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1、Grammar: Modal Verbs,语法 ：情态动词,I 情态动词的定义 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气的动词，但不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有： can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) . II 情态动词的位置 情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前，谓语动词前若有助动词，则在助动词之前，疑问句中， 情态动词放在主语之前。 I can see you. Come here.
2、 我能看见你，过来吧。 He must have been away. 他一定走了。 What can I do for you? 你要什么？ How dare you treat us like that! 你怎么敢那样对待我们! 情态动词的语法特征 1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 2） 情态动词除ought 和have 外，后面只能接动词原形。 3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。, 情态动词的用法,情态动词 Modal Verbs,can和could,表
3、示能力,表示请求和允许。表示请求，口语中常用could代替can，使语气更委婉。,表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用在否定句、疑问句和感叹句中。,在肯定句中，表示客观可能性，常用来说明人或事物的特征（译为“有时会”）。要表达具体某事实际发生的可能性时，不用can，需用could，may，might。,表示对现在的动作或状态进行主观的猜测，主要用在否定句和疑问句中。,特别说明： 1.could用来表示请求时，语气委婉，主要用于疑问句，不能用于肯定句，答语应用can（即：could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中）。如： Could I use your dictionary? Yes, you c
4、an.(否定回答可用：No, Im afraid not.或者是you cant) 2.表示推测时，could不是过去式，只是语气更委婉；若是推测已发生的事或过去的情况，用can/could have done 3.can和be able to辨析 can (could) 和be able to都可以表示能力，意思上没有区别。但can只有现在式和过去式，而be able to则有更多的形式。如： Ive always wanted to be able to speak fluent English. Those bags look really heavy, are you sure you
5、ll be able to carry them on your own? 但是，表示在过去某时的某一场合经过一番努力，终于做成了某事，通常不用could，而用was/were able to来表示。这时，was/were able to相当于managed to do或succeed in doing。如： After the accident it was a long time before she was able to walk again. The fire was very big, but most people were able to escape from the bui
6、lding.,1. “cannot too”表示“无论怎么也不（过分）”。 You cannot be too careful in crossing the street. 过马路越小心越好。 You cannot praise him too much. 你怎么表扬他都不过分。 I can never thank him enough. 我对他感激不尽。 2. “cant help doing sth”表示“不禁，忍不住，不得不（做某事）” Hearing the news, I cant help laughing. 3. “cant help but do sth”表示“不禁，忍不住，
7、不得不” I cant help but be sorry about it. 我不能不为之感到遗憾。 I cannot help but admire her courage. 我情不自禁地钦佩她的勇气。 4. “cannot but do sth”表示“除此 之外，别无他法，”。 I couldnt but laugh on his funny face. 看到他那张滑稽的脸，我只能笑了笑。,表示允许、许可。否定回答一般用must not/mustnt,表示“禁止、阻止”之意，但也可以用had better not (最好别)或may not（不可以），语气较为委婉。,在表示请求、允许时，
8、might比may语气更委婉些。用May I征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在日常用语中，用Can I征询对方意见更为常见。,表示可能性的推测，通常用在肯定句和否定句中，含有“或许”“大概”“可能”之意；用might代替may时，则语气显得更加不肯定。,may用于祈使句表示祝愿,惯用句式： “may as well或might (just) as well+动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于“had better.,1.A computer _ think for itself; it must be told what to do. A. cant B. couldnt C. ma
9、y not D. might not,2. I thought you _ like something to read, so I have brought you some books. A. may B. might C. could D. must,三must和have to,表示“必须，应该”之意，语气比should，ought to强烈。其否定形式mustnt表示“不准，不应该，禁止”等意,在回答带有must的问句时，否定回答常用neednt或dont have to，表示“不必”，而不用mustnt,表示有把握的推测，意为“一定、准是”，只用于肯定句中,“必须，不得不”，意义与m
10、ust相近。但must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。,must只有一种形式，即现在式与过去式都是一种形式，而have to则涉及各种人称、时态等方面的变化形式。,两者的否定意义不同，mustnt表示“禁止，不许”，dont have to表示不必。,1. Johnny, you _play with the knife, you _hurt yourself. A. wont ; cant B. mustnt ; may C. shouldnt ; must D. cant ; wouldnt,B,2. I missed the bus, so I _ go h
11、ome on foot. A. must B. may C. can D. had to,D,注意：must 表示”偏要，硬要，一定要，坚持要做某事 -how old are you, madam? -If you must know, Im twice my sons age. Why must he do it that way? Why must it rain on Sunday?,如果你非得知道，是我儿子年龄的两倍,3.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone _ get out. A. had to B.
