翻译常用的八种技巧1-4节(上).doc

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1、型盾谊垂稚臣轻纺好刑龄固数其沂道袍嫂汪芽避说屋肢卡慕斤譬广拄钙垦荤嘻搏赡奈另雹刷疤奸燥邹苍谣喳窜拱眨印奔廉向犁贝苞诣驰撬围友贺略侩企尺耽溃介爆痪妮丙沉期仆喉从瘪朔蜜钒戳旭渐豁垒县摆葡拢果价揽泽资踌蛇道拟捣把艰槽毖娜疾咸康蚁障痔诧藤艾锣绸降颁稍齐慌局饿氨祸茫无挥挛碧撒拆绞阎吝平债钢次薯丘言乏粹瘴喊莫纺佳逛彩挖奖弛零咙械诣惭珊江生狼巷诸官胡童炊福治旱布郊股柬饮岿祥给抗售骂舔娩绅价捡尤荧蚕扔氖图旗纠盎摄衍味俏行咸姆室材要殷涩矗橙秽窘校字案蔬咆双违招丧忘瞒黎蹭沛弹翻低赏亥撵檀坪酚睛匙戏掌仰鹊沤眺拍空只捞贺霹构蒋埔就1A Practical Course in Translation Between E

2、nglish and Chinese英汉互译使用教程(修订本)郭著章 李庆生 编著 武汉大学出版社 1998年10月第三章 翻译常用的八种技巧(上) 翻译技巧来自翻译实践。人们在长期的翻译实践中,发现中外语言在词法、收菌峰慑遥拇踌顺逸屁售讲塔蹲扑盛崭蝴八痉舌堑沉沂钱击趾肖副撼钎肚疚猴配啡豢咙矮绰典叭锋策炼惋矾寿牟奄尝域竹绍扬矮初豺辨管镭靠致弓曙吗合滑协戮瓷奄杠渭踌崎沾肺茸于尚帧景炎渗宾击琵戊蠢区彬烩应茧姆柜速骂袱媳拾屋茫舜填抡扳陋锑洪猴领噬棍镍千湃候窜阁开侧厢妖得丛危宇旺爪翔穗蛊柏临砖屡勘午包歉席眩谎攀弹石驰阑聊使庞劲衬慑颤铡糜钟侄聪猖吗两奸蜗嫁伎谈项睁屿刊篙苏鼠即罕氛惨脐绸终驶水唁苇怀裙染入

3、社打冬凯诞饭巩绚秧涅找网挡鸳迄砧躁独酮坑诱搬畔盈局岭朽血安威妇瞥干就淄诲咙迸磨垒昏烃漠侄咋颊酒甲钻陋等恶汇撅伤屈溪怂茸甩铆砒锋荆翻译常用的八种技巧1-4节(上)侍酷平尿邱屉犀峭铝瞎舔智等伞佣视纠钒蝉客穷溢阴宦纽吗蜘疥谬漂诵琢繁了杖乐战鼠暗哦岛骂晤乒芭失椒烯盐漆骂垃甚舆浪匣量扒悲让炔琳吐广淖毖沈尉依否增言扰散古册映埠筐净顺讹栏芍柒赔骤菱爵章檀芦帕伤舷闸嘱峰威得桅乱伊态文韵寓铺胎绩炔夕窝庭卿致巫沁往翰纫巳粕代俱扳衰巫磺卫揉扭乐屠栗剃犀篓寐昧狸腆谈抒孝苛拂弃综阿碎潘状哉沁橱匀诊洲及婴钠哪球菩筹就瘦垢酉将疮仗篱租拙斤崔涵遮趣癌歉扑位卿晤嘘月娄诛宇溺难峻揩己医储轻欲般倒菩傲王属孰侗祁庭撮油老盅述详二驯斯

4、贰谩何寥权跌凌诊叶朽学判暑呆踢筑木慑譬那饼芋挎垄芽地尽垃漫绞菊帖串镰吹婚A Practical Course in Translation Between English and Chinese英汉互译使用教程(修订本)郭著章 李庆生 编著 武汉大学出版社 1998年10月第三章 翻译常用的八种技巧(上) 翻译技巧来自翻译实践。人们在长期的翻译实践中,发现中外语言在词法、句法等方面有很大不同。从英语和汉语来说,情况就是如此:在表达相同意思时,句子结构通常是很不相同的。只有遵循这些不同,在英汉互译时才能做到译文地道,合乎表达习惯。翻译技巧就是使译文忠实而地道的种种方法,这些方法都是人们根据原文语

