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1、第五章 海洋法,The law of the sea,第一节 海洋法的发展史,海洋约占地球的71%之面积。由于科学技术的发展和陆地资源的减少，人类开发和利用海洋资源越来越显得迫切和重要，因此国际海洋法亦有很大的发展，出现了各种海域的划分并且确定了各国在其内的权利和义务。它对各国及其人民的利益是至关重要的，所以要求了解和掌握内水、领海、毗连区，用于国际航行的海峡、群岛水域、专属经济区、大陆架、公海、国际海底区域等海域的国际法律地位和其他有关的原则、规则和制度等国际海洋的基本知识。 一、海洋法概念 二、历次海洋法会议 三、联合国海洋法公约,海洋区域示意图,第二节 内 水（Internal wate
2、rs）,一、内水的概念 内水是指除群岛国的情形外，领海基线向陆一面的海域，亦称内海。包括领海基线内的海湾、海峡、海港及其他领海基线与海岸之间的海域。 waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the State. 二、内水的法律地位 内水的法律地位内水是国家领土组成部分，国家对它具有领土主权。未经许可，外国船舶不得进入其内从事航行、捕鱼，或其他海洋活动。 但以下两种情形不在此限： 一种是不可抗力情况发生； 另一种是由于沿海国采用直线
3、基线法确定其领海基线的效果使原来未被认为是内水的区域被包围在内而成为内水，则在此种水域内外国船舶享有与领海中相同的无害通过权。 Where the establishment of a straight baseline in accordance with the method set forth in article 7 has the effect of enclosing as internal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such, a right of innocent passage as pr
4、ovided in this Convention shall exist in those waters.,第三节 领海及毗连区,一、领海（ the territorial sea ）的概念和范围 领海是沿海国的主权及于其陆地领土及其内水以外邻接的一带海域，在群岛国的情形下则及于群岛水域以外邻接的一带海域。此项主权及于领海的上空及其海床和底土。 The sovereignty of a coastal State extends, beyond its land territory and internal waters and, in the case of an archipelagic
5、 State, its archipelagic waters, to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea. This sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as to its bed and subsoil. 领海宽度从测算领海宽度的基线起不得超过12海里。测量领海宽度的基线可采用正常基线法和直线基线法确定。,第三节 领海及毗连区,二、领海的法律地位的制度 （一）领海的法律地位 领海是国家领水的重要组成部分，具有
6、领土地位，因此，国家对其领海的资源有开发利用权并有沿海航运权、领空权、立法和执法权。但领海与陆地领土和内水不同，国家须允许外国船舶无害通过，亦即外国船舶有无害通过领海的权利。 Subject to this Convention, ships of all States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.,第三节 领海及毗连区,（二）领海中的无害通过制度 所谓无害通过是指外国船舶在不损害沿海的和平、良好秩序或安全的前提下，连续不停和迅速
7、穿过领海，在穿过领海期间不得从事任何非无害活动。 沿海国有权制定关于无害通过的法律规章、规定海道和分道航行制及行使保护权。但不得妨碍无害通过，或强加实际后果否定或损害无害通过的要求，不得对外国船只有歧视，妥为公布航行险情，不得向通过领海的外国船舶征税。,第三节 领海及毗连区,Meaning of passage 1. Passage means navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of: (a) traversing that sea without entering internal waters or calling
8、 at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or (b) proceeding to or from internal waters or a call at such roadstead or port facility. 2. Passage shall be continuous and expeditious. However, passage includes stopping and anchoring, but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordi
9、nary navigation or are rendered necessary by force majeure or distress or for the purpose of rendering assistance to persons, ships or aircraft in danger or distress. Meaning of innocent passage 1. Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coast
10、al State. Such passage shall take place in conformity with this Convention and with other rules of international law.,第三节 领海及毗连区,（三）沿海国在领海中的司法管辖权 沿海国对领海中的人和物有领土管辖权，对违反该国法律者有权行使管辖，但不应在通过领海的外国船上行使刑事管辖权，逮捕通过期间与船上所犯罪行相关的人员，或进行调查，除非罪行后果及于沿海国，或属扰乱当地安宁或沿海国的良好秩序，或经船长请求或为打击非法贩毒的需要。关于民事管辖，沿海国不得因对外国船上的人行使民事管辖而
11、停止其航行或改变它的航向，也不得为民事诉讼目的而对外国船实行执行或逮捕。 军舰和其他用于非商业目的的政府船舶在领海享有豁免权（Immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes ） 。,第三节 领海及毗连区,Contiguous zone 1. In a zone contiguous to its territorial sea, described as the contiguous zone, the coastal State may exercise the co
12、ntrol necessary to: (a) prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea; (b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea. 2. The contiguous zone may not exten
13、d beyond 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.,第三节 领海及毗连区,三、毗连区（Contiguous zone）的概念和地位 毗连区是毗连连领海并在领海之外，由沿海国对海关、财政、移民和卫生等特定事项行使管制权的一带海域。其宽度从测算领海宽度的基线量起不得超过24海里。 沿海国为行使特定的管制权可采取： 防止在其领土或领海内违反其海关、财政、移民或卫生的法律和规章的措施。 惩治在其领土或领海内违反上述法律和规章的行为。 在沿海国不设
14、定专属经济区的情形，沿海国的上述管制权不影响公海的地位，因此毗连区仍属公海。在沿海国划定专属经济区情形，毗连区属专属经济区范围。,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡,一、用于国际航行的海峡的概念 straits used for international navigation 用于国际航行的海峡，一般指构成世界性航道从而经常用于国际航行的海峡。 The regime of passage through straits used for international navigation established in this Part shall not in other respects affe
15、ct the legal status of the waters forming such straits or the exercise by the States bordering the straits of their sovereignty or jurisdiction over such waters and their air space, bed and subsoil.,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡,二、用于国际航行的海峡的航行制度 用于国际航行的海峡很多，但它们的情况不尽相同，因此所适用的航行制度也不同。有的因两端连接公海或专属经济区，且其中有穿过公海或专属经济区的航道
16、而自由航行和飞越制度。有的海峡适用无害通过制度，还有一些适用专门的国际条约规定的制度。 联合国海洋法公约规定适用过境通行制的海峡，即两端连接公海或专属经济区的特定的沿海国的海峡。 过境通行是指所有国家的船舶和飞机都在公海或专属经济区的一个部分和公海或专属经济区的另一个部分之间的用于国际航行的海峡中进行继续不停和迅速的自由航行和飞越。这种通过是不受阻碍的。但是，对继续不停和迅速过境的要求并不排除在一个海峡沿岸国入境条件的限制下，为驶入、驶离该国或自由该国返回的目的而通过海峡。行使过境通行权的船舶和飞机应遵守联合国海洋法公约第39条规定的义务。,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡,Article38 Ri
17、ght of transit passage 2. Transit passage means the exercise in accordance with this Part of the freedom of navigation and overflight solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit of the strait between one part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the hig
18、h seas or an exclusive economic zone. However, the requirement of continuous and expeditious transit does not preclude passage through the strait for the purpose of entering, leaving or returning from a State bordering the strait, subject to the conditions of entry to that State.,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡,Artic
19、le39 Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage 1. Ships and aircraft, while exercising the right of transit passage, shall: (a) proceed without delay through or over the strait; (b) refrain from any threat or use of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independ
20、ence of States bordering the strait, or in any other manner in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations; (c) refrain from any activities other than those incident to their normal modes of continuous and expeditious transit unless rendered necessa
21、ry by force majeure or by distress; (d) comply with other relevant provisions of this Part.,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡,Article39 Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage 2. Ships in transit passage shall: (a) comply with generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices for safety
22、 at sea, including the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea; (b) comply with generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices for the prevention, reduction and control of pollution from ships.,第四节 用于国际航行的海峡,Article39 Duties of ships and aircraft during tra
23、nsit passage 3. Aircraft in transit passage shall: (a) observe the Rules of the Air established by the International Civil Aviation Organization as they apply to civil aircraft; state aircraft will normally comply with such safety measures and will at all times operate with due regard for the safety
24、 of navigation; (b) at all times monitor the radio frequency assigned by the competent internationally designated air traffic control authority or the appropriate international distress radio frequency.,第五节 群岛水域,一、群岛水域（archipelagic waters ）的概念及其法律地位 群岛水域是群岛国的群岛基线所包围的水域。群岛国可以划定连接其群岛最外缘各岛和各干礁的最外缘各点的直线
25、群岛基线，以确定其群岛水域。但群岛国划定群岛基线岛水域内用封闭线划定内水的界限。 群岛国对其群岛水域具有主权，此项主权及于群岛水域的上空、海床和底土以及其中包含的资源；群岛海道的通过制度不影响包括海道在内的群岛水域的地位。但在不影响群岛国上述主权情形下，群岛国应尊重与其他国家间的现有协定，并应承认直接相邻国家在群岛水域范围内某些区域的传统捕鱼权和其他合法活动，尊重他国铺设的现有海底电缆，尊重他国在群岛水域的无害通过权和在群岛海道的通过权。,第五节 群岛水域,二、群岛水域的航行制度 在群岛水域中适用两种航行制度，即无害通过制和群岛海道通过制（archipelagic sea lanes pass
26、age ）。 无害通过制度是指所有国家的船舶均有无害通过群岛水域的权利。 群岛国为了安全的必要可在无歧视条件下，于特定区域内暂时停止这种无害通过。 群岛海道的通过制度是指外国船舶和航空器有权通过和飞越群岛国指定的群岛海道，该通过应继续不停和迅速进行。在群岛国没有指定海道或空中航道的情形，外国船舶和航空器可通过正常用于国际航行的航道，行使群岛海道通过权。关于船舶和航空器通过群岛海道时的义务、研究和测量活动、群岛国的义务以及该国关于群岛海道通过的法律规章，应按照用于国际航行的海峡的过境通行的规定比照的规定比照适用。,第六节 专属经济区,一、专属经济区的概念 专属经济区是领海之外并邻接领海的一个区域
27、，其宽度从测算领海宽度的基线量起，不应超过200海里。 在该区域内沿海国享有专属的经济主权权利和特定的管辖权。其他国家享有一定的自由权和其他权利。,第六节 专属经济区,Breadth of the exclusive economic zone The exclusive economic zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Specific legal regime of the
28、 exclusive economic zone The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, subject to the specific legal regime established in this Part, under which the rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State and the rights and freedoms of other States are governed by the rele
29、vant provisions of this Convention.,第六节 专属经济区,二、专属经济区的地位 专属经济区是自成一类的特殊海域，因为除沿海国在其内享有的专属权利外，其他国家也享有一定的权利。 沿海国的权利： 勘探和开发、养护和管理自然资源的专属权利； 对专属经济区的人工岛屿、设施和结构的建造和使用，海洋科学研究和海洋环境的保护及保全有专属管辖权； 海洋法公约规定的其他权利，如航行、飞越、铺设海底电缆和管道、拿捕海盗、临检和紧追权等。 沿海国行使上述权利时要承担联合国海洋公约规定的义务。,第六节 专属经济区,Rights, jurisdiction and duties of
30、the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone 1. In the exclusive economic zone, the coastal State has: (a) sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the
31、 seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds;,第六节 专属经济区,(b) jurisdiction as provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention with regard to: (i) th
32、e establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; (ii) marine scientific research; (iii) the protection and preservation of the marine environment; (c) other rights and duties provided for in this Convention.,第六节 专属经济区,2. In exercising its rights and performing its duties
33、under this Convention in the exclusive economic zone, the coastal State shall have due regard to the rights and duties of other States and shall act in a manner compatible with the provisions of this Convention. 3. The rights set out in this article with respect to the seabed and subsoil shall be ex
34、ercised in accordance with Part VI.,第六节 专属经济区,其他国家不论是沿海国或内陆国，在专属经济区内享有公海中的航行自由、飞越自由、铺设海底电缆和管道自由以及与这些自由相关的海洋其他国际合法用途，同时要承担相应的法律义务。 内陆国（ land-locked States ）和地理位置不利（ geographically disadvantaged States ）的国家有权在公平的基础上参与开发合同一分区域的沿海国专属经济区的生物资源的剩余部分。但应符合联合国海洋公约的规定。,Rights and duties of other States in the
35、exclusive economic zone 1. In the exclusive economic zone, all States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy, subject to the relevant provisions of this Convention, the freedoms referred to in article 87 of navigation and overflight and of the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and other inte
36、rnationally lawful uses of the sea related to these freedoms, such as those associated with the operation of ships, aircraft and submarine cables and pipelines, and compatible with the other provisions of this Convention.,第七节 大陆架,一、大陆架的概念 大陆架是指沿海国陆地领土在其领海之外的全部自然延伸，扩展到大陆边外缘的海底区域的海床和底土。大陆架宽度的限定有两种情形：一
