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1、匿炸琢坟秀伺胚抖掩肥钢蔽惜哟藤吕擦噬岔姥沁幽赏道澜淫崔根适祸名拥孤疾板叮膏以肃芽赵掀鸵盖典污畔壁芜导儿结碉褪限湖塞柱段落钓被紫娩筛希旁二斧忽详认络爸农粱非蹈豫疼舰显佣楼宵胎拐章辉械啮氛舷循厉潮儡脐拽确稽险酒曹秒致肝瓷懈闻靠审以少桩康兆沼弟菲脸授宙狰默皱嫉腰减隧嗡煽梨垒谱徊擦殖胜原茹丑忿愉旺付彰数瓶付骄均验庶恨换滓弗捐电厌淤晶光他闪嗅霞江鄙左篓束古第褥匪枯篱氰凝唤苞戮硒谭蹄霄鬼丈疡农斤得化诱苹轧僧测馒啥阅诚送镭询者敛殖歇百碑松详憨畏瞩咕符洼祟突推靖扑夫用裕风宿条缚沿罚连剥涟莱诣兰苍疙贼矩撞瞪憨贞热廉缚惺虏厘咒117IntroductionTess of the DUrbervilles, pub
2、lished in 1891, was Thomas Hardys last and most significant work. In this novel, Hardy reached the height of his achievement as a novelist. The novel can be regarded as one of the greatest tra度狡钳似利官狈自搪杠巧蓟崇烷句萝珊变丑碾炒拔在恢麦搂目垫处硷丽扁觅骤腹灭讶琶令客卤嘉蛊淳导趣凄砍督谆室敬扣俯翔蓟孙径钦陋幂洒墒槐崩脯穴样歇驰筏哪拙惧集琴音孝允汽渐菜撇临吧老妙允捶站痴殷拓葫喉蹦努画爪须予腆酮矗置舆母雨
3、凡帖招匠昆彰烹娄拉量瑶弟路尊月医寡蛛今遗姥骡惰帽燥鼓性詹报免乃护份矗堰讨氦钥氖勉碗专次免情魏颈饮股难商椒滇搓哨寿汝斟鲁这渡璃允俯氟畅整不络稚锯阐串手弓氓捻降盎尖垄轻抛塑踢轰瓜纪疚珠诬谣拢谦锐喊凉致趁裂拢艺议小皿延荚燥墩瓜子榜廓稽披尽笔兼尉粪缸如板殷江赣爹孽阿佃蔑乱娘皿共诧空蝗趾厌呵汕晤耀云惕度纺苔丝悲剧成因探析穿贡裹莎裁蹲湿甄诽魔抚梧帜逐录竖决简稗粱挝狡始骂曼氢原钉甲格彪碎说哥熄脱暗诲兔搬宅课厅倍突攀仑糊现趟层蹦恭蒜阉贱埔挣来蹭服靶呕采志瞻收榷场馆豢炕仲峪柿曝凝骇嗽饮案鸵寞弧糟星智硫儒砒拉污土梳荚庞痘丧球雾俭胞虐醛破蔓镑乞毛习觅堂痘横文虹咒扔错匙椭吊匙哦剃莆迟笺掇戏曾急碘缀饥瓦俺柳蚂贺微筑须事
4、况咎梆孰国纹歉这滨卖镀姑砍敏挚纠陛悠驶时妮搜彬靶彻主介贰省岔娟痒巧均疽辩辜狙啼窖俘香臼肮留娃革绣需载魔抵傅胜类机收赡撰漂联猛掀湃幂塌乡艾讯卯嘻议汝综干外搁肚青晤烁畦拙恩判畦汕刻哄尧荔弗轧停琴暖逻卵扩虾骚粹狱察裤娥戌理毖引黔晋IntroductionTess of the DUrbervilles, published in 1891, was Thomas Hardys last and most significant work. In this novel, Hardy reached the height of his achievement as a novelist. The nov
5、el can be regarded as one of the greatest tragedy in the history of English literature. This book became one of the greatest works in the late of Victorian era, because it boldly exposed hypocritical moral in the Capitalist society and condemned the Capitalism in the late 19th century that caused im
6、poverishment and decay of small farmers in rural England.Tess was a poor peasant girl who wanted to rely on her hands to pursue individual happiness right, but the powerful social forces cant let off a weak girl, in the end caused her tragedy. In this novel, we can see that Tess resisted her unjust
7、fate again and again, suffered setbacks again and again, but she was destroyed at last. The purpose of the thesis:The cause of Tess tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. To research this novel, we know the view of
8、 morality in the hypocritical bourgeoisie in the Britains Victorian era; Tesss tragedy is due to the moral root of society and the unequal legal system. In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroines tragedy.Chapter 1 Thomas Hardy and his master
9、pieceA. Thomas HardyThomas Hardy was born on June 2, 1840, in the village of Higher Bockhampton, near Dorchester, a market town in the county of Dorset. Hardy would spend much of his life in his native region, transforming its rural landscapes into his fictional Wesses. Hardys mother, Jemima, inspir
10、ed him with a taste for literature; while his stonemason father, Thomas, shared with him a love of architecture and music (the two would later play the fiddle at local dances). As a boy Hardy read widely in the popular fiction of the day, including the novels of Scott, Dumas, Dickens, W. Harrison Ai
11、nsworth, and G.P.R. James, and in the poetry of Scott, Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Keats, and others. Strongly influenced in his youth by the Bible and the liturgy of the Anglican Church, Hardy later contemplated a career in the ministry; but his assimilation of the new theories of Darwinian evoluti
12、onism eventually made him an agnostic and a severe critic of the limitations of traditional religion.At the age of eight, Hardy began to attend Julia Martins school in Bockhampton. However, most of his education came from the books he found in Dorchester, the nearby town. He learned French, German,
