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1、（2009.09.25）现代园艺设施课程教学内容介绍及学习方法指导（文本）张爱华：各位老师大家好！几天的教研活动开始。欢迎大家参加今天的教学活动。赵永田：非常感谢张老师对本课程所做的贡献！张爱华：赵老师，你好！介绍一下你那的教学工作。在教学工作中有什么好的经验在这里和我们交流。赵永田：这门课程的教学辅导和其他多媒体课件资源都比较多，学生反应普遍良好。这都要感谢张老师您的努力！王勋建：湖北电大向你问好！张爱华：王老师你好！你那里现在有园艺专科的学生？王勋建：有园艺专科的学生关于期末考试的重要通报本学期期末考试本门课程在题型上有所变化，望各位老师在教学过程中注意。期末考试题型（1）选择题：考核学生
2、对基本概念、基本知识和基本公式的理解和记忆程度。占全部试题的20。（2）判断题：要求对基本理论、基本知识和操作技能的记忆和理解中容易出错和易引起似是而非的问题作出是对还是错的准确判断。这类题目占全部试题的10。（3）名词解释：考核学生对基本概念、基本知识的和基本公式的理解和记忆程度。占全部试题的16。 （4）填空题：考核学生对基本概念、基本知识的理解和记忆程度。占全部试题的11。（5）简答：考核学生对基本概念、理论、知识、技能的应用于与掌握程度。此类题目占全部试题的28左右。（6）论述：考核学生对重要问题的分析和理解能力。这类题目占全部试题的15。期末考试试题类型一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共
3、20分）1世界园艺设施的发展大体上分为原始阶段、发展阶段和飞跃阶段。飞跃阶段开始于（ ）。A60年代后 B70年代后 C80年代后 D90年代后2起支撑拱杆和棚面作用，纵横成直线排列的是（ ）。A立柱 B拱杆 C拉杆 D压杆二、判断题 (每题2分，共10分，只要求写出对或错即可)1湿帘与风机间的距离对设计通风无影响。（ ）2荧光灯具中使用的起辉器，其作用是降低加在荧光灯管两端的电压。（ ）三、名词解释（每小题4分，共16分）1荷载组合 2滴灌 四、填空题（每空1分，共11分。选择下列适合的内容，填在相应的下划线上。）（热水锅炉 水帘式 结构多样化）1国外园艺设施农业明显特征是 、生产管理自动化
4、、生产操作机械化和生产方式集约化。2热水采暖系统由 、供热管道和散热设备三个基本部分组成。3利用地下水作为热源有三种方式：即 、地下水热泵和热交换器供热。五、简答题（共28分）1简述设施灌水设备对灌溉水源的基本要求。（8分）2简述温室综合调控的控制方案有几类？（6分）六、论述题（15分）温室建设场地选择的基本条件是什么？试题规范解答一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1B 2A二、判断题 (每题2分，共10分，只要求写出对或错即可)1 2三、名词解释（每小题4分，共16分）1荷载组合 在结构上往往同时作用着几种不同性质的荷载，应考虑它们总的作用和对结构产生最不利的情况，这就是荷载的组合问题。
5、2滴灌 是利用一套塑料管道系统将水直接输送到每棵植物的根部，水由每个滴头以水滴滴水的方式滴在根部上的地表，然后渗入土壤并浸润作物根系最发达的区域。四、填空题（每空1分，共11分）1结构多样化2热水锅炉3水帘式五、简答题（共28分）1（8分）灌溉水源应满足下述基本要求：（1）灌溉水源所提供的水量应能充分满足灌溉系统用水量的要求。（2分）（2）灌溉水源的水位应为灌溉系统提供足够的水位高程，并应尽可能采用自压式或直接式供水方式；否则，就需要设置泵站机组加压，以满足灌溉用水压力的要求。（2分）（3）灌溉水源的位置应尽可能靠近农业设施和保护地区域。（2分）（4）灌溉水源的水质应符合农田灌溉水质标准。（2
6、分）2（6分）温室综合调控系统从控制方案上可分为两大类：一类是根据作物最适的生长发育环境条件调控室内各个环境因子（如温度、湿度、光照、CO2气肥浓度等）。（3分）二类是事先把农作物生长发育各阶段所需的最适环境因子（T、H、L、CO2等）作为“文件”贮存起来，在运行时把各种检测传感器所提供的环境因子的实际信息与设定值相比较，得出相应的偏差值，去命令相应的执行机构动作，调节实际环境的诸因子，以满足作物生长发育的需求。（3分）六、论述题（15分）场地的好坏对结构性能，环境调控，经营管理等影响很大。因此，在建造前要慎重选择场地。（一）为了多采光要选择南面开阔、无遮阴的平坦矩形地块。（2分）（二）为了减
7、少炎热和风压对结构的影响，要选择避风的地带。（2分）（三）温室和大棚主要是利用人工灌水，要选择靠水源近，水源丰富，水质好的地方。（2分）（四）要选择土质好，地下水位低，排水良好的地方。（2分）（五）为了使基础坚固，要选择地基土质坚实的地方。（1分）（六）为了便于运输建造材料，应选离居民点，高压线，道路较近的地方。（2分）（七）在有污染的大工厂附近最好不要建造温室和大棚，特别是这些工厂的下风或河道下游处。如果这些厂对污水，排出的有害气体进行了处理，那么依然可以建设温室和大棚。（2分）（八）要力争进电方便，路线简捷，并能保证电力供应，在有条件的地方，可以准备两路供电或自备一些发电设施，供临时应急使
8、用。（2分）本课程主要有三个方面的内容一是园艺工程设施，如温室、塑料棚、无土栽培设施等的建设和施工；二是环境调节控制设施，如温室和大棚内采暖、降温、通风、灌水、配电、照明、CO 气体施肥设备的建设、安装调试以及使用技术；三是环境监测、信息传递设备，光、温、湿、气的监测仪器和自动控制等配套使用技术。学习方法现代园艺设施内容多，覆盖面广，需要记忆与理解概念较多，还要结合实际具体的分析的解决一些问题，教学要求比较高。你要特别注意有关设计思路与方法，该记忆的内容就要记住，来不得半点含糊，还要会说明、分析和概括所要求的问题。最好是带着问题去看书，边看书边找到问题的答案，作一些必要的笔记，重点的东西一定要
9、有标记，这样便于完成每章后的练习和计分作业，也便于最后的总复习。文字教材是课程的基础，要充分的自主学习，有问题时再看录像、网上辅导或与教师联系寻求帮助。第一章主要教学内容1园艺设施的概念2园艺设施发展的现状与意义3园艺设施的地位与作用 4园艺设施生产技术革新的内容 5园艺设施发展的方向第二章主要教学内容1温室大棚建造特点与要求2场地选择的基本条件 3布局设计的原则与方法4温室大棚建造规格5建造投资概预算方法第三章主要教学内容1温室大棚类型与结构特点 2温室大棚设计步骤3荷载的分析与计算方法4主要构件的受力分析与计算第四章第一节主要教学内容1最大采暖热负荷由哪几部分组成？2温室采暖系统热媒不同，
10、可分为几种形式？各有何特点？3温室热水采暖系统中，常用的散热器有哪几种？第四章第二节主要教学内容1什么是通风？通风的目的是什么？2通风量的计算在夏季和冬季有何作用？3影响自然通风量的因素有哪些？4强制通风设备的布置方式是什么？第四章第三节主要教学内容1温室降温方式依其利用的物理条件可分为哪几类？2蒸发降温的原理是什么？有哪些形式？3室内遮荫系统和室外遮荫系统有哪些异同？第四章第四节主要教学内容1对农业设施和保护地采用微灌技术时，灌溉水源应满足哪些基本要求？2由灌溉水源向设施保护地管网供水，无论哪一种供水方式，应满足哪三个基本要求？3合理的灌水方式应满足哪几个方面的要求？第四章第五节主要教学内容
11、1二氧化碳施肥建议2二氧化碳施肥主要方式3如何监测室内二氧化碳气体浓度第四章第六节主要教学内容1电力用户负载，其供电重要性可分为几级？2配电线路按线路分布情况分为几类？各适用于什么场合？3从安全角度出发，用电设备的供电电压选择原则是什么？4现代温室配电电压有哪几种类型？各有什么优缺点？5现代温室配电设计一般分为几个阶段，各阶段的目的是什么6什么是“计算负荷”？确定计算负荷时要引入哪两个系数？7温室配电导线通常按哪些原则选择？第四章第七节主要教学内容1人工补光的目的、要求2人工补光光源的主要类型及其性能特点3光源选用的原则4萤光灯的主要组件及其工作原理5碘钨灯、高水水银灯、氙灯在安装使用中应注意
12、的事项6照度的计算第四章第八节主要教学内容1“控制”的含义是什么？通常如何分类？2自动调节系统一般由哪几个部分组成？3什么是“双位”调节？它有什么特点？4“比例调节”的工作特性是怎样的？5对现代温室的自动调控系统有哪些基本要求？6自动调控系统的功能包括哪些？7传感器在自动调控系统中起什么作用？温室常用的温度传感器有哪几种？8执行器在自动调控系统中起什么作用？通常由几部分组成？各自的作用是什么？9调节阀起什么作用？分为哪几种？10温室用自动调控系统中的调节器有哪几类？11试简述四段变温双位自动调控系统的工作原理。12湿帘降温自动调控系统由哪几部分组成？试简述其工作原理。13温室综合调控的控制方案
13、有哪几类？各有什么特点？第五章主要教学内容1什么叫正投影？什么叫正投影法？什么叫正投影图？2三面投影图是怎样形成的？投影规律是什么？3房屋建筑图最基本的图样包括哪些图？这些图样如何得来？4温室施工图分哪几类？各类的作用是什么？5建筑施工图包括哪些图样？它们的作用是什么？第六章主要教学内容1骨架材料类型及特性2覆盖材料类型及特性3覆盖材料选用的依据与应用选择4覆盖材料的保管与使用要求第七章主要教学内容1无土栽培的概念、意义及分类2基质培的主要结构类型及构造特点3无基质培的主要结构类型及构造特点4有机生态型无土栽培装置与特点5营养液配制要求第八章主要教学内容1可利用的地域能源种类2太阳能利用技术原
14、理与方法3地下水热源利用技术原理与方法4木质系能源的利用技术原理与方法5其他能源的利用技术原理与方法温馨提示本学期第二次教学活动在12月7日14：00-16：00进行，主要内容是期末复习，欢迎各位到时参加。张爱华：本次教研活动结束。谢谢各位老师的参与。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly st
15、rategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can s
16、ee, enough to get a high standard; around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation:
17、the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and
18、needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. and revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guid
19、elines and column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritanc
20、e and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the partys leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the and , reflects the partys 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary sessi
21、on, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the partys eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of in based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of Jan
22、uary 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to ha
23、rd to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law
24、 and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. is in 1997 based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the constructio
25、n of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regula
26、tions Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, do
27、es not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to and the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party
28、constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the
29、Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission fo
30、r Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party
31、committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee o
32、f the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the Genera
33、l Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Commi
34、ttee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisd
35、om of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, and revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the partys eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important i
36、nstructions on the revised and , highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent and . Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow.
37、 The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental
38、law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general
39、 rules. the revision of the and is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline,
40、 the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue de, mainly refers to the partys ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised
41、the closely linked to the self-discipline, insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the vital few, emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to
42、Method, as a negative list, emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority
43、 of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the pa
44、rtys eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line wi
45、th reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the and modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is c