4. Have you been here long? _. A. No，not very B. Not much C. Yes，only little D. No, only yesterday,had to take a taxi,taller than he is stronger than his sister,are you going to dig it up with,No, I have not been here very long,C,A,A,A,Lets practice.,5. What do you think
45、 made Mary so upset? _ her new bicycle_. A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing 6. Dont forget to come to my birthday party. _. A.I dont B.I wont C.I dont forget D.I wont forget 7. Be sure to get up earlier tomorrow morning. _. Ill be as early as a bird. A. OK.I will B. Im afraid I ca
46、n C. Of course not D. No，I will,Losing made her so upset,I wont forget to come to your birthday party,OK. I will get up earlier tomorrow morning,C,B,A,Lets practice.,8.Whats the matter with you? I didnt pass the test，but I still _ _. A. hope so B. hope to C. hope it D. hope that 9.I am happy if you _. A. happy B. are C. will D. be 10.Are you a film star? _. A.Yes，I was B.I used to be C.I used to D.Im used to,hope to pass the test,are happy,I used to be a film star,B,B,B,Lets practice.,1.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment，_ I will