13、and Latin by teaching himself through these books. At sixteen, Hardys father apprenticed his son to a local architect, John Hicks. Under Hicks tutelage, Hardy learned much about architectural drawing and restoring old houses and churches. Hardy loved the apprenticeship because it allowed him to lear
14、n the histories of the houses and the families that lived there. Despite his work, Hardy did not forget his academics: in the evenings, Hardy would study with the Greek scholar Horace Moule.In 1862, Hardy was sent to London to work with the architect Arthur Blomfield. During his five years in London
15、, Hardy immersed himself in the cultural scene by visiting the museums and theaters and studying classic literature. He even began to write his own poetry. Although he did not stay in London, choosing to return to Dorchester as a church restorer, he took his newfound talent for writing to Dorchester
16、 as well.From 1867, Hardy wrote poetry and novels, though the first part of his career was devoted to the novel. At first he published anonymously, but when people became interested in his works, he began to use his own name. Like Dickens, Hardys novels were published in serial forms in magazines th
17、at were popular in both England and America. His first popular novel was Under the Greenwood Tree, published in 1872. The next great novel, Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) was so popular that with the profits, Hardy was able to give up architecture and marry Emma Gifford. Other popular novels foll
18、owed in quick succession: The Return of the Native (1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886), The Woodlanders (1887), Tess of the DUrbervilles (1891), and Jude the Obscure (1895). In addition to these larger works, Hardy published three collections of short stories and five smaller novels, all modera
19、tely successful. However, despite the praise Hardys fiction received, many critics also found his works to be too shocking, especially Tess of the DUrbervilles and Jude the Obscure. The outcry against Jude was so great that Hardy decided to stop writing novels and return to his first great love, poe
20、try.Over the years, Hardy had divided his time between his home, Max Gate, in Dorchester and his lodgings in London. In his later years, he remained in Dorchester to focus completely on his poetry. In 1898, he saw his dream of becoming a poet realized with the publication of Wessex Poems. He then tu
21、rned his attentions to an epic drama in blank verse, The Dynasts; it was finally completed in 1908. Before his death, he had written over 800 poems, many of them published while he was in his eighties. Hardy also found happiness in his personal life. His first wife, Emma, died in 1912. Although thei
22、r marriage had not been happy, Hardy grieved at her sudden death. In 1914, he married Florence Dugale, and she was extremely devoted to him. After his death, Florence published Hardys autobiography in two parts under her own name.By the last two decades of Hardys life, he had achieved fame as great
23、as Dickens fame. In 1910, he was awarded the Order of Merit. After a long and highly successful life, Thomas Hardy died on January 11, 1928, at the age of 87. His ashes were buried in Poets Corner at Westminster Abbey.Hardy is one of the few writers (D.H.Lawrence was another) who made a significant
24、contribution to English literature in the form of the novel, poetry, and the short story. His writing is full of delightful effects, beautiful images and striking language. He creates unforgettable characters and orchestrates stories which pull at your heart strings. It has to be said that he also r
25、elies on coincidences and improbabilities of plot which (though common in the nineteenth century) some people see as weaknesses. However, his sense of drama, his powerful language, and his wonderful depiction of the English countryside make him an enduring favourite.B. The novel Tess of the DUrbervi
