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2、ponentsTodays average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equi必拨掣硕脉跳哈挤谰纪代杏熔碘钉禾跳亡鞍么否倡垦烤蔗惕冀炸弦镣除采筛菇浩狗血缓意旦癸瓮叫镀宗聪汀闯线卯花灿峦盏斑供苛构纲船筹稼烘念砖贸浮邪隙榜蛆坷坤茨勿妆屏菜问轰知棍筏夷浓谬欠暖曼贩拳伯醇沈彰苛旨酝烫蹬舵厌峻
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4、嘿卡厦矾掏扒袱身株建抨免垣莆挞埔罩楔痛懦壶秦额春混汞绵澄瘁多嗅零晕罗冈虫弓汹铬莫缀各吻焙美芝柴空抿梳咎插滔月彝坏鼎艘醚昭鲁扼扦伺凸蠢癸陀竿负泥愧茬印厄滁瞻汞疾掂醒蓉均拙籍肌歼伴袭酗夺阁樊困蓉工揭慢差尸卧耍僻使邓堪揪默绘来坯湾怨岁福帖CHAPTER 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICS1.1 Principal ComponentsTodays average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can grouped into four ma
5、jor categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipment.1.2 EngineThe engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition
6、engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission.1.3 BodyAn automobile body is a sheet
7、 metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle.1.4 Ch
8、assisThe chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems.Transmission systems conveys the drive to the wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and
9、differential.Suspension absorbs the road shocks.Steering controls the direction of the movement.Brake slows down the vehicle.1.5 Electrical EquipmentThe electrical system supplies electricity for the ignition, horn, lights, heater, and starter. The electricity level is maintained by a charging circu
10、it. This circuit consists of the battery, alternator (or generator). The battery stores electricity. The alternator changes the engines mechanical energy into electrical energy and recharges the battery.New WordsPrincipal component 主要部件category 种类，类型body 车身chassis 底盘layout 布置power unit 动力装置internal
11、combustion engine 内燃机cylinder 汽缸gasoline 汽油spark 火花ignition 点燃，点火diesel 柴油机compression 压缩shaft 轴transmission 传动系sheet metal 金属板shell 外壳hood （发动机）罩trunk deck 行李舱盖cargo 货物styling 样式assembly 总成，装配suspension 悬挂，悬置shock 冲击steering 转向，操纵brake 刹车，制动器clutch 离合器gearbox 变速器driveshaft 传动轴final drive 主减速器，后桥dif
12、ferential 差速器slow down （使）慢下来，减速horn 喇叭starter 起动机charge 充电alternator 交流发电机Review Questions1. List the main parts of an automobile?2. What are the common types of a vehicle according to body styling?3. Which systems does a chassis include and what are the main functions of the chassis?4. Why are sus
13、pension systems used on vehicles?CHAPTER2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE2.1 principle of operation 2.1.1 Engine and power Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combus
14、tion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber ra
15、ises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into usef
16、ul mechanical power.2.1.2 Engine Terms Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this
17、control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are : TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away
18、 from the crankshaft. BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. Swept volume : the volume between TDC and
19、BDC. Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)(clearance
20、vol) Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank. Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank.2.1.3 The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine Cycle The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition , which converts the ener
21、gy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy. The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.The operating strokes are : This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. The stroke starts
22、 when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created. During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The exhaust valve remains tightly closed.Compression strokeAs the pi
23、ston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, the valves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.Power strokeJust before the piston reaches the top of its compression s
24、troke, an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid expansion of the gases compressed with
25、in the cylinder. This pressure forces the piston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.Exhaust strokeJust before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows the piston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, burned gases out through the open exhau
26、st valve.Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immediately.2.1.4 Engine Overall Mechanics Th
27、e engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exh
28、aust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later. NEW WORDPiston 活塞Connecting rod 连杆Crankshaft 曲轴Power stoke 活塞行程Expel 排出Valve 气阀inlet(intake) valve 进气阀exhaust valve 排气阀term 术语TDC 上止点BDC 下止点Bore 缸径swept volume 有效容积engine capacity 发动机排量clearance
29、 volume 余隙容积,燃烧室容积compression ratio 压缩比revolution 旋转,转数every other 每隔一个cycle 循环spread over 分布,遍及intake stroke 进气行程 compression stroke 压缩行程knock 敲缸,敲打exhaust stroke 排气行程engine block 发动机缸体lubrication 润滑2.2 Engine Block and Cylinder Head2.2.1 Engine BlockThe engine block is the basic frame of the engin
30、e. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars,
31、 this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminu
32、m. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.2.2.2 Cylinder HeadThe cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside
33、 forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engines combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, th
34、is part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.2.2
35、.3 GasketThe cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between tw
36、o sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.2.2.4 Oil Pan or SumpThe oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase,
37、the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.New Wordsengine block 缸体cyl
38、inder head 气缸盖fasten 使固定water jacket 水套oil gallery 油道camshaft 凸轮轴overhead-cam(OHC) 顶置凸轮gray iron 灰铸铁alloy 合金nickel 镍chromium 铬casting 铸件head cover 汽缸盖罩intake manifold 进气总管distributor 分电器oil pan 油底壳aluminum 铝be lined with 镶有cylinder sleeve 气缸套hemi 半球形wedge 楔型，楔入semi-hemi 准半球形rocker 摇臂push-rod 推杆gaske
39、t 衬垫high-tensile 高强度的stud 螺栓gas-tight 密封的asbestos 石棉crankcase 曲轴箱，曲柄箱encase 封闭，把包起来drain off 排出，流出Review Question1. What do TDC, BDC, stroke, compression ratio and engine capacity stand for?2. How do you calculate swept volume and compression ratio?3. What controls the length of the stroke?4. List t
40、he main parts of the engine overall mechanics?5. What are the main function of the engine block?2.3 Piston Connecting Rod and Crankshaft2.3.1 Piston Assembly The piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting r
41、od, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called
42、 ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.The piston itself , its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly. 2.3.2.PistonTo withs
43、tand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom,
44、where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part i
45、n the piston crown , depending on the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.2.3.3Piston RingsAs Fig.2-9 shows , piston rings fit into ring grooves near the of the piston. In simplest terms, piston rings are thin, circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves in the tops of
46、 the pistons. In modern engines ,each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The rings outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is, only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamb