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1、Beliefs as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies,Roger Bannister,Outline,Beliefs shape reality How it works Optimizing optimism Raising our beliefs,We are what we think. All that we are arises with our thoughts. With our thoughts, we make our world. The Buddha,Pygmalion,Pygmalion,Pygmalion in the classroom (Ro
2、bert Rosenthal) In the workplace,Jamieson (1987),“Treat a man as a he is and he will remain as he is. Treat a man as he can and should be and he shall become as he can and should be.” Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,The Power of the Situation,Milgrams Obedience to Authority,Zimbardos Prison Experiment,Th
3、e (Positive) Power of the Situation,men above 75 week in “1959” resort mental and biological age decreases Langer (1989) testing eyesight Improves with role,Langer (1979),Positive Priming,Bargh (1999) Dijksterhuis & Van Knippenberg (1998) Creating a positive environment pictures (people, places, etc
4、) pleasant objects (memorabilia, flowers, etc) quotes books, films, music positive research,The Self-Help Movement,“Whatever your mind can conceive and believe it can achieve” Napoleon Hill,“Whether you think you can or cantyou are right” Henry Ford,The Self-Help Movement,“Have great hopes and dare
5、to go all out for them. Have great dreams and dare to live them. Have tremendous expectations and believe in them.” Norman Vincent Peale,Albert Bandura on Self Efficacy,“Beliefs in personal efficacy affect life choices, level of motivation, quality of functioning, resilience to adversity and vulnera
6、bility to stress and depression.” “People who regard themselves as highly efficacious act, think, and feel differently from those who perceive themselves as inefficacious. They produce their own future, rather than simply foretell it.”,Cultivated over time Curry (1997) on college athletes,Nathaniel
7、Branden on Self-Esteem,“The level of our self-esteem has profound consequences for every aspect of our existence: how we operate in the workplace, how we deal with people, how high we are likely to rise, how much we are likely to achieveand, in the personal realm, with whom we are likely to fall in
8、love, how we interact with our spouse, children, and friends, what level of personal happiness we attain.”,“Self concept is destiny.”,The Placebo Effect,Beliefs as Self-fulfilling Prophecies,Beliefs Expectations,Performance,Motivation,Consistency,Interpretation,Objective,Subjective,“I failed my way
9、to success” Thomas Edison,Optimism and Pessimism (Seligman),Interpretation style Permanent/temporary Pervasive/specific Success,Mental/physical health immune system resilience happiness longevity It can be learned!,Optimizing Optimism,What about unrealistic beliefs?,Optimizing Optimism,What about un
10、realistic beliefs? The Stockdale Paradox Positive thinking is not enough,“False optimism sooner or later means disillusionment, anger and hopelessness.” Abraham Maslow,The “Secret” of Success,Optimism, passion, hard work.,“There is no substitute for hard work.” Thomas Edison,“I am a great believer i
11、n luck, and I find that the harder I work, the luckier I get.” Thomas Jefferson,What About Happiness and Self-Esteem?,Do high expectations lead to disappointment?,Self-esteem=success/pretensions William James,Coping versus Avoidance Self perception theory (Bem, 1967) realizing the pain of actual fai
12、lure more success,On Becoming An Optimist,Just do it! (action) Imagine that (visualization) Cognitive therapy (rational thinking),Taking Action (Bandura),Hard Work Coping,Success,Self-Efficacy,To dare is to lose ones footing momentarily. Not to dare is to lose oneself. Soren Kierkegaard,Imagining Su
13、ccess,The mind as simulator (Kosslyn, 1994) Focus on journey and destination (Taylor, 2005) Involve different senses Evoke emotions,Cognitive Therapy,Thoughts drive emotion Restoring rationality/realism Highly effective An acquired skill,Avoiding the 3 Ms,Magnifying (exaggerating) Permanent and Perv
14、asive (over-generalizing) All-or-nothing thinking Minimizing (underplaying) Tunnel vision Dismissal of positive or negative Making up (fabricating) Personalization or blame Emotional reasoning,Get Real!,Is my conclusion tied to reality? Is my conclusion rational? Am I ignoring something important? W
15、hat important evidence do I still need to take into consideration? What am I magnifying? What am I minimizing? Am I ignoring anything that is going well? Am I ignoring anything that is not going well? What is the big picture?,Extremely Happy People (Diener and Seligman, 2002),Everyone experiences ne
16、gative emotions Different cognitive interpretations (pessimists vs. optimists) Self-fulfilling prophecies Spiraling down or up,Ayres, J. & Hopf, T. (1992). Visualization: Reducing Speech Anxiety and Enhancing Performance. Communication Reports, 5, 1-10. Bandura, A. (1999). Perceived Self-Efficacy in
17、 Cognitive Development and Functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28 (2), 117-148. Benson, H. (1997). Timeless Healing. Scribner. Burns, D. (1999). Feeling Good : The New Mood Therapy. Avon. Langer, E. (1989). Mindfulness. Addison-Wesley. Leahy, R. L. (2003). Cognitive Therapy Techniques: A Practiti
18、oners Guide. Guilford Publication. White, S. S. & Locke, E. A. (2000). Problems with the Pygmalion Effect and Some Proposed Solutions. Leadership Quarterly, 11, 389-415. Rosenthal, R., and Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the Classroom. New York: Rinehart and Winston. Selgiman, M. (1998). Learned Optimism : How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. Free Press.,Bibliography and Recommendations,