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1、A Survey of English Lexicology,Word-formation(1),构词(Word Formation),Teaching Objectives: To help students master the rules of word formation and cultivate their ability to grasp the meanings of words through word-formation. Teaching focus: To understand and grasp the definition of the following term
2、s and their features in forming new words: derivation; compounding; conversion; abbreviation; (clipping; acronymy; blending; sound reduplication); backformation,词缀都是粘着语素，依附在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。 (Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are
3、 bound morphemes. ) Two types of affixes: 屈折词缀和派生词缀(Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes),表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. They express the following meanings:,Plu
4、rality名词复数 The genitive case 名词所有格 The comparative and superlative degrees 形容词/副词比较级、最高级 The verbal endings 动词词尾变化,e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; -en in oxen e.g. s in boys, childrens e.g. -er in words like smaller; -est in words like smallest. a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches
5、shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.,派生词缀(Derivational affixes or derivational morphemes) They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.,前缀
6、Prefixes are affixes before the root. e.g.， unjust, rewrite. As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. 后缀 Suffixes are affixes after the root By the addition of the suffix, the word is usually changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, m
7、odernize.,构词法,基本构词方法 派生法derivation 复合法blending 转化法conversion 其它构词方法 缩略法shortening/abbreviation 逆生法 back-formation 拟声法 onomatopoeia,基本构词方法,派生法derivation 派生词缀和词根结合,或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法. It is a method of word-formation by which new words are created by adding affixes to roots. It is subdivided into pr
8、efixation and suffixation. 如: 拉丁词根duc- / duct-: conduct, introduce, produce, reduce; conductive, conduit, conductor,前缀 Prefixation,前缀 Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems without changing the word class but only modifying its meaning.如: de-: “离去,出去” dehydrate (v.脱水), d
9、eorbit (v.使脱离轨道); “向下,降级” devalue,; “使逆转” decentralize; “完全的” defunct (a.已消亡的). 如: deplane, deforest, deport, defoam, defog(ger), deice(r),前缀 Prefixation,表示否定的前缀 Negative prefix a-, dis-, in-, il-, ir, im-, non-, un- a-: apolitical Dis-:dishonest in- / im- / ir- / il-: illiterate irresistible inform
10、al imbalance, incorrect, improper, illogical, irregular Non-: Un-: untidy,表示方式的前缀 Mis-: mislead, miscalculate Mal-: maltreat, malnutrition, Co-:co-operate, co-chairman 表示态度的前缀 Anti- : anti-war Counter-: counter-revlution, counter-charge re-: react, resist Pro-: pro-American, pro-Communist 表示程度的前缀 Su
11、per-: superman, super-power Under-: underfeed, underdeveloped Over-: overcareful, overdo,表示时间的前缀 Pre-: prenatal Post-: post-war Ex-: ex-serviceman Re-: rebuild 表示地点的前缀 Inter-:international Super-: superstructure Over-: overhead Sub-: subway Under-:underground,英语中三个能决定词性的前缀 En- (在b, p, m前用em-) 与名词结合,
12、 意为“使处于状态,处境” 如: enslave, empower, embody, endanger; 与形容词结合,如:enble, enrich, enlarge, endear, ensure. Be-: 与名词,形容词结合构成动词,如:befriend, becloud, benumb, becalm, belittle; 也可以加在名词之前, 使其成为带-ed的形容词,含有轻蔑或戏谑之意,如: bespectacled(戴眼镜的), benighted(不觉天黑了,愚昧的) A-: 使动词,名词变成表语性形容词,如: asleep, astir, afire, afoot,后缀su
13、ffixation,后缀suffixation: the formation of words by adding suffixes to roots. Noun suffixes Denominal nouns -Concrete: -eer, -er, -ess, -ette,-let -Abstract: -age,-dom,-ery, -hood, -ism, -ship 2) Deverbal nouns -denoting people: -ant, -ee, -ent, -er(-or) -denoting action, result, process, state: -age
14、, -al, -ance, -tion, -ence,-ing, -ment 3) De-adjective nouns: -ity, -ness 4) Nouns and adjective suffixes related to human being or nationality names: -ese, -an, -ist,形容词后缀 adjective suffixes Denominal suffixes: -ed, -ful, -ish,-ly, -y, -less, -like, -al, -esque, -ic, -ous Note: -ic and ical can be
15、affixed to the same stem, but differ in meaning, 2) Deverbal suffixes: -able(-ible), -ive, (-ative, -sive) 3) Adverb suffixes: -ly, -ward(s), -wise 4) verb suffixes: -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(-ise,派生词的结构,前缀+自由词根 prearrange, postscript, rewrite, enlarge, inapt, disloyal 自由词根+后缀 darkness, friendship, go
16、vernment, hopeful, hopeless, lifelike, darken, badly, clockwise 前缀+自由词根+后缀 inaction, improfitable, unfriendly, removal 组合形式+自由词根 predict, descend, contradict, evolve; tolerance, liberate, diction, linguist; ascendant, contradiction, intolerable, disruptive; telescope, microscope, thermograph 科技术语中组合
