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1、从明德大学中文学校的教学及 AP中文的兴起看美国汉语教学现状 (2),白建华 Professor of Chinese, Kenyon College Director, Chinese School, Middlebury College Chair, AP Chinese Development Committee, College Board,AP中文的启动,对外汉语教学的重要性在美国得到越来越广泛的认同。 美国大学理事会主席Gaston Caperton 2003年宣布：大学理事会决定在美国中学开设AP中文课程。,AP中文的启动,Gaston Caperton 2003: “the C
2、ollege Board hopes to make a significant contribution to secondary school curricula World events make it ever more obvious that a broad knowledge and understanding of other languages and cultures is essential for our young people.”,AP Course and Exam,“ is a collaborative effort between motivated stu
3、dents; dedicated teachers; and committed high schools, colleges and universities. AP (大学预修课程及测试): connecting students to college success 经考试取得AP课程学分的中学生，可直接获得大学的学分，或抵免大学的外语必修课。,AP Exam Takers 2002 to 2007 (CBs 08 Report),The number of high school graduates taking AP exams increased from 18.1% in 200
4、0 to 24.9 in 2007. 1.4 million took 2.5 million AP exams in 2007. The states with the greatest expansion of AP 3+are Vermont, Maryland, Maine The states with the highest % of graduating seniors with a AP 3+ are NY, Maryland, Main, Colorado,AP Exam Takers 2002 to 2007 (CBs 08 Report),The following AP
5、 exams were the most taken in 2007: US History, English, Calculus, Government and Politics, Biology, Psychology, Statistics, Spanish Get a free copy of the AP Report to the Nation if you are interested in more statistics on AP: and College Success (CBs 08 Report),75% high school graduates admitted
6、to higher institutions, but there is a high percentage of dropouts. 50% of them receive remedial courses. Students who take the AP courses and exams (especially those with a score of 3 or above) more likely to succeed in college/university.,AP中文的研发及推广,2004年八月大学理事会组建15人工作组策划AP中文的“蓝图”(one of the 37AP
7、course and exams)。 2005年AP中文研发小组成立。 2006年大学理事会在美国各地举办各类培训班。 2006年春公布AP中文课程大纲、教师手册（包括课程简介、测试样题、课程大纲样本等相关信息）及网上资源（练习手册、网站等）。 2006年秋天AP中文在美国中学正式开课。,什么是AP中文？,AP中文:“大学中文预修课程” 其难度相当于大学第四学期的课程（即学完240课时、达到Intermediate水平）。,AP中文测试的评分,AP中文测试的对象为非中文母语背景的学生。 Comparability Study and the Score cutting. 2008 Result
8、s 2007, 2008, 2009 Results,Standard-based Thematic Units,Start with a theme that is important and relevant to the students, e.g. the universal themes from the AP program. Determine the learning outcomes/standard-based objectives and acceptable evidence. Pre-assessment aligned with the standard-based
9、 objectives (progress indicators) as a level-check of level of instruction and learning and as a warm-up for the new unit of learning (温故知新) Plan instruction and learning (learning scenarios as the blueprint): select materials, plan instructional and learning activities, plan and implement formative
10、 assessment etc. Some examples of standard-based thematic units.,五环,Communication 交流/沟通,1.1 Interpersonal Communication 人际沟通： 要求学生参与对话，提供并获得信息，表达情感，交流看法。 1.2 Interpretive Communication 理解： 学生能够理解各种话题的书面或口头表达的语言材料。 1.3 Presentational Communication 表达： 能够向听众或读者传达各种话题的信息、思想观念。,文化,2.1 Practice文化习俗 学生应理解
11、目的文化习俗和文化观念之间的关系 2.2 Product文化产物 2.3. Perspective 学生应理解目的文化产物与文化观念之间的关系。,文化 Culture,From Standards for Foreign Language Learning in the 21st Century, p.47),思考题,怎样启发你的学生找到某些他们本国文化的文化产物与文化观念的联系，或文化习俗与文化观念的联系？ How can cultural elements be used to contextulize learning? What does pragmatics say about th
12、is?,贯连、比较、社区,连贯Connections 3.1触类旁通 Making Connection 学生通过外语学习加强并扩展其他学科的知识； 3.2博闻广见 Acquiring information 学生利用外语和目的文化知识获取信息并认知不同的观点。,比较 Comparisons,4.1语言比较Language Comparisons 通过比较母语和目的语理解语言特点 4.2文化比较Cultural Comparisons 通过比较本族文化和目的文化了解 文化概念,社区communities,5.1 学以致用School and Community 在学校内外运用外语； 5.2学无
13、止境Lifelong Learning 把学习外语作为获得个人乐趣和发展 的重要方面，成为终身的学习者。,AP中文对中文教学的影响,有助于中文教学进入美国主流教育。 对师资及学校的要求将更高。(Audit ) 中小学跟大学（K-16）的衔接与沟通 教学资源：教材、其他资源(AP central) Professional Development,AP中文对中文教学的影响,提供更多的就业机会(据美国大学理事会最近的调查，美国2400所高中有意开设AP中文课程)。 http:/clta.osu.edu/employ.htm (CLTA Job List) http:/www.classk12.org/ (CLASS Web) http:/www.aasianst.org/jobs/index.htm (AAS List) http:/nclrc.org/readings/tclphostapp.doc http:/ END.,謝謝！,