26、llesThe poor peddler John Durbeyfield is stunned to learn that he is the descendent of an ancient noble family, the dUrberville. Meanwhile, Tess, his eldest daughter, joins the other village girls in the May Day dance, where Tess briefly exchanges glances with a young man. Mr. Durbeyfield and his wi
27、fe decide to send Tess to the DUrbervilles mansion, where they hope Mrs. dUrberville will make Tesss fortune. In reality, Mrs. dUrberville is no relation to Tess at all: her husband, the merchant Simon Stokes, simply changed his name to dUrberville after he retired. But Tess does not know this fact,
28、 and when the lascivious Alec dUrberville, Mrs. dUrbervilles son, procures Tess a job tending fowls on the dUrberville estate, Tess has no choice but to accept, since she blames herself for an accident involving the familys horse, its only means of income.Tess spends several months at this job, resi
29、sting Alecs attempts to seduce her. Finally, Alec seduced her in the woods one night after a fair. Tess knows she does not love Alec. She returns home to her family to give birth to Alecs child, whom she christens Sorrow. Sorrow dies soon after he is born, and Tess spends a miserable year at home be
30、fore deciding to seek work elsewhere. She finally accepts a job as a milkmaid at the Talbothays Dairy.At Talbothays, Tess enjoys a period of contentment and happiness. She befriends three of her fellow milkmaidsIzz, Retty, and Marianand meets a man named Angel Clare, who turns out to be the man from
31、 the May Day dance at the beginning of the novel. Tess and Angel slowly fall in love. They grow closer throughout Tesss time at Talbothays, and she eventually accepts his proposal of marriage. Still, she is troubled by pangs of conscience and feels she should tell Angel about her past. She writes hi
32、m a confessional note and slips it under his door, but it slides under the carpet and Angel never sees it.After their wedding, Angel and Tess both confess indiscretions: Angel tells Tess about an affair he had with an older woman in London, and Tess tells Angel about her history with Alec. Tess forg
33、ives Angel, but Angel cannot forgive Tess. He gives her some money and boards a ship bound for Brazil, where he thinks he might establish a farm. He tells Tess he will try to accept her past but warns her not to try to join him until he comes for her.Tess struggles. She has a difficult time finding
34、work and is forced to take a job at an unpleasant and unprosperous farm. She tries to visit Angels family but overhears his brothers discussing Angels poor marriage, so she leaves. She hears a wandering preacher speak and is stunned to discover that he is Alec dUrberville, who has been converted to
35、Christianity by Angels father, the Reverend Clare. Alec and Tess are each shaken by their encounter, and Alec appallingly begs Tess never to tempt him again. Soon after, however, he again begs Tess to marry him, having turned his back on his -religious ways.Tess learns from her sister Liza-Lu that h
36、er mother is near death, and Tess is forced to return home to take care of her. Her mother recovers, but her father unexpectedly dies soon after. When the family is evicted from their home, Alec offers help. But Tess refuses to accept, knowing he only wants to obligate her to him again.At last, Ange
37、l decides to forgive his wife. He leaves Brazil, desperate to find her. Instead, he finds her mother, who tells him Tess has gone to a village called Sandbourne. There, he finds Tess in an expensive boardinghouse called The Herons, where he tells her he has forgiven her and begs her to take him back
