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1、吉林工业职业技术学院毕业论文毕业论文水塔温度控制系统郭鹏吉林工业职业技术学院2013年吉林工业职业技术学院毕业论文毕业论文水塔温度控制系统学 生 姓 名： 郭 鹏 专 业 班 级： 自动化3102班32号 指 导 教 师： 刘南 王景芝 完 成 日 期： 2013年1月3日星期四 吉林工业职业技术学院Jilin Vocational College of Industry and Technology毕业论文声明本人郑重声明：毕业论文及毕业设计工作是由本人在指导教师的指导下独立完成，尽我所知，在完成论文时利用的一切资料均已在参考文献中列出。若有不实之处，一切后果均由本人承担（包括接受毕业论文成
2、绩不及格，不能按时获得毕业证书等），与毕业论文指导老师无关。论文题目：水塔温度控制系统专业班级：生产过程自动化3102班作者签名：郭鹏日 期：2013-1-3摘 要化工自动化控制技术是综合运用控制理论、仪器仪表、计算机和其他信息技术，对化学工业生产过程实现检测、控制、优化达到增加产量，提高质量、降低消耗、确保安全的一种综合性技术，现已成为衡量化学工业现代化水平的重要标志是之一。本论文以水塔温度为例介绍了化工自动化控制技术在控制过程中的应用，并对其发展前景进行了展望。关键词：水塔温度：控制方案辽 宁 工 业 大 学 课 程 设 计 说 明 书（论 文）目 录第1章 水塔温度控制系统设计方案01.
3、 1系统设计方案概述01.2 水塔温度串级控制系统仿真2第2章 水塔温度控制系统硬件设计32.1系统对象特性设计32.2系统检测回路设计32.3控制器设计52.4执行器选择7 2.5参数整定9 第3章 水塔温度控制系统软件设计103.1 程序设计113.2 温度控制算法程序设计9第4章 设计结论11参考文献12第1章 水塔温度控制系统设计方案1. 1系统设计方案概述本次设计采用串级控制系统对水塔温度进行控制。过程控制系统由过程检测、变送和控制仪表、执行装置等组成，通过各种类型的仪表完成对过程变量的检测、变送和控制，并经执行装置作用于生产过程。串级控制系统是两只调节器串联起来工作，其中一个调节器
4、的输出作为另一个调节器的给定值的系统。此系统改善了过程的动态特性，提高了系统控制质量，能迅速克服进入副回路的二次扰动，提高了系统的工作频率，对负荷变化的适应性较强。串级控制系统工程应用场合如下：（1）应用于容量滞后较大的过程。（2）应用于纯时延较大的过程。（3）应用于扰动变化激烈而且幅度大的过程。（4）应用于参数互相关联的过程。（5）应用于非线性过程。正因为串级控制系统具有上述特点，所以本次设计采用串级控制系统对锅炉汽包温度进行控制。采用单片机作为主控制器，水塔温度为主被控对象，上水的流量为副被控对象，电磁阀为执行器，利用AD590传感器检测水塔温度，利用流量传感器检测上水流量。水塔温度串级控
5、制系统框图如图1.1所示，系统原理图如图1.2所示。图1.1水塔温度串级控制系统框图图1.2 水塔温度串级控制系统原理图1.2 水塔温度串级控制系统仿真水塔温度串级控制系统仿真，积分环节 Initial=0，两个检测变送环节参数设定时间常数T=0.01s，扰动通道传函为时间常数T=2s。输入信号和扰动信号皆为单位阶跃信号。扰动作用时间F1为step time=50s，仿真波形如图1.2所示。图1.2 串级控制系统仿真波形第2章 水塔温度控制系统硬件设计2.1系统对象特性设计水塔温度串级控制系统选择水塔温度为主被控对象，副被控对象为上水流量。当水塔温度变化的时候，通过控制上水流量改变水塔温度，并
6、最终使其恒定。主被控对象：水塔温度= （21）副被控对象：上水流量= （22）2.2系统检测回路设计2.2.1主控、副控回路检测环节传感器选择主控对象检测元件选择为温度传感器AD590。AD590是美国模拟器件公司生产的单片集成两端感温电流源。它的主要特性如下：1、流过器件的电流（mA）等于器件所处环境的热力学温度（开尔文）度数，即： mA/K式中：流过器件（AD590）的电流，单位为mA； T热力学温度，单位为K。2、AD590的测温范围为-55+150。3、AD590的电源电压范围为4V30V。电源电压可在4V6V范围变化，电流 变化1mA，相当于温度变化1K。AD590可以承受44V正向
7、电压和20V反向电压，因而器件反接也不会被损坏。4、输出电阻为710MW。5、精度高。副控回路检测元件选择电磁式流量传感器。导电性的液体在流动时切割磁力线，也会产生感生电动势。因此可应用电磁感应定律来测定流速，电磁流量传感器就是根据这一原理制成的。虽然电磁流量传感器的使用条件是要求流体是导电的，但它还是有许多优点。由于电极的距离正好为导管的内径，因此没有妨碍流体流动的障碍，压力损失极小。能够得到与容积流量成正比的输出信号。测量结果不受流体粘度的影响。由于电动势是在包含电极的导管的断面处作为平均流速测得的，因此受流速分布影响较小。测量范围宽，测量精度高。2.2.2采样检测电路设计为了达到测量高精
8、度的要求,选用温度传感器AD590,AD590具有较高精度和重复性，超低温漂移高精度运算放大器0P07将温度一电压信号进行放大,便于A/D进行转换,以提高温度采集电路的可靠性。采样检测电路如图2.1示。图2.1采样检测电路2.2.3 A/D转换电路A/D转换电路采用ADC0809转换器。将采集来的模拟信号转换成数字信号输出转换完成的信号EOC经反相器接单片机的P3.2口，A/D转换电路如图2.2所示。图2.2 A/D转换电路2.3控制器设计选用单片机作为控制器，对水塔温度进行控制。单片机以其功能强、体积小、可靠性高、造价低和开发周期短等优点，称为自动化和各个测控领域中广泛应用的器件，在工业生产
9、中称为必不可少的器件，尤其是在日常生活中发挥的作用也越来越大。在温度控制系统中，单片机更是起到了不可替代的核心作用。2.3.1 CPU选择单片机接受A/D 转换电路输入的数字信号，并将输入的信号进行处理和运算，以控制控制电流或者控制电压的形式输出给被控制的电路，完成控电磁阀的任务。本设计的单片机选用Atmel 公司的AT89C51 单片机，采用双列直插封装（DIP），有40个引脚与MCS51 系列单片机的指令和引脚设置兼容。AT89C51引脚图,如图2.3所示。图2.3 AT89C51引脚图2.3.4 电源设计由10V交流电供电，经过桥式整流，电容滤波，得到12V的直流电压，12V的直流电压与
10、MC7805T芯片，以及电容相接，产生+5V电压，给系统供电。图 2.6 电源电路4、参数整定控制器的参数整定是控制系统设计的核心内容。它是根据被控过程的特性确定控制器的比例系数、积分时间和微分时间的大小。因为本设计中主控制器采用控制规律，故仅对控制器的参数进行整定。参数整定的一般步骤：（1）确定比例系数确定比例系数时，首先去掉的积分项，首先令，使为纯比例调节。输入设定为系统允许的最大值的60%70%，由0逐渐加大比例系数，直至系统出现振荡；再反过来，从此时的比例系数逐渐减小，直至系统振荡消失，记录此时的比例系数，设定的比例系数为当前值的60%70%。比例系数调试完成。 （2）确定积分时间常数
11、比例系数确定后，设定一个较大的积分时间常数的初值，然后逐渐减小，直至系统出现振荡，之后在反过来，逐渐加大，直至系统振荡消失。记录此时的，设定的积分时间常数为当前值的150%180%。积分时间常数调试完成。 （3）再对参数进行微调，直至满足要求。2.4执行器选择执行器选择气开型电磁阀，通过控制阀的开度来实现流量控制。气开型是当膜头上空气压力增加时，阀门向增加开度方向动作，当达到输入气压上限时，阀门处于全开状态。反过来，当空气压力减小时，阀门向关闭方向动作，在没有输入空气时，阀门全闭。故有时气开型阀门又称故障关闭型。气关型动作方向正好与气开型相反。当空气压力增加时，阀门向关闭方向动作，空气压力减小
12、或没有时，阀门向开启方向或全开为止。故有时又称为故障开启型。气动调节阀的气开或气关，通常是通过执行机构的正反作用和阀态结构的不同组装方式实现。气开气关的选择是根据工艺生产的安全角度出发来考虑。当气源切断时，调节阀是处于关闭位置安全还是开启位置安全。第3章 水塔温度控制系统软件设计3.1 程序设计主程开始初始化采集温度e=0 ？调主PID控制程序NY输出结束采样流量调副控制器算法程序输出执行器序流程图如图3.1所示。图3.1 水塔温度控制系统主程序流程图3.2 温度控制算法程序设计本次设计采用增量式PID控制算法，来实现温度控制。增量式PID控制算法公式如下： (3-1)程序流程图如图3.2所示
13、。图3.2温度控制算法程序子程序入口计算 ee计算计算计算计算子程序返回温度控制算法程序如下：/*PID Function The PID (比例、积分、微分) function is used in mainly control applications.PIDCalc performs one iteration of the PID algorithm. While the PID function works, main is just a dummy program showing a typical usage. */ typedef struct PID int SetPoint
14、; /设定目标 Desired Value long SumError; /误差累计 double Proportion; /比例常数 Proportional Const double Integral; /积分常数 Integral Const double Derivative; /微分常数 Derivative Const int LastError; /Error-1 int PrevError; /Error-2 PID;static PID sPID; static PID *sptr = &sPID; /*= Initialize PID Structure PID参数初始化=
15、*/void IncPIDInit(void) sptr-SumError = 0; sptr-LastError = 0; /Error-1 sptr-PrevError = 0; /Error-2 sptr-Proportion = 0; /比例常数 Proportional Const sptr-Integral = 0; /积分常数Integral Const sptr-Derivative = 0; /微分常数 Derivative Const sptr-SetPoint = 0; /*= 增量式PID计算部分 =*/ int IncPIDCalc(int NextPoint) re
16、gister int iError, iIncpid; /当前误差 iError = sptr-SetPoint - NextPoint; /增量计算 iIncpid = sptr-Proportion * iError /Ek项 - sptr-Integral * sptr-LastError /Ek1项 + sptr-Derivative * sptr-PrevError; /Ek2项 /存储误差，用于下次计算 sptr-PrevError = sptr-LastError; sptr-LastError = iError; /返回增量值 return(iIncpid); 第4章 设计结论
17、本次设计的水塔温度控制系统，采用串级控制系统实现对温度的控制。此系统改善了过程的动态特性，提高了系统控制质量，能迅速克服进入副回路的二次扰动，提高了系统的工作频率，对负荷变化的适应性较强。本系统采用单片机作为主控制器，单片机以其功能强、体积小、可靠性高、造价低和开发周期短等优点，称为自动化和各个测控领域中广泛应用的器件，在工业生产中称为必不可少的器件，尤其是在日常生活中发挥的作用也越来越大。在温度控制系统中，单片机更是起到了不可替代的核心作用。本系统选取水塔温度为主被控对象，上水的流量为副被控对象，电磁阀为执行器，利用AD590传感器检测水塔温度，利用流量传感器检测上水流量。通过调节电磁阀开度
18、实现上水流量控制，进而控制水塔温度。参考文献1 孙优贤.工业过程控制技术-应用篇.北京：化学工业出版社，2006.1：79-1352 何衍庆.工业生产过程控制.北京：化学工业出版社，2004.3：77-883 邵裕森.过程控制工程（第二版）.北京：机械工业出版社，2004.8：45-904 翁维勤.过程控制系统及工程. 北京：化学工业出版社，2002.7：42-625 张毅刚.单片机原理及应用.北京：高等教育出版社，2003：126-1356 何希才.传感器及其应用电路.北京： 电子工业出版社，2001.3：134-150致谢通过本次毕业设计，我在指导老师刘南、王景芝的精心指导和严格要求下，获
19、得了丰富的理论知识，极大地提高了实践能力，并对当前自控方案设计的研究状况和发展方向有了一定的了解，这对我今后进一步学习自控系统方面的知识有极大的帮助。课程设计使我收获颇多。不仅锻炼了找资料，消化知识并进行再设计的能力，还锻炼了我的word和excel能力。并从和同学们的交流中，找到自己工作中的错误，汲取他人优秀的设计思想和方法，使自己的设计尽量达到优秀。在此，我忠心感谢刘南老师以及自动化教研室各位老师的指导和支持。在未来的工作和学习中，我将以更好的成绩来回报各位领导和老师。119（英文版 ） easily blame, to prevent the broken window effect.
20、Supervise the leading cadres to play an exemplary role, take the lead in the strict implementation of the and , lead to safeguard the solemnity and authority of the party discipline, ensure that the party discipline and the laws and regulations for implementation in place. Throughout the discipline
21、in the daily supervision and management, strengthen supervision and inspection, from the thorough investigation of violations of discipline behavior. Strengthen to key areas, key departments and key projects as well as the masses reflect the concentration of the units and departments for supervision
22、. - strengthening supervision, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to set an example for compliance with the and is a man must be hexyl, blacksmith needs its own hardware. Discipline inspection organs as the executor of the party discipline, and supervisor of the defenders, for its super
23、vision must be more strictly, discipline inspection and supervision of cadres to firmly establish the awareness of Party Constitution, sense of discipline and rules consciousness, politics loyalty, sense obey. Action speak Ji Ordinance to set an example of the regulations of the rule of law, strengt
24、hen supervision and accept the supervision of the firmness and consciousness, do comply with and . To firmly establish the discipline must first be disciplined, the supervisor will be subject to the supervision of concept, and consciously safeguard and implement party compasses party, take the lead
25、in practicing three strict real strict, so loyal, clean, play. To be good at learning, the Constitution and the as morality, politics and brought to fruition; to implement , do not want to, dare not, not with disciplinary ruler to supervision; to discipline a ruler, often the control inspection, and
26、 consciously in the ideological red line to draw the row Ming Good accumulation is indeed the bottom line, so that the heart has fear, said to have quit, the line has ended. Attached: indifferent to heart, calmly to the table in our life, there are many unpredictable things will happen, some good, s
27、ome bad things, we cannot control is powerless to stop, but with time, you will find in life sometimes turns out to be not good, some bad things finally turned out to be a good thing, but then we muddy however did not know, this is the life teach us things. 1, life can be complex, can also be simple
28、. Want simple life of precipitation, to have enough time to reflect, to make Become more perfect. Life is the most important thing is not to win, but the struggle; not to have conquered, but to have fought well. 2, the plain is the background of life. Live a plain life, give up on themselves is not
29、a coward, but the wise answers; not disillusioned after the heart, such as ashes, but experience the storm after the enlightenment; not unrewarding perfunctorily, but calm attitude of life of unrestrained self-confidence. Plain living, there is no noise noisy, no earthly troubles, more did not fill
30、in the discontent of desire, some just a calm, a calm. 3, memory of heart will not good things to erase the, life is a When no movie, pain is a beginning, the struggle is a kind of process, death is a kind of ending. Give up this giving up is the helpless, do not give up the abandoned, do not give u
31、p this giving up is ignorance, do not give up should not give up is persistent. 4, a thing figured is heaven, think impassability is hell. Since the living, to live better. Sometimes we because of too narrow-minded, too care around the chores and penny wise and pound foolish, not worth the candle. S
32、ome things to attract trouble and worry, completely depends on how we look at and deal with it. Dont always take everything back to things, and dont get into a blind alley, dont want to face, dont be narrow-minded. Poke to care, is a kind of open-minded, a free and easy. 5, I am not afraid of others
33、 behind me a knife, I afraid to look back and see stab me, is my intention to treat people; I am not afraid of the truth to tell the best friend, Im afraid he turned to it as a joke to tell dont 6, when we are in a positive frame of mind, you will find many good things; and when we are in a negative
34、 state of mind, you will find many depressed things; life happy and worry, all is you of life attitude, optimistic, good luck; loss of sink, Eritrea company. When you are in adversity, may wish to change a point of view to think everything over to the good Think, because good mentality decided the f
35、ate of the! 7, people are tired, rest; heart tired, calm. Grow up, mature, this society read. Tired and sad, squat down, to their a hug. Because the world no one can sympathize with you, have mercy on you. You cry, tears is your own; you pain, no one can understand. Then you only tears to smile. 8,
36、each people have youth,Each youth are a story, the life of the world never gets easier, I want what, wish the world all know, as has been the same; now want anything, for fear that others know, or like to lose the same. 9, the heart move, everything in the world is followed by birth, Rangrang, impor
37、tant thing is often the most difficult to open ones mouth, because words will reduce its importance; to let strangers people care about your life in the good things, the original is not easy 10, do not blame, do not laugh at who, also dont envy who. Like a person is a kind of feeling, not like a per
38、son is true. The truth is easy to explain, I feel Is unspeakable. The best travel life is that you in a strange place found a long lost touched. 11, happy life not in the bustling in, and in the peace of mind; no matter how many grievances, how uncomfortable, and ultimately to heal themselves or the
39、ir own, others may got you to comfort, but never know your heart is how wanjianchuanxin. 12, maam, like a movie, learn to appreciate, learn to be grateful, learn tolerance, and goodness, helping others. Instead of accusing the society, as into one; and an exception is better to give than to what 13,
40、 dont envy him A sum of, dont lose your life and the life, respectively is: the former is a we experienced cannot escape in a day finally will last minute, while the latter is our persistent, we want to cherish the memory of those people and things. 14, learn to smile, learn to strong, the world you
41、 know so many people, so many people and you are, you cannot change also cant let everyone like you, so also do not want to do. Life is too short to go crazy to love to go to waste, to chase the dream to regret. 15, when temper, a blessing to go. A wounding elegant people, the key is to control thei
42、r own emotions. With the mouth is the most stupid behavior. A control negative emotions than a can take a city more powerful water flow slow, language is expensive. People spent two years of time to learn to speak, but to spend a few years time to shut up. That is a kind of ability, that is a kind o
43、f wisdom. 16, life is not perfect, sometimes, growth is not a cry, not an eyeful of tears, there is no trace of emotion, there is no gleam of hope, no desire, no action, no static, there is only one kind of downward sinking feeling, sink A murky? 6? 7? 6? 7 sink? 6? 7? 6? 7 toward the bottom of the
44、sink. 17, in some way, do not go, you will not know the other side scenery is beautiful. To you is not good, you do not mind too much, no one has an obligation to you; you learn knowledge, is you have weapons, you can start from scratch, but not unarmed; how do you treat people, does not represent h
45、ow others treat you, if cannot see through this point, only inviting worry. 18, time is like a sponge in the water, as long as you are willing to squeeze, the total water is still there. Every life, after the ups and downs The best test of live, to life, survival and continuation, do not stop the struggle in the joys and sorrows of life on the road, so that different soul to bear life beat, acceptance of suffering. 19, indifferent to heart, calmly in table, elegant and comfortable life, do not take what is so important. The pursuit will be disappointed; to