17、形式比比皆是,如: electrocardiogram (心电图), cineangiocardiography (心血管电影描记法),复合法(compounding),Compounding 把两个或两个以上独立的词结合在一起构成新词的方法, 也叫合成法 -the formation of words by joining two or more stems, also called composition Characteristics of Compounds -Phonetic features: The word stress usually occurs on the first
18、element. In case of two stresses, the compound has the primary and secondary stress. But there are some exceptions. -Semantic features: Semantic unity: Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. -Grammatical features: Playing a single grammatical role in a sentence,a greenhouse(玻璃
19、暖房) a green house(绿色的房子) Greenroom (演员休息室) a green room (一间绿色房间) A greenhorn一个没有经验的人 Greenback 美钞 Greenfly 蚜虫 Greenhand 生手 Greenline 轰炸线,敌我分界线 Greengrocer 蔬菜水果商,Blackguards 恶棍 Flowerpots 花盆 Eggshells 蛋壳 Lookers-on 旁观者,复合词(Formation of Compounds),复合名词 Noun compounds adj.+n.: deadline, blueprint, hard
20、 disk N.+n.: mousemat, shoelace, paperknife Adv.+n.: under-clothes, after-effect, upgrade, overburden v-ing.+n.: cleaning lady, wading bird, chewing gum, reading lamp, working party, floating bridge,5. V.+n.: swearword, breakwater,driveway, crybaby, tell-tale, jump suit 6. N.+v.: toothache, nightfal
21、l, watersupply, snowfall, frostbite 7. V.+adv.: show-off, slip-up, put-off, follow-up, sit-in, have-not 8. adv.+v: outlet, upset, upstart, onflow, outbreak, downfall,复合形容词(Adjective compounds) N.+adj.: fat-free, toll-free, line-dry, world-famous, heartsick, dog-tired,warweary, thread-bare adj.+adj.:
22、 wet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, light-blue, deaf-mute, bitter-sweet V-ing.+adj.: steaming-hot / smoking-hot, soaking-wet / wringing-wet, biting-cold / freezing-cold Adv.+adj.: ever-victorious, over-cautious, all-round n+v-ing: law-abiding, record-breaking, peace-loving, time-saving, summer-flowering 6
23、. n+v-ed: heart-felt, air-borne, home-made, hen-pecked, poverty-stricken, custom-built, town-bred,7. adj./adv. +v-ing: fresh-frozen, easy-going, familar-sounding, ever-lasting 8. adj.(adv.)+v-ed: newly-developed, well-balanced, half-baked, quick-frozen, far-fetched, hard-won 9. n(adj.)+n-ed: short-s
24、ighted, lion-hearted, hot-tempered, chicken-hearted, honey-mouthed, paper-backed, tender-hearted, sweet-tempered 10. adj.+n.: long-distance, full-length, white-collar, red-letter 11. v.+ n.: break-neck, telltale, cut-rate,复合动词(Verb compounds) (参看p.48) -转化法 (Through conversion ) nickname to nickname
25、honeymoon to honeymoon moonlight to moonlight first-name to first-name Spotlight to spotlight -逆生法 (Through backformation) lip-reading to lip-read bottle-feeding to bottle-feed mass-production to mass-produce Sight-seeing to sight-see Chain-smoker to chain-smoke,转化法(Conversion),Converting words of o
26、ne class to another (zero-derivation) smoke, walk, hunt, sight, play,转化成动词(Conversion to verbs),名词转化成动词 Noun to verb To elbow ones way through the crowd - to push ones way through the crowd 夸克 (R. Quirk)把转化成的动词与原来名词的语义关系分成七种: 表示方位的 (to put in / on N): bottle, garage, list, cage, pocket, can, corner
27、给与,提供(to provide with N): shelter, fuel, man, bloom, grease, arm camouflage 去掉 (to deprive of N): core, skin, peel, juice, dust 用来做 (to with N): hand, finger, hammer, brake, shoulder, eye, pump 象那样 (to be/act as N with respect to): nurse, tutor, father, ape, dog, captain, shepherd, monkey, wolf 使成为
28、(to make / changeinto N): ripple, fool, knight, cash, group, orphan, widow, wreck, pile 用来送 (to send/go by N): mail, ship, bicycle, telegram, boat, moter,形容词转化成动词 (Adjective to verb) (to make / become adjective): 如: dry, narrow, dim, dirty, smooth, warm, cool, empty, slow, bare, free, blind, humble,
29、 brave, rough,转化成名词 (Conversion to noun),动词转化为名词 (Verb to noun) 来自动词的名词大多表示动作或状态, 如: eats, doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, laugh,等等.这些词又往往可以和to have, to take, to give, to make 等动词连用.如: Have a look / swim / drive / smoke / try / rest / think / wash Take a look / walk / peep / ride / rest /
30、glance / stroll / turn Give a cry / laugh / grunt/ shudder / start / howl Make a move / dive/ dash/ guess/ an offer/ an attempt Result of the action: import, a catch, a find, a reply, a reject Doer of the action: cook, coach, lookout, home help - bore, cheat, flirt, scold, sneak Tool or instrument t
31、o do the action with: a cover, a cure, a wrap Place of the action: a dump, a pass, a divide, a turn, a retreat, a hide-out,形容词转化成名词 (adjective to noun) full conversion common adjectives a native a liberal finals necessaries drinkables valuables participles and others given a drunk young marrieds new
32、ly-weds,partial conversion used together with definite articles refering to a group of the kind or a single person the poor, the rich, the sick, the wealthy, the very unfortunate 固定短语: the haves and have-nots, ins and outs, ifs and therefores, pros and cons, ifs and buts, hows and whys, a must, also-ran, has-been, in, out, down,The End,Thank You!,