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1、英语语法 主谓一致,练习： 1.The Alps (covers, cover) an area of 200,000 square kilometers and (is ,are) the greatest mountain range in Europe. 2.Draughts (is, are) an easier game than chess. 3.What (is, are) his politics ?,4.The remains of Shakespeare (is, are) buried on Stratford-on-Avon. 5.Mr Smiths morals (i
2、s, are) above criticism.,6.Usually a bird species facing the danger of extinction( gains, gain) public recognition. 7 The species of fish in the aquarium (is, are) numerous.,主谓一致 Subject-verb Concord,“一致”（concord或agreement）指句子成分之间或词语之间在语法形式上的协调关系。主谓一致指主语和谓语动词之间在“人称”和“数”的方面的一致关系， 这又叫做“主-动一致”（ Subject
3、-verb Concord ）。,指导原则,1.语法一致原则（Grammatical Concord) 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。 Both boys have their own merits. Much effort is wasted.,2. 意义一致原则 （Notional Concord） 1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词为复数。 The crowd were running for their lives.,指导原则,单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle, militia等。 2) 主语
4、形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。 The news was very exciting. 形复意单的单词有news, works （工厂）和一些以ics结尾的学科名称，physics, economics等。,3. 就近原则（Principle of Proximity）,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or, eitheror, neithernor, not only, but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。 Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.,I. 以
5、S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致,1.以S结尾的表示疾病的名词作主语时谓语用单数 arthritis:关节炎 bronchitis :支气管炎 mumps:腮腺炎 diabetes:糖尿病 phlebitis:静脉炎 但是measles(麻疹)，rickets(软骨病) 谓语可用单/复数,2.以S结尾的表示游戏名称的名词谓语常用单数 darts:投镖游戏dominoes:多米诺骨牌 marbles:打弹子游戏 billiards:台球,I. 以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致,但cards(打纸牌)用复数； 当它们表示所用工具时谓语用复数 Two darts are thrown at every t
6、urn.,3.以ics结尾的学科名称通常用单数 mathematics:数学 physics:物理学 optics:光学 statistics:统计学 politics:政治学 acoustics:声学/音响效果,economics:经济学 athletics:体育学 mechanics:机械学 semantics:语义学 linguistics:语言学 tactics:兵法/策略,当这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义时用作复数 Statistics (be) not as difficult as some people think. The latest statistics on crime
7、 (be) beyond description. 注:下列以ics结尾的名词仅用作单数 classics:杰作,著作 comics:连环图画 ethics: 伦理学 cosmetics:化妆品,Ethics (deal) with moral conduct. 伦理学是研究道德行为的。 The ethics of his decision (be) doubtful. 他那决定中的道德准绳值得怀疑。,4.以S 结尾的地理名称如山脉，海峡，瀑布，群岛等谓语动词通常用作复数 the West Indies西印度群岛 the Bahamas巴哈马群岛,the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉 the
8、 Straits of Gibraltar直布罗陀海峡 the Niagara Falls 尼亚加拉瀑布 the Rockies 落基山脉,但如果是国名，则用作单数，如: the United States, the United Nations, the Netherlands（荷兰）。,5.由二部分组成的物体通常以S结尾，如果不带“一把”等单位词而单独使用，通常用作复数。,scissors剪子 shears 大剪刀 pincers 、tongs 钳子 pliers 老虎钳 pants 裤子 pajamas 睡衣，宽长裤 suspenders吊裤带 knickers短裤，灯笼裤,jeans
9、工装裤 shorts 短裤 briefs 三角裤 shoes glasses/spectacles 眼镜 binoculars 望远镜 chopsticks,如带有单位词，则由单位词的单/复数来决定谓语动词的单/复数 A pair of shoes was on the desk. Two pairs of shoes are under the desks.,6.下列以s结尾的名词通常用作复数 archives:档案 arms:武器 eaves:屋檐 contents:内容 goods:货物 suburbs:郊区 thanks:谢意 wages: 工资 stairs:楼梯 remains:遗