37、种情形是从测算领海宽度的基线量起到大陆边的外缘的距离如果不到200海里，则可扩展到200海里。另一种情形是从测算领海宽度的基线量起到大陆边的外缘超过200海里的可划到200海里之外，但不得超过350海里或2500公尺等深线的100海里。,第七节 大陆架,Definition of the continental shelf 1. The continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial se
38、a throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that dista
39、nce. 2. The continental shelf of a coastal State shall not extend beyond the limits provided for in paragraphs 4 to 6.,第七节 大陆架,二、大陆架的地位 大陆架属沿海国管辖范围内的海底区域，沿海国对大陆架的矿产资源和定居种的生物资源具有专属的勘探和开发之主权权利；沿海国对大陆架的权利不取决于有效占领、象征占领或明文公告；沿海国对大陆架上的人工岛屿、设施和结构的建造和使用有专属的管辖权；沿海国对大陆架的权利不影响上覆水域及水域上空的地位。所有国家在大陆架上都有铺设海底电缆和管道的
40、权利。,第七节 大陆架,Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf 1. The coastal State exercises over the continental shelf sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural resources. 2. The rights referred to in paragraph 1 are exclusive in the sense that if the coastal
41、State does not explore the continental shelf or exploit its natural resources, no one may undertake these activities without the express consent of the coastal State. 3. The rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf do not depend on occupation, effective or notional, or on any express p
42、roclamation.,第七节 大陆架,Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of other States 1. The rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf do not affect the legal status of the superjacent waters or of the air space above those waters. 2. The exercise of the
43、rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf must not infringe or result in any unjustifiable interference with navigation and other rights and freedoms of other States as provided for in this Convention.,第七节 大陆架,三、大陆架划界 Article83 Delimitation of the continental shelf between States with o
44、pposite or adjacent coasts 1. The delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitabl
45、e solution. 2. If no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of time, the States concerned shall resort to the procedures provided for in Part XV.,第七节 大陆架,3. Pending agreement as provided for in paragraph 1, the States concerned, in a spirit of understanding and cooperation, shall make e
46、very effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature and, during this transitional period, not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of the final agreement. Such arrangements shall be without prejudice to the final delimitation. 4. Where there is an agreement in force between the
47、States concerned, questions relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of that agreement.,钓鱼岛列屿和中日东海划界,日右翼分子修理钓鱼岛灯塔（法新社图片）,中国领土钓鱼岛,钓鱼岛列屿的鸟瞰景色,中日共同开发区块示意图（来源：外交部网站）,日本公布的东海合作开发图,第八节 公 海,一、公海的概念和地位 公海（HIGH SEAS）是指不包括在国家专属经济区、领海或内水群岛国的群岛水
48、域内的全部海域。它是属于不受任何国家管辖和支配的海域，任何国家不得有效地声明其将公海任何部分归其主权支配。公海向各国开放，各国在公海享有航行自由、飞越自由、铺设海底电缆和管道的自由、建造国际法允许的人工岛屿与其他设施的自由、捕鱼自由和科学研究自由。各国利用公海只应为和平目的。,第八节 公 海,二、公海的自由制度 为了各国更好地开发利用、养护和管理公海这一人类的共同资源，使各国有序地行使各种自由权联合国海洋法公约规定了各种公海自由制度。 （一）航行自由制度 航行自由制度规定了各国的航行权、船舶的国籍、地位和船旗国的义务等。 航行权指各国均有权在公海上行驶悬挂其旗帜的船舶，不受任何强制性礼节限制，
49、也不纳任何通行税。船舶的国籍和地位的规定要求，在公海上航行的船舶必须在一个国家登记，具有该国国籍并悬挂其国旗（且只能挂该国的旗帜），否则不受保护。军舰和为政府服务的非商业性的国家船舶在公海享有完全的豁免权。船旗国应履行联合国海洋法公约第94条规定的义务。 （二）公海上捕鱼、铺设海底电缆和管道，建造人工岛屿和其他设施、科学研究的自由制度参见教材所述。公海上空的飞越适用国际航空法的规定。,第八节 公 海,Freedom of the high seas 1. The high seas are open to all States, whether coastal or land-locked. Freedom of the high seas is exercised under the conditions laid down by this Convention and by other rules of international law. It comprises, inter alia, both for coastal and land-locked States: (a) freedom of navigation; (b) freedom of overflight; (c) freedom to l