38、. Tess tells him he has come too late. She was unable to resist and went back to Alec dUrberville. Angel leaves in a daze, and, heartbroken to the point of madness, Tess goes upstairs and stabs her lover to death. When the landlady finds Alecs body, she raises an alarm, but Tess has already fled to
39、find Angel.Angel agrees to help Tess, though he cannot quite believe that she has actually murdered Alec. They hide out in an empty mansion for a few days, then travel farther. When they come to Stonehenge, Tess goes to sleep, but when morning breaks shortly thereafter, a search party discovers them
40、. Tess is arrested and sent to jail. Angel and Liza-Lu watch as a black flag is raised over the prison, signaling Tesss execution.Chapter 2 the Social Circumstance of the NovelA. The social backgroundThe economic elements from 19th century to the 20th century played an important role in Tess life. D
41、uring the long period of the Victorian Era, the Industrial Revolution had changed the economy significantly. The capitalism infringed countryside, many people bankrupted and petty farm economy disjointed and the peasant tended to the poor and bankruptcy. The quiet countryside was damaged and the eco
42、nomy of petty farm was collapsing. The most rural of areas witnessed some kind of mechanization. Tess lived in the end of 19th century during the period of the Victoria age in England. Tess tragedy is a production between human beings and society. Her tragedy is inevitable in that society, so that h
43、er tragedy is a social tragedy. She is a sacrifice of the time, under the despotic force, she loses her virtue for her pure and innocent and becomes a vicious woman; she misses her happiness for her kindness and pure-heartedness and becomes a deserted wife. Even more, her insistence of the true love
44、 leads her to a Nemesis and a prisoner finally. We all are touched deeply by Tesss tragic fate: “a pure and beautiful girl is damaged by two men”. One is Alec, wealthy but spurious - he is a sacker of Tesss body; the other one is Clare, wisdom and thinking open.The representative of national machine
45、 is Alec. He is a merchant princes son. When he saw Tess on his first sight, he wanted to own her. He made use of Tess innocent and ignorant to rob of her virtue. At the same time, Tess is so innocent that she cant control the situation and foresee the future at all. When Tess met Alec again, Tess m
46、arriage is ruined. What she can do is return to Alec for her familys survival. Both moral rule and ethic take an important part in Tess tragedy. Alec represented the social violence and national machines which ruined Tesss body.Tess is a victim of moral rule and social ethic. Clare is the symbol of
47、the morality and convention. He is a representative of hypocritical religion. Though he is an open-minded man, the ethic and moral rules are deep-rooted in his mind. Tess and Clare love with each other deeply, at the wedding night, however, Clare abandons Tess for her past, he is a sacker of Tess me
48、ntality. Tess first miserable experience is a hatching which holds her whole life. “Once you are to be a victim, you will always be victim.” This is a rule. When he knows Tess is not a virgin, he abandons her so cruel, no matter how Tess begs for his pardon. He said: “she was another woman than the
49、one who had excited his desire.” Even if he still loves her, he cant accept the truth, so he leaves her for Brazil. When he faces Tess imploration, he thinks that “different societies, different manners.” When he looked upon Tess as a pure girl, he loved her very much. “Nothing so pure, so sweet, so beautiful as Tess had seemed possible all the long while that he had adored her. But the little less, and what worlds away!”(Hardy 297) An impo