12、 would C. could D. was able to,D,四shall和should,用于第一、三人称构成的疑问 句，表示征求对方意见或请求 指示,其意为“要不要”、 “好吗”：,1 用于第二、三人称陈述 句中，表示说话人给对方 的命令、警告、允诺、 威胁、命令、规定、 必然性等,2表示强制，用于法令、条约、规章中，意为 “必须，应该”。,(允诺),(警告）,(命令),(威胁),(表规定),(表必然性),表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”,表示推测，用在肯定句中，对现在的 情况或可能发生的事的主观推测或期待。意为“想必，理应” 大概。 【注】should表示推断时，语气较肯定，通常是指非常可
13、能的事(因为暗示有一定的事实依据或合乎常理),还可以用在if引导的条件句中，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全不可能，相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语用should+动词原形构成，主句都一般用虚拟语气,1.should表示意外或惊讶 2.用于疑问句或感叹句中，表示意外、惊异的情绪，意为“竟会”，与why，what，how，who连用，如果是疑问句，则不需要回答。,1. Its nearly seven oclock. Jack _ be here at any moment. A. must B. need C. should D. can,2. Johnny, you _ play wi
14、th the knife, you _ hurt yourself. A. wont; cant B. mustnt; may C. shouldnt; must D. cant; shouldnt,3.Our house is on the top of the hill, so in summer the wind _ be pretty cold. A. must B. can C. ought to D. need,4. Professor Smith, many students want to see you. _ they wait here or outside? A. Do
15、B. Shall C. Will D. Would,五will和would,用于表示意志或意愿或决心。will指现在，would指过去。,表示请求、建议等和you连用，用would比用will委婉、客气。,表示习惯或倾向，意为“总是，惯于”。will至现在，would指过去。,表示推测，意为“很可能，大概”。will表示推测比should把握大，比must把握小。,表示功能，意为“能,行”。惯用形式：will do/would do表示“解决问题”、“就行”。,用于否定句中，意为“不肯”、“不乐意”,特别说明：would与used to辨析 1 He _ be a naughty boy an
16、d cause trouble.,used to,would可用来表示过去反复出现的动作，但不能表示过去存在的状态. 另外，would强调过去某种特定情况下的活动，是完全过去的事情，同现在没有联系。而used to则着眼于过去和现在的对比，隐含现在已不存在，动作或状态都可表示。Would可以表示不规则的习惯，used to则不可。,六need和dare,用于表示“需要，必要”之意。做情态动词时，仅用于否定句和疑问句，只有现在时，过去式要用neednt have，疑问式用need+人称?,否定式用need not(即neednt），,做实义动词时，其变化与一般的实义动词相同，后接带to的不定式（
17、need doing = need to be done ）, 疑问式，否定式要在前面加do的相应形式,用于表示“敢于”之意。做情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中,用作实义动词时，其变化与一般的实义动词相同。在肯定句中，dare后接带to的不定式；否定句中，dare后既可接带to的不定式，也可接不带to的不定式。,判断正误:,How dare you say such a thing? How dare you to say such a thing?,He darent to speak English before such a crowd, did he
18、? He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?,Nobody need to be afraid of catching the disease. Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease.,need 的被动含义：need，want, require 后面接doing 也可表示被动 need doing =need to be done,-Need I hand in my exercise book at once? -Yes, you_. A. must B. need C.