10、体 morals:道德 minutes:记录,注:whereabouts(行踪，下落)，dramatics(舞台艺术)可用单/复数 7.凡是由-ings结尾的名词常用作复数 clippings:剪下来的东西 filings:锉屑 earnings:收入 diggings:掘出的东西,lodgings:租的房间 surroundings:环境 sweepings:扫拢的垃圾 注:tidings( 消息,音信)可用作单或复数,.以结尾的单，复数同形的名词，谓语动词形式取决于这些名词是用作单数还是用作复数；意义不同，单复数也不同,barracks:营房 headquarters:总部 means:方
11、法,手段,工具 series:系列 species:种类 works:工厂 crossroads:十字路口,This glass works was set up in 2008. These glass works are near the railway station.,9.少数名词用作单数和用作复数意义不同 Whats the odds?有什么要紧？=what does it matter? （差别） The odds are against us.我们成功的机会很小。（可能的机会）,The martyrs remains were buried at the foot of the
12、hill.遗体 Here is the remains of the temple.遗迹,II. 集体名词（Collective Noun）作主语的主谓一致,1.通常用作复数的集体名词:people, police, folk, youth, cattle, poultry, militia, vermin His cattle were still lean. Many cattle are kept.饲养了很多牲畜。 Several hundred police were on duty.几百个警察在执勤。 The police are searching for him.,2.通常用作单
13、数的集体名词: advice, baggage, equipment, information, knowledge, machinery, scenery, news, foliage, merchandise, furniture,II. 集体名词（Collective Noun）作主语的主谓一致,The merchandise on display in the shop window is very good. All the machinery is new.,3.既可用作复数也可用作单数的集体名词：family, army, group, committee, company, g
14、overnment, enemy, class, team, party, club, majority, crowd, audience, jury, union, fleet（舰队）,faculty（能力；大学教职人员），crew，public,His family are all music lovers. His family isnt large. His family_ going to have a long journey. The whole family _ watching TV.,1.The jury _in opinion about “sentence of dea
15、th.” A. disagrees B. disagree C. agrees D. has disagreed 2.Today the public _about the way nature is being ruined. A. are concerned B. is concerned C. have been concerned D. is being concerned,3.The committee cant come to a decision because _at odds. A. it has B. they have C. it is D. they are,4.The
16、 majority _on Bens side, but Peter disagrees with them on two points. A. were B. was C. is D. are,Keys : b d d d,Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words. 1 One of my best friends_ (have) moved to America. 2 The student, with the host family, _(be) invited to a welcome party when he
17、 arrived at the city. 3 In summer, my family always_(eat) lunch in the park.,has,was,eat,4 At the moment, the whole class _(enjoy) sightseeing trips in the city. 5 The government_ (be) trying to protect the environment. 6 My study group_ (want) to have pen friends. 7 My fathers company_ (be) paying
18、for summer courses for our class.,is/ are enjoying,is,want,is,8 Our team_ (have) organized a match against a visiting school. 9 Six weeks_ (be) a long time to be away from home. 10 The police_ (be) hoping therell be no trouble at the concert. 11 Whats really exciting _(be) that its film for kids by
19、kids. 12 Choosing the right dictionary _ (depend) on what you want to use it for.,has,is,are,is,depends,主谓一致,1.以S结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致 2.集体名词（Collective Noun）作主语的主谓一致 3.并列结构(Coordinate Subject)做主语的主谓一致 4.以及“限定词+名词”作主语的主谓一致 5.数词、量词作主语的主谓一致,Exercises,1.Ethics _ (deal) with moral conduct. 2.The ethics of his d
20、ecision_ (be) doubtful. 3. Arabian Nights _ ( be ) a book popular with the young children.,4. All means that _ possible _ been used to save him A. is; have B. were; have C. was; has D. are; has,5.Either you or the headmaster _ the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting. A. is handing out C.
