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1、,Chapter4 word formation,Compounding 复合法,2、,Definition:,Compounding（or composition）is the formation of words by joining two or more bases. words formed in this way are called compounds.,Characteristics of compounds,4)orthographical feature,1.Phonological Features,In compounds the wrong stress usuall
2、y occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress.,Compound,a fat head a hot house a dark horse,Free Phrase,a fat head a hot house a dark horse,2. Semantic Features,Compounds differ from free phrase in their semantic “one-w
3、ordness.,A green hand: inexperienced person. Red meat: beef or mutton. Hot dog : a typical American sausage in between two pieces of bread.,3.Grammatical Features.,The one-wordness of compounds can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphologically.,Compound Free Phrase fine art finer ar
4、t red tape reddest tape hot line hotter line,4.Orthographical Features,In most cases, compounds are written either “solid” or “hyphenated” as mentioned earlier, thus easy to recognize. But spelling conventions are not often dependable because as illustrated above some compounds can be written in all
5、 the three forms, e.g. flowerpot , flower-pot , flower pot.,Noun Compounds,n +n : moon walk ,end product n +v : toothache , frostbite v +n : crybaby , tell-tale a+ n : deadline , blueprint n+ v-ing: brainwashing , air-conditioning v- ing +n: cleaning lady , wading bird n+ v- er: stockholder, crime r
6、eporter adv +v: outbreak, downfall v+ adv: sit-in, have-not,Formation of compounds,subject + verb,Daybreak the day breaks,Glow worn the worm glows,Verb + object,Handshake shake hands Housekeeping deliver meat,Verb +adverbial,Hidingplace hide in a place Drinking cup drink out of a cup,2)Adjective com
7、pounds,a. v. + adv.: run-down 年久失修的 drive-in 开车进去的（电影院） broken-down 破旧不堪的 see-through 透明的 b. adv. + n.: off-guard 失去警惕的 off-peak 非高峰期的 off-campus 校园外的 outdoor 户外的 off-budget 预算外的 uphill 上山的 c. 其它形式的 all-out 全力以赴的 well-off 富裕的 two-year-old 两岁大的 all-round 全面的 ever-victorious 常胜的 face-to-face 面对面的 out-
8、and-out 彻头彻尾的,其他形式的合成动词： blow-dry 吹干 spin-dry 甩干 stir-fry 炒 deep-fry 炸 court-martial 军法审判 tittle-tattle 闲聊,3)Verb compounds,a. n.+ v.: caves-drop 偷听 sleep-walk 梦游 spoon-feed 灌输（知识） baby-sit 看孩子 b. adv.+ v.: overthrow 推翻 under go 经 overcharge 超额收费 overhear 听见（别人讲话） uphold 维护 uplift 提起，振奋 c. adj./adv.+ v. white-wash粉刷 blacklist 列入黑名单 ill-treat虐待,Through conversion,Nicknames （n） to nick name Moonlight（n） to moonlight,Through backformation Chain-smoker to chain-smoke mass production to mass-produce,Thank you ！,