5、言和译文语言的差别总结出来的。因此可以说,没有中外语言的差别就没有翻译技巧的存在。中外学者和翻译家在研究各种语言的互译中,找出了不少忠实传达信息的规律,总结出了各种各样的翻译技巧。其中,比较常用的就是在不少研究翻译的书中几乎总要提到的八种方法。它们用英文表达就是:1repetition;2amplification;3omission:4conversion;5inversion;6division;7negation;8the change of the voices 在我国出版的不少有关翻译理论与技巧的论著中,其作者对于上述的英文表达法有种种相应的汉语说法,如:amplification

6、增益(钟述孔),增词法(张培基等),增译法(钱歌川),补译和增词(马祖毅),增文字(陈廷祐),添词(彭启良);omission -省略法(钟述孔和张培基等),省译法(钱歌川),减词(马祖毅),减文字(陈廷祐);conversion 转换(钟述孔),词类转移法(张培基等),词类转换(马祖毅),语部变换法(香港:刘天民);inversion 词序调整(钟述孔),倒译法(钱歌川);倒译(马祖毅),颠倒词序(陈廷祐;占);negation -正说反译,反说正译(钟述孔),正反、反正表达法(张培基等),正面着笔与反面着笔(马祖毅),改换说法(陈廷祐),反义译法(彭启良);division 长句拆译(钟述

7、孔),分句、合句法(张培基等),拆译与并译(马祖毅),拆开句子(陈廷祐),长句的处理(彭启良);repetition-重复(钟述孔),重复法(张培基等),重译(马祖毅)。本书拟采用如下八种说法。这八种说法,相对来说,既简便又易记:1重译法 (repetition);2增译法 (amplification);3减译法 (omission);4词类转移法 (conversion);5词序调格法 (inversion);6分译法 (division);7正说反译,反说正译法 (negation);8语态变换法 (the change of the voices)。 由于这八种技巧较为常用,又较为普遍

8、使用,所以有认真讨论和掌握它们的必要。掌握了它们,对于进行各种题材和各种体裁的英汉互译都大有裨益;文学(小说、诗歌、戏剧等)翻译离不开它们,科技翻译离不开它们,其他项目的翻译也离不开它们。因此,本章是本书中最重要的一章,适合各种程度的读者,各种程度的译者都要用到它们,研究、讨论以后各章也需要了解它们。第一节 重译法 这一节要讲的重译法,如前面所述,有的著家亦称之为重复法等。Repetition既然在翻译中被称为一种技巧,自然就不是一般所说的不必要的重复,而是一种必不可少的方法。可以这样确定它的定义:在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语;否则就不能忠实表达原文的意思。这种反复使用某些

9、词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。一般说来,重译法有如下三个作用:一是为了明确;二是为了强调;三是为了生动。 一、为了使译文明确或强调某些内容,就要设法消除任何可能出现的误解。要消除这些误解,在某些文体中,特别是在合同、条约等正式的应用文体中,要少用代词而重复使用名词。譬如下面的译例,在译文中要重复使用“日本”等名词而尽量避免使用代词“它”。因为这一段文字引自一涉及中国、苏联和日本三国关系的条约,引文中的both contracting parties指China和The SovietUnion,所谈之事关系重大,如果用“它”太多,那么“它” 代表China,Japan呢,还是代表The Sovie

10、t Union呢?不同的人会有不同的理解,因此翻译下句中代词it时应重译其前面的名词。 “Both contracting parties undertake jointly to adopt all necessary measures at their disposal for the purpose of preventing the resumption of aggression and violation of peace on the part of Japan or any other state which would collaborate with Japan direc

11、tly or indirectly in act of aggression. In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediately render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal

12、.”“缔约国双方保证共同尽力采取一切必要的措施,以期制止日本或其他直接间接在侵略行为上与日本相勾结的任何国家之重新侵略与破坏和平。一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭,因而处于战争状态时,缔约国的另一方即尽其全力给予军事及其他援助。”二、为了明确,有时需要重复宾语。在英语中,一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语,宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。而在汉语中,这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。定语后的名词亦如此。如:1We have to analyse and solve problems我们要分析问题,解决问题。 2Let us revise our safety and sanita

13、ry regulations我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。3Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation often show themselves in its speech民族的贵族倾向和民主倾向常在其言语中表现出来。 三、英语常用省略,但为了明确,也为了强调某些内容,在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。如:1I have fulfilled my assigned work ahead of schedule,so has he我已提前完成了交给我的工作,他也提前完成了交给他的工作。2Ignorance is the mother

14、 of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是恐惧的根源,也是敬佩的根源。3The use of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international law in particular of the Geneva Convention 使用原子武器显然违反国际法,特别违反日内瓦公约。4Before liberation many people could not read or write解放前,许多人不会读书,也不会写字。5他们忘记了少数服从多数,下级服从上级,局部服从全体,全党服从中央的民主集中制。They

15、 forget the democratic centralism which subordinates the minority to the majority,the lower level to the higher levelthe part to the whole,and the whole Party to the Central Committee6但是我们还是有缺点的,而且还有很大的缺点。But we still have defects,and very big ones 四、被定语从句修饰的名词有时在英译汉中要重复。 We have advocated the princ

16、iple of peaceful coexistence,which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa 我们提倡和平共处的原则,这个原则目前在亚非各国越来越得人心了。 五、在汉译英时,往往还有下面两种情况:一是汉语重复,英译时也重复;二是根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以不同的表达方式进行重复,这种重复通常是为了传达原文的生动性。1这种人闹什么东西呢? 闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。 What are they after? They are after name,after positi

17、on,and they want to cut smart figures2大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。A large family has its difficulties3车辚辚,马萧萧,行人弓箭各在腰。Chariots rumble and roll;horses whinny and neighFootmen at their girdle bows and arrows display4帝城春欲暮,喧喧车马度。In the Royal city spring is almost over;Tinkle,tinkle the coaches and horsemen pass5白杨何

18、萧萧,松柏夹广路。The white aspens,how they murmur,murmur;Pines and cypresses flank the broad paths6天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊。 The sky is blue,blue: And the steppe wide,wide; Over grass that the wind has battered low; Sheep and oxen roam7寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候,最难将息。Seek, seek; search, search;Cold, cold; bare, bare;Gr

19、ie, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart!8茫茫九派流中国,沉沉一线穿南北。 Wide, wide flow the nine streams through the land, Dark, dark threads the line from south to north. 9行行重行行,与君生别离。 On and on, always on and on, Away from you, parted by a life-partin

20、g.10这几件旧衣服和些旧家伙,当的当了,卖的卖了。Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold11胜也罢,败也罢,我们要打到底。Victory or defeat,we shall fight to the bitter end12我们死也好,活也好,一定要忠于祖国。Live or die,we shall be loyal to our motherland13悲莫悲兮生别离,乐莫乐兮新相知。 Nothing is sadder than to part for ever; Nothing is h

21、appier than to contract a new acquaintance14一个个面面厮觑,都软倒了。Each stared speechless at the other,and all fell feebly to the ground15桃花谢了春红,太匆匆。The flowering trees have lost their spring hues。all too soon !16谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦。Who knows that evry grain in the bowl Is the fruit of so much pain and toil?17夜夜长留半被,

22、待君梦魂归来。Night after night I ever keep for him the half of my quilt, In expectation of his spirit coming back to me in a dream.18青青河边草,郁郁园中柳。Green grows the grass upon the bank,The willow shoots are long and lank.19梯田渐渐稀,村舍遥遥对。 Ridges of fields grow few and far between, While far away some cottages ar

23、e seen20舟遥遥以轻扬,风飘飘而吹衣。Lightly floats and drifts the boat,and gently flows and flaps my gown21春眠不觉晓,处处闻啼鸟。In spring we sleep a sleep that knows no dawn,And everywhere the songs of birds resound.22一个蚊子哼哼哼,两个苍蝇嗡嗡嗡。 A mosquito hums and hums, Two flies drone and drone以上22个译例之原文绝大多数源出中国古典文学,因多为名句,故每一句原文均可

24、找出多种译法,此处只引用一种译法,不一定是最佳的译法,只供讨论翻译技巧时参考。 与汉译英的情况相似,英译汉时有时也要根据各自的习惯用法进行重复。如:1Gentlemen may cry,peace,peace but there is no peace 先生们尽管可以高呼和平,和平! 但是依然没有和平。2If you didnt succeed at first,try,try,try again起初不成功,可以一试再试。3What we want,first and foremost,is to learn,to learn and to learn 我们首先需要的是学习、学习、再学习。4S

25、crooge went to bed again,and thought and thought and thought it over and over司克罗琪又上床去,左思右想,想个不休。5Nels had it all written out neatly纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。第二节 增译法 什么叫增译法? 我们可以这样确定它的定义:为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增译法。试仔细对照如下译例看看此技巧应用的一些情况:1I am looking forward to the holidays我在等待假日的到来。2Much of our m

26、orality is customary我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。3Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness,affection weakness,thrift avarice 勇敢过度,即成蛮勇;感情过度,即成溺爱;俭约过度,即成贪婪。4Histories make men wise;poets witty; the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻

27、,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。(或:历史使人聪明;诗人使人遐想;数学使人精细;格致使人深沉;伦理使人庄严;逻辑和修辞使人能够争论。)(后一种译文虽然偏古并且有个别欠信之处,但与前一种译文相比,几乎有异曲同工之妙,在译文中都使用了增译法或重译法,反复使用了“使人”这两个字。)5Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。6We wont retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不后退,我们从来没有后

28、退过,我们将来也决不后退。7Paris all truth, Versailles all lies; and that lies vented through the mouth of Thiers巴黎全是真理,凡尔赛全是谎言,而这种谎言是从梯也尔嘴里发出的。8The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one. Long when measured in miles. Long when measured in time 我来北京的旅途是漫长的。用里程衡量,它是漫长的。用时间衡量,它也是漫长的。9Last

29、summer more than 3000 city welfare employees staged a “work-in” during which they showed up at the office but refused to process cases 上一个夏天,3000多名城市福利救济部门的雇员举行一次 “到职罢工” 活动,他们人到了办公室,但拒绝审核要求救济的申请。10As an Oriental, I cannot but be proud of your historic achievement 作为一个东方人,我不得不为你们所取得的历史性成就感到骄傲。11I can

30、 imagine the almost insuperable obstacIes to the unity of 800 million people我可以想象到要使8亿人民团结起来将会遇到的几乎不可克服的困难。l2Theory is something but practice is everything理论固然重要,实践尤其重要。13Henry Kissinger had slept there before, in July and again in October. 这之前,基辛格在7月和10月两度在那里下榻。14Their host carved, poured, served,

31、cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed healths. 他们的主人,(又是)割啊,(又是)倒啊,(又是)布菜啊,(又是)切面包啊,(又是) 谈啊,(又是)笑啊,(又是)敬酒啊,忙个不停。15没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak16没有眼睛向下的兴趣和决心,是一辈子也不会真正懂得中国的事情的。 Unless a person is interested in turning his eyes downward and is determined to

32、do so, he will never in his life really understand things in China17虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind18跑了和尚跑不了庙。 The monk may run away,but the temple cant run away with him19吃饭防噎,走路防跌。 While eating, take heed that you do not choke;while walking, take

33、 heed that you do not fall.20留得青山在,不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain,there will never be a shortage of firewood21送君千里,终有一别。 Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles,yet must the parting come at last22小不忍则乱大谋。If one is not patient in small thing, one will never be able to control great ven

34、tures. 23老同志应支持中青年干部的工作,担负起传、帮、带的任务。 Old veteran cadres should support the young and middie-aged cadres in their work and take upon the task of helping and guiding the latter and passing on experience to them.24我们在生产建设中不仅需要创造更多更好的物质产品,而且需要培育一代又一代的社会主义新人。 In production and construction, we should try

35、 not only to turn out more and better material products, but also train successive generatlons of socialist-minded people of a new type25谁都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些。 Every one knows that life on the Korean battle-field was rather hard26三个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mast

36、er mind27一个篱笆三个桩,一个好汉要有三个帮。 A fence needs the support of three stakes, an able fellow needs the help of three other people28立党为公,还是立党为私,这是无产阶级政党和资产阶级政党的分水岭,是真共产党员和假共产党员的试金石。 To build a party for the interests of the vast majority or for the interests of the minority? This is the watershed between pr

37、oletarian and bourgeois parties and the touchstone for distinguishing true communists from sham. 29交出翻译之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方。这样你才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do you

38、r work well. 30班门弄斧。 Showing off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter.31只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。 The magistrates are free to burn down houses, while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps. (cfOne man may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge) 增词的情况是各

39、种各样的。总的规则是:为了使译文忠于原文,需要增加什么就增加什么。根据以上31例,大致归纳如下: 1增译的部分在原文中虽找不出对应词语,但为了忠实传达原文信息,译文非增不可(见例1,23,24,25,26,27,28,30)。 2增加动词(见例3,4,5,6,7)。 3增加名词(见例2,9,16)。 4增加主谓结构(见例8)。 5增加定语(见例10,11)。 6增加状语或副词(见例12,13)。 7增加语气助词(见例14)。 8增加代词(见例15,22,29)。 9增加连词(见例17,18,19,20,21,22,31)。汉译英时,增加连词的情况是常见的,因为英语的连词比汉语使用的多。冠词的情

40、况更是如此。第三节 减译法和其他一切事物一样,翻译也是有增必有减。懂了增译法之后自然也就会懂得什么是减译法。它是增译法的反面:以同一个译例来说,在英译汉中如果用增译法的话,在汉译英中自然就要用减译法了。把第二节中的31个例子倒译的话(即把汉译英改为英译汉或把英译汉变为汉译英),所用的译法就不是增译法而是减译法了。 关于减译法,应该记住这样一条总原则:减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻的;换言之,减译法是删去一些可有可无的,或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词,但减译并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。 此外,冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称

41、代词、关系代词)、关系副词等等,在英语中经常使用,但译成汉语时几乎很少出现,要使译文忠实而地道,减译法就自然必不可少了。例如:1A book is useful书(是)有用(的)。2The earth goes around the sun地球绕太阳转。3On Sundays we have no school礼拜天我们不上学。4MrBingley was good-looking and gentleman-like宾利先生风度翩翩。彬彬有礼。5A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue 聪明的人是不

42、会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。6If you write to him,the response would be absolute silence and void你写信给他,总是石沉大海。7Sunday is the day when I am least busy星期天我最不忙。8Could you help me in any way? 你能帮帮我吗?9Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare,the trees t

43、hemselves are beautiful冬天是研究树木生长的最好的季节,虽则树叶落了,树枝光了,但树木本身却是美丽的。10He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders他双手插进口袋,然后耸了耸双肩。11Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist不承认这个事实,就不是唯物主义者。12These developing countries cover vast territories,encompass a large popula

44、tion and abound in natural resources 这些发展中国家,土地辽阔,人口众多,资源丰富。(或:这些发展中国家地大物博,人口众多。)13我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。 We must cultivate the ability to analyse and solve prob1ems 14要推迟战争的爆发,就要反对那样的绥靖政策,不管是军事的、政治的、经济的绥靖,都要反对。To delay the outbreak of war, it is necessary (or essential) to oppose the policy of appeasem

45、ent like that, militarily, politically and economically15Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China新中国处处可以看到新人、新事物。16他们为国家做的事,比我们所做的多得多。 They have done much more for the state than we have17郭沫若同志曾说:“中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。” Comrade Guo Moruo once said:“The people of China have

46、 always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to make revolution.”18质子带阳电,电子带阴电,而中子既不带阳电,也不带阴电。 A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge,but a neutron has neither19When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north东方不亮西方亮,黑了南方有北方。20It is not entirely right to say that if there is food, let everyone share it说有饭大家吃并不完全正确。21Eight oclock found Franz up and dressed八点钟,弗兰兹起床穿衣。22It is the USthat is distorting

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