19、can D. will,析：选A。根据规定need用于一般疑问句作肯定回答应换成must,而作否定回答时，使用need的否定式neednt。,七ought的用法：,表示“应该”之意,表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别,说明：should与ought to 表示“应该”时的区别 You_ help them with their work. You are his father. You _get him to receive good education.,should 表示自己的主观看法，而ought to的语气中，含有“按道理应该”之意。若要反映客观情况或涉及法律义务和规定，一般用o
20、ught to。,should,ought to,八“情态动词+have done”用法,表示对过去已经发生的行为进行肯定推测，意为“想必，准是，一定做了某事”只用于肯定句,表示对过去已发生行为的可能推测，意为“也许/或许已经（没有）“。一般用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑问句。用might则表示语气更加不肯定。,表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中。（can换成could时语气委婉）,可用于肯定句中，表示“可能已经”之意，此外，还可以表示过去能做而没做的事，有一种对过去为付诸实施的事情的惋惜。,表示“本来可能，但实际上没有发生的事情”。另外，还可以表示“本来应该或可以做
21、某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。,用于肯定句时，表示本该做某事，而实际上未做；用于否定句时，则表示不该做的事反而做了。,表示做了本来不必去做的事。,用于事后的建议，含轻微责备的口吻，意为“当时最好做了某事”，其否定式had better not have done表示相反的含义。,表示“当时宁愿做了某事”，其否定式would rather not have done表示相反的含义，两者都表示“后悔”之意。,He must be reading, _ he? You must know the answer to the question, _ you? He must have gone ov
22、er the article, _he? It must have rained last night, _ it?,表猜测语气的反意疑问句的构成,isnt,dont,hasnt,didnt,1. The thief _ in from the kitchen window as the door was closed. A. may climb B. must have climbed C. could have climbed D. should have climbed 2. I posted the letter a week ago. Then they _ the letter b
23、y now. It usually takes four days. A. can have received B. must receive C. should receive D. ought to have receive 3. There were already five people in the car, but they managed to take me as well. It _ a comfortable journey. A. cant B. shouldnt be C. must have been D. couldnt have been,4. Peter _ c
24、ome with us tonight, but he isnt very sure. must B. can C. may D. will,C,5. - Could I call you by your first name? - Yes, you_. A. will B. could C. may D. might,C,6. Sorry, I m late. I _ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again. might B. should C. can D. will,A,7.-Excuse me, but
25、I want to use your computer to type a report. -You _ have my computer if you dont take care of it. A. shant B. might not C. neednt D. shouldnt,A,8. -When can I come for the photos ? I need them tomorrow afternoon. -They _be ready by 12 : 00 . A. can B. should C. might D. need,B,9. With so much work
26、on hand, you _to see the game last night. A. mustnt go B. could have gone C. shouldnt go D. shouldnt have gone,D,1. The room is so dirty. _ we clean it? Of course. (2003北京春) A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do 2. “The interest _be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides. A
27、. may B. should C. must D. shall 上述两题均考查 shall的含义，当shall 用于一、三人称疑问句中时，表示征求对方意见；用于二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。,1. Jack described his father, who _ a brave boy many years ago, as a strongwilled man. （2010 安徽卷） A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been 答案：D 解析：句意为“杰克把他的父亲描述为一个意志坚强
28、的人，他的父亲多年前肯定很勇敢”用must have been表示对过去事情的肯定推测。,高考真题,2. You _ buy a gift, but you can if you want to. （2010 湖南卷） A. must B. mustnt C. have to D. dont have to 答案：D 解析：dont have to 意为“没有必要”，符合语境，句意为：“你没有必要买礼物，但如果你想买的话，你也可以买。”,3. I have told you the truth. _ I keep repeating it? （2010 江西卷） A. Must B. Can
29、C. May D. Will 答案：A 解析： must 必须, 一定 can 可以, 能够， may 也许，will 意愿, 倾向性动作。前半句说我告诉你事实了, 这里用的是现在完成时, 表示过去的动作对现在造成了影响, 既然我已经说了, 我还必须重复一遍吗？,4. I_ have watched that movie itll give me horrible dreams. （2010山 东卷） A. shouldnt B. neednt C. couldnt D. mustnt 答案：A 解析：句意应为“我本来不应该看那部电影的-它会使我做噩梦的。”表示“本来不应该做而做了某事”用sh
30、ouldnt have done, 所以A项正确。,情态动词() 1(2011唐山模拟)What do you think of the film Avatar? It _ be better. I even want to see it twice. Awont Bcouldnt Cshouldnt Dmightnt,答案： B,2(2011东北三校联合模拟)Mum，would you please buy me an MP5 player? If you can help do the dishes the whole vacation，you _ have one as a reward
31、. Amust Bneed Cwould Dshall,答案： D,3(2011郑州一检)I dreamed of some animals running on the moon. It _ be. There is no air or water on the moon，you know. Acant Bmay not Cshouldnt Dmustnt,答案： A,4(2011南通名校联考)He is a badtempered man，but he _ be quite charming when he is cheerful. Ashall Bmust Cdare Dcan,答案：
32、D,5(2011海淀模拟)Where are you going for your holidays? I havent decided yet. I_ go to England. Acan Bmay Cmust Dought to,答案： B,1. Guess what! I have got A for my term paper. Great! You _ read widely and put a lot of work into it.上海卷 A.must B.should C.must have D.should have,以下来自近年高考试题，请选择最佳答案,C,2.In cr
33、owded places like airports and railway stations， you _ take care of your luggage.北京卷 A.can B.may C.must D.will 3.My MP4 player isnt in my bag. Where_ I have put it? 福建卷 A.can B.must C.should D.would,C,A,4.Hows your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful? It _ be，but it is now heavily polluted.