21、are handing out B. are to hand out D. is to hand out,III. 并列结构(Coordinate Subject)做主语的主谓一致,1.用and或bothand 连接并列主语，谓语通常用复数 To mean to do something and to actually do something are two separate things.,但是当并列主语指的是同一个人，事物或概念时，谓语用单数，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。 Truth and honesty is the best policy. The girls teacher a
22、nd friend is a young doctor.,To love and to be loved is the great happiness. To try and fail is better than not to try at all. A knife and fork is on the table. Bread and butter is our daily food.,类似结构有：whisky and soda, strawberry and cream, salt and water, ham and egg, cart and horse，fish and chips
23、等。,2.当and 连接的单数主语前面有 each, every, many a, no 等修饰时，（即 many aand many a; everyand every; eachand each; noand no）谓语动词用单数,Many a boy and many a girl has seen the brighter-than-expected white flash of light. No teacher and no student was present at the opening ceremony.,3.由or, eitheror, neithernor, not o
24、nlybut (also), not but 等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语与邻近的主语取得一致,Either you or he is to go. Not only Joan but her sisters know the combination to the safe which contains the list of the family securities.,练习： 1._either he or his accountants going to claim for the loss? A. Are B. Were C. Is D. Does 2.Every policema
25、n and fireman _on the alert. A. have been B. was C. are D. were,3.Joes father, along with his two uncles, _in New York one more day. A. demand that he stay B. demands that he stays C. demands that he stay D. demand that he stays Keys : c b c,4.如主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as
26、, no less than, more than, rather than, like, but, except, besides, in addition to等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数,That man, as well as his wife, is accused of molesting minors since 1950s. A professor, together with his students, was sent to work in Nigeria. The room with its furniture was rented.,IV.代词以及“限定词+名词”作主
27、语的主谓一致,1. 由不定代词every, each, each one ,each of, another, either, neither, no one, the other, everybody, everything, many a, more than one 等作主语或修饰主语时，谓语用单数。,Many a ship has been damaged in the storm. More than one man believes that the promise of the American Dream is still out of reach for many black
28、s in the city.,2. 由“ a great many, a good many, a group of, a number of +复数名词 ”作主语时，谓语用复数。,IV.代词以及“限定词+名词”作主语的主谓一致,A great many graduates think they are all entitled to make a mistake once in a while.,3. all of, some of, a lot of, half of, most of, the majority of, two thirds of, ninety percent of,
29、the rest of, plenty of, part of, heaps of（堆）等+名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单/复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数，因为这些词是中心词,Half of the apples go bad. The rest of the land is uncultivated.,练习： 1.Although the first part of the book is easy, the rest _. A. are difficult B. has proved difficult C. is supposed difficult D. have been foun
30、d difficult,2.Mrs.Angel feels very happy when the rest _appearance. A. makes B. make their C. has made their D. have made his,3.More than one example _necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly. A. should be B. is C. are D. have been Keys : b b b c,4.Another five weeks _necessary fo
31、r us to finish the work. A. are B. were C. is D. will have been,V.数词、量词作主语的主谓一致,1.表加，减，乘，除等算式时，谓语常用单数。 Ten minus two is eight. Forty divided by eight is five.,2.当a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a kind of, a great deal of, a great amount of 等+名词，谓语动词用单数形式,A large portion of Emilys poems was fou
32、nd and published after her death. A series of lectures on educational psychology is said to be given by E. Stone .,3.当a flock of, a drove of, a school of, a swarm of, a herd of, a pack of 等集体名词被看作一个整体时，谓语用单数。如指个体，用复数 Usually, a herd of African elephants has up to one thousand members.,4.the number o
33、f +复数，谓语用单数； a number of +复数，谓语用复数 A number of Britons were sent to Tehran yesterday. The number of Britons was fifty-four.,练习： 1.The number of students in the oral English program training _to 20. A. limits B. is limited C. limited D. are limited,2.A series of debates between the lecturers _ for th
34、e next weekend. A. are scheduled B. was scheduled C. were scheduled D. have been scheduled Keys :b b,VI.分句，从句作主语的 主谓一致,1.不定式分句和ing 分词分句作主语，谓语用单数 Writing stories and articles is what I enjoy most. 2.名词性从句作主语，谓语动词常用单数 What caused the accident is a complete mystery.,VI.分句，从句作主语的 主谓一致,That blacks in Ame
35、ricas second-largest city fare the worst among all major races in education, health, economics, housing and criminal justice is said by a study released on Wednesday. .,3.定语从句中从句与先行词的数保持一致 I am one of those people who by the general opinion of the world are counted both infamous and unhappy. George
36、is the one of the brightest confidants who has graduated from Mongolia University .,4.强调句“It is I who .”中，分句动词形式与I要保持一致。非正式英语中，可用me代替I ,随后的分句动词常用第三人称单数 It is I who am to blame. It is me that was injured in the accident.,5.存在句中，be 的单复数适用就近原则 There has to be a lot of give-and-take in any successful ma
37、rriage. There are four chairs, a table, and a small bed in the room.,练习： 1.John is the one of the staff members who _to be transferred. A. is going B. are going C. have been going D. has been going 2.He is one of those persons who_ never satisfied. A. are B. is C. has been D. to be,3.What they have
38、done _useful to the people. A. are considered B. is considered C. have been considered D. will be considered Keys :a a b,6某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数,第一组：谓语用复数 a great many + 可数名词复数 a number of + 可数名词复数 the majority of + 可数名词,第二组；谓语用单数 the number of + 可数名词复数 each/every + 可数名词复数 neither/either of + 可数名词复数 one and
39、 a half + 可数名词复数,第三组； more than one + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数 many a + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数,第四组； the greater part of a large proportion of 50% of one third of plenty of the rest of 谓语的数与of 后面的名词一致,第五组； (n)either (n)or. not only but also not but 谓语的数与主语的第二部分（即(n)or/ but also/ but引导的后面部分）一致.,Exercise Five,1.How close pa
40、rents are to their children_ a strong influence on the character of the children. A. have B. has C. having D. to have,2. Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university_. A. has been accepted B. have been accepted C. was accepted D. were accepted,3. The growth of part-time
41、and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes,_ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. A. have allowed B. allow C. allowing D. allows,4. No news _ good news. I think hell be back soon. A. is B. are C. was D. were 5. Maths _ my favourite subject. A. are B. i
42、s C. am D. be,6. Half of the class _ most of the work. Some of the work_ really difficult. A. have done, is B. has done, are C. has done, is D. have done, are 7. In our class _ of the students _girls. A. three fifth, are B. three fifths, are C. third fifth, is D. three fifths, is,8. Both Kate and I
43、_ ready for the picnic now. A. is not B. am getting C. are getting D. is getting 9. Are there any fish in the lake now? No. _ any water in it in winter. A. There isnt B. There arent C. It isnt D. They arent,10.Did you go to the show last night? Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _ invited. A were
44、B have been C has been D was,11.He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been,Agreement (主谓一致),一、选择填空,1.The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. A. were; was B. was; was C. was
45、; were D. were; were 2.The number of students in this school _ by 5% every year. A. rise B. raise C. rises D. raises 3.A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered,C,C,A,4.E-mail, as well as telephones, _ an important part
46、in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are played D. play 5.Nobody but Jane _ the secret. A. Know B. knows C. have known D. is known 6.All but one _ here just now. A.is B. was C. has been D. were 7.Either you or the headmaster _ the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting. A.
47、 is handing out C. are handing out B. are to hand out D. is to hand out 8.Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another. A. is B. are C. am D.,A,B,D,D,B,9.She is one of the few girls who _ in the kindergarten. A. is well paid B. are well paid C. is paying D. are paid well 10._ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is