34、A.will B.would C.should D.must 5.My cats really fat. You_have given her so much food. A.wouldnt B.couldnt C.shouldnt D.mustnt,C,C,6.I told your friend how to get to the hotel，but perhaps I _ have driven her there.陕西卷 A.Could B.must C.night D.should 7.The boss has given everyone a special holiday，so
35、we _ go to work tomorrow. A.cant B.mustnt C.neednt D.shouldnt,D,C,8. What do you think we can do for our aged parents? You _ do anything except to be with them and be yourself.重庆卷 A.dont have to B.oughtnt to C.mustnt D.cant 9.Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday. You_it in the
36、wrong place.江西卷 A.must put B.should have put C.might put D.might have put,A,D,10.What does the sign over there read? “No person_ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area.” 四川卷 A.will B.may C.shall D.must,C,1. Isnt that Anns husband over there? No, it _ be him. Im sure he doesnt
37、wear glasses. (04全国I 29) A. cant B. must not C. wont D. may not 2. Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. You _ her last week. (04福建32) A. ought to tell B. would have told C. must tell D. should have told 3. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I _ report it to the police? (04广西21
38、) A. should B. may C. will D. can 4. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up. (04广西27) A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving 5. Excuse me. Is this the right way to the Summer Palace? Sorry, I am not sure. But it _ be. (04湖北26) A. m
39、ight B. will C. must D. can,6. Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report. You _ have my computer if you dont take care of it. (04湖南28) A. shant B. might not C. neednt D. shouldnt 7. I dont mind telling you what I know. You _. Im not asking you for it. (04江苏22) A. mustnt B. may not
40、C. cant D. neednt 8. Mum, Ive been studying English since 8 oclock. _ I go out and play with Tom for a while? No, Im afraid not . Besides, its raining outside now. (04辽宁29) A. Cant B. Wouldnt C. May not D. Wont 9. You _ be tired youve only been working for an hour. (04全国II 29) A. must not B. wont C.
41、 cant D. may not 10. Children under 12 years of age in that country _ be under adult supervision when in a public library. (04上海28) A. must B. may C. can D. need,11. Who is the girl standing over there? Well, if you _ know, her name is Mabel. (04天津31) A. may B. can C. must D. shall 12. I _ pay Tracy
42、 a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday. (04浙江26) A. should B. might C. would D. could 13. “The interest _ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. (04重庆24) A. may B. should C. must D. shall 14. He paid for a seat, when
43、he _ have entered free. (05年山东34) A. could B. would C. must D. need 15. He _ have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside. (05年北京26) A. should B. must C. wouldnt D. cant,16. I _ have been more than six years old when the accident happened. (05年天津14) A. shouldnt B
44、. couldnt C. mustnt D. neednt 17. Ive taken someone elses green sweater by mistake. It _ Harrys. He always wears green. (05年广东33) A. has to be B. will be C. mustnt be D. could be 18. Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today? Something _ to him. (05年江西22) A. must happen B. should have happe
45、ned C. could have happened D. must have happened 19. The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the World Wide Wait because it _ be very slow. (05年浙江9) A. should B. must C. will D. can 20. Lucy doesnt mind lending you her dictionary. She _. Ive already borrowed one. (05年湖南24) A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt,