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1、Literary Translation 广东外语外贸大学高级翻译学院 张保红 2012.05.,引言： 1）谈翻译的书，特别是谈文学翻译的书，一般有两大类：一类是纯粹探讨翻译理论的书，搞翻译的人大都不看，看也看不下去；一类是单纯探讨翻译技巧的书，这类书有些是不怎么做翻译的人“研究”出来的，不是隔靴搔痒，也多是纸上谈兵，所谓的实用指南并不能用到实践中去。 文学翻译工作者戒 （译事十戒；译事十法） 英语世界2012（3）：4-6,2)文学翻译由来已久，而且现在的本科翻译专业基本上走的都是文学翻译的老路子，仍然重复文学翻译的课程设置, 中国翻译2012（1）：26 (文学翻译“假想敌”) 3)用文
2、学翻译的例子研究了普适性的翻译问题；文学翻译是基础、训练、修养与提高。 4)审美忠实：不可叛逆的文学翻译之重 英语世界2012（2）：4-6,主要内容 1 文学语言的基本特性 2 文本层次论与翻译研究 3 文学译者的素质要求 4 文学翻译的原则 5 译例演示,一 文学语言的基本特性 指义性 VS 审美性 1 外部指涉性（他指性）VS 自我指涉性（自指性） 2 直接指涉性（直指性）VS 间接指涉性（曲指性） 3 真实指涉性（真值性）VS 虚假指涉性（虚指性）,文学语言的自指性: 使语言话语突出和显示自身。其表现在： -语音：日常语言注重意思的表达，发音是否悦耳动听，节奏是否抑扬顿挫等就顺其自然、
3、比较随便；文学语言关注发音谐拗、节奏疾徐、韵律有无等。 -语法：文学语言往往会偏离日常语言语法规范，如语序调整，词性变换等。 目的:增强语言的审美效果，激发读者审美感知和审美情感。,Sweet and Low Alfred Tennyson Sweet and low, sweet and low, Wind of the western sea, Low, low, breathe and blow, Wind of the western sea! Over the rolling waters go, Come from the dying moon, and blow, Blow hi
4、m again to me; While my little one, while my pretty one, sleeps.,轻轻地，柔和地 阿尔弗雷德丁尼生 轻轻地，柔和地，轻轻地，柔和地， 西方吹来海风； 轻轻地，柔和地吹拂， 西方吹来海风！ 西边吹来，月色朦胧， 吹过波涛汹涌； 吹得他回家呵， 亲亲睡着的宝宝，可爱的宝贝。,重译： 西海的风啊， 你轻轻地吹，轻轻地唱 西海的风啊， 你轻轻地，轻轻地吹呀唱， 越过波涛翻滚的海洋， 掠过明月西沉的夜空，吹呀 再把他吹到我的身旁； 我的小宝宝，我的乖宝宝，睡呀睡得香。,A young lady home from school was ex
5、plaining. “Take an egg,”she said, “and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex, then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.” An old lady who was listening exclaimed: “It beats all how folks do
6、things nowadays. When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end and sucked.”,译文： 一个刚从学校回来的年轻女士正在解释。“拿一个鸡蛋，”她说，“在底部打一个孔，在顶点上打一个相应的孔。然后把嘴唇放在孔上，用力吸气，蛋壳里的东西就会完全抽空了。”一个听她讲的老妇人惊叫道：“如今的人做事真奇怪，我作小孩的时候，他们一头打个洞，就吸干了。”,译文： 一位刚从学校回家的女学生正在解释：“取一枚鸡蛋，”她说，“在蛋的底部打一个小孔，再在蛋的顶点上打一个对应的小孔。然后将嘴唇置于该孔之上并用力吸气，壳内之物则尽释无遗。”一位听她
7、讲话的老太太嚷了起来：“如今的人做事真叫人摸不着头脑，我作姑娘的那阵儿，人们把蛋一头磕一个洞，嘶溜儿一嘬就吃了。”,2.文学语言的曲指性： 采用曲折迂回手法表达意思 -原因：作者的表意策略；形象指涉的内容具有某种不可穷尽性特点；读者想象与回味的审美要求。 -表现：各种修辞手段或含蓄手法。 -结果：“言有尽而意无穷” “言在此而意在彼” “不着一字，尽得风流”。 -目的：强化和深化审美效果和艺术感染力。,三驼图（明）李士达 张驼提盒去探亲，李驼遇见问原因， 赵驼拍手哈哈笑，世上原来无直人。,寻隐者不遇 贾岛 松下问童子， 言师采药去。 只在此山中， 云深不知处。,标题的翻译 A Note Lef
8、t for an Absent Recluse - tr. Witter Bynner A Call on the Recluse Who Is Just Out - tr. Sun Dayu A Hermit Visited but not Encountered - tr. Wan Changsheng & Wang Jianzhong Looking for a Recluse but Failing to Find Him - tr. Burton Watson An Unsuccessful Visit to an Absent Recluse - tr. Wang Dalian,译
9、文1：留下便条给隐者， 译文2：拜访， 译文3：隐者， 译文4：行为过程， 译文5：寻访失败。 洛中访袁拾遗不遇（孟浩然） 寻西山隐者不遇（丘为） 寻陆鸿渐不遇（皎然） 春日与裴迪过新昌里访吕逸人不遇（王维） 访戴天山道士不遇（李白）,3.文学语言的虚指性： 指涉的内容不是外部世界中已存在的实事，而是虚构的假想情景。 原因：由文学创作活动的想象和虚构的特点所决定。指涉虚构情景的陈述，称为“虚假陈述” 。 目的：以想象的真实、情感的真实制造出人们颇能接受，又能更有效地感染他们，打动他们的某种美学效果。 贺拉斯说：“虚构的目的在引人喜欢。”,归园田居（其一） 陶渊明 少无适俗韵，性本爱丘山。 误落
10、尘网中，一去三十年。 羁鸟恋旧林，池鱼思故渊。 开荒南野际，守拙归园田。 方宅十余亩，草屋八九间。 The land I own amounts to a couple of acres The thatched-roof house has four or five rooms. Elms and willows shade the eaves in back, Peach and plum stretch out before the hall. (tr. James R. Hightower),惠崇春江晓景 苏轼 竹外桃花三两枝，春江水暖鸭先知。 蒌蒿满地芦芽短，正是河豚欲上时。 Whe
11、n old bamboo sets off a few peach blooms And one wild duck calls out, “The Waters fine!” - tr. Gordon Osing & Min Xiaohong,总结： -文学语言的特性：指义性与审美性。审美性以指义性为前提，蕴涵于指义性中。 -审美性体现在自指性、曲指性与虚指性。 -指义性相对显在、直接，审美性相对潜在、间接。 -文学翻译不只是作品语言指义性的翻译，更为重要的是作品语言审美性的翻译。,二 文本层次论与翻译研究 要素论 层次说 1）形式与内容 内容：题材、主题、人物、环境、情节等 形式：体裁、结
12、构、语言、各种表现手法等,2）“言”、“象”、“意”三要素，逐层深入的层次结构。三国时的经学家王弼曰： 夫象者，出意者也。言者，明象者也。尽意莫若象，尽象莫若言。言出于象，故可寻言以观象；象先于意，故可寻象已观意。意以象尽，象以言著。,3）现象学家英伽登的“五分法”： 字音层：字音、字形等语义与审美意义。 意义单位：句法结构都有它的意义单元。 图式化方面：每一所写客体都是由诸多方面构成，在文学作品中出现时只能写出其某些方面。 被再现客体：文学作品中所表达的人、物、情、事等。 形而上性质层：揭示生命和存在更深的意义，如作品中所表现出的悲剧性、戏剧等。 这五这个层面逐层深入，彼此沟通，互为条件，成
13、为一个有机的统一体。,4）童庆炳的“三分法” ： 文学话语层： 呈现于读者面前、供其阅读的具体话语系统。 除具有形象性、生动性、凝炼性、音乐性外，还具有内指性（指向文本中的艺术世界）、心理蕴含性（蕴含了作家丰富的知觉、情感、想象等心理体验）、阻拒性（打破某些语言的常规引起人们的注意和兴趣，从而获得较强的审美效果。）,文学形象层： 读者经过想象和联想在头脑中唤起的具体可感的动人的生活图景。 文学意蕴层： 文本蕴含的思想、感情等内容。 可分为历史内容层（包含一定的社会历史内容），哲学意味层（对宇宙人生所作的形而上的思考）以及审美意蕴层。 （5 译例演示）,三 文学译者的素质要求 要求译者具有： 1
14、 良好的职业道德 2 扎实的双语语言功底 3 广博的文化知识,职业道德：“就是责任心，对自己负责，对他人负责，对艺术负责。换言之，也就是要真实，对自己真实，对他人真实，对艺术真实。” 扎实的双语语言功底：具有较强的驾驭译出语和译入语的双语能力，具有较为出色的双语写作技能，能正确理解原文，熟练运用双语。 广博的文化知识：相关国家的文化背景知识（如历史、宗教、政治、地理、军事、外交等），中西文化差异的知识以及翻译理论与翻译研究相关学科的知识（如语言学、哲学、文学、美学、心理学等）。 就文学翻译而言，还要求译者突出具备以下几个方面的素质。,1 语言的感悟力 As the alarm clock bu
15、rrs, the bedroom curtains swing silently apart, the Venetian blinds snap up and the thermostat boosts the heat to a cozy 70. The percolator in the kitchen starts burbling; the back door opens to let out the dog. The TV set blinks on with the days first newscast: (The Age of Miracle Chips) （作者的用心）,As
16、 the alarm clock burrs , the bedroom curtains swing silently apart, the Venetian blinds snap up and the thermostat boosts the heat to a cozy 70. The percolator in the kitchen starts burbling; the back door opens to let out the dog. The TV set blinks on with the days first newscast:,No nightingale di
17、d ever chaunt More welcome notes to weary bands Of travellers in some shady haunt Among Arabian sands： A voice so thrilling neer was heard In spring-time from the cuckoo-bird Breaking the silence of the seas Among the farthest Hebrides. （读）,An individual human existence should be like a riversmall a
18、t first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual be
19、ing. (How to Grow Old B. Russel),An individual human existence should be like a riversmall at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, witho
20、ut any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. (How to Grow Old B. Russel),The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds - even thousands - of years. The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic-arched gateway of aged brick and st
21、one. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. （上下左右前后看）
22、,The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. The din of the stall-holder crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers argu
23、ing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.,Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. The earthen floor, beaten hard by countless feet, deadens the sound of footsteps, and the vaulted mud-brick walls and roof
24、 have hardly any sounds to echo. The shop-keepers speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers, overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit . (The Middle Eastern Bazaar),事理可以专从文字的意义上领会，情趣必从文字的声音上体验。 （朱光潜诗论三联书店1984年112页）,丰富的想象 The mountain is eating away the setting sun; (tr. Wu Juntao) As
25、 daylight fades along the hill. ( tr. J. Turner) The sun is setting behind the mountains. (tr. Wen Shu etc.) The pale sun is sinking behind the mountain,. (tr. Wang Shouyi (tr. Xu Yuanchong) The sun beyond the mountains glows,The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere,
26、and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. (Pub Talk and the Kings English),Fog C. Sandburg The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then move on.,3 丰富的情感 A Red, Red Rose O, my luve is like a red,
27、red rose, Thats newly sprung in June. O, my luve is like the melodie, Thats sweetly played in tune. As fair art thou, my bonie lass, So deep in luve am I, And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry.,Till a the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun! And I will luve
28、thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run. And fare thee weel, my only luve! And fare thee weel, a while! And I will come again, my luve, Tho it were ten thousand mile!,汉乐府古辞“上邪” 上邪！吾欲与君相知， 长命无绝衰。 山无陵， 江水为歇， 冬雷震震， 夏雨雪， 天地合， 乃敢与君绝！,唐代敦煌曲子词“菩萨蛮” 枕前发尽千般愿， 要休且待青山烂。 水面上称锤浮， 只待黄河彻底枯。 白日参辰现， 北斗
29、回南面。 休即未能休， 且待三更见日头。,明代民歌“劈破玉分离” 要分离，除非天做了地。 要分离，除非东做了西。 要分离，除非官做了吏。 你要分时分不得我， 我要离时离不得你。 就死在黄泉，也做不得分离鬼！,4 审美艺术修养 音乐 Sweet and Low Alfred Tennyson Sweet and low, sweet and low, Wind of the western sea, Low, low, breathe and blow, Wind of the western sea! Over the rolling waters go, Come from the dyin
30、g moon, and blow, Blow him again to me; While my little one, while my pretty one, sleeps.,译文： 西海的风啊， 你轻轻地吹，轻轻地唱 西海的风啊， 你轻轻地，轻轻地吹呀唱， 越过波涛翻滚的海洋， 掠过明月西沉的夜空，吹呀 再把他吹到我的身旁； 我的小宝宝，我的乖宝宝，睡呀睡得香。,天域 轻轻地 你抚摸着我的脸庞 静静地 把温暖洒在我身上 虽然我看不到你的身影 可是我知道 你就在我的身旁 轻轻地 树叶在微风中歌唱 静静地 远处飘来阵阵花香 虽然没见过你美丽的容颜 可是我知道 你就在我的身旁 我的身旁 歌声里
31、 白云在蓝天上飘过 歌声里 鲜花在草丛中开放 歌声里 我看到了美丽的姑娘 歌声里 我走进广阔的天域 (徐缓的感觉),亲亲我的宝贝 亲亲我的宝贝 我要越过高山 寻找那已失踪的太阳 寻找那已失踪的月亮 亲亲我的宝贝 我要越过海洋 寻找那已失踪的彩虹 抓住瞬间失踪的流星 我要飞到无尽的夜空 摘颗星星作你的玩具 我要亲手触摸那月亮 还在上面写你的名字 啦啦呼啦啦啦呼啦啦 （主题）,东北民歌 摇篮曲 月儿明,风儿静,树叶遮窗棂.蛐蛐儿叫铮铮,好比那琴弦儿声. 琴声儿轻,调儿动听,摇蓝轻摆动.娘的宝宝闭上眼睛,睡了那个睡在梦中。 夜空里,卫星飞,唱着那“东方红“.小宝宝睡梦中,飞上了太空. 骑上那个月儿,
32、跨上那个星,宇宙任飞行. 娘的宝宝立下大志,去攀那个科学高峰. 报时钟,响叮咚,夜深人儿静.小宝宝快长大,为祖国立大功. 月儿那个明,风儿那个静,摇蓝轻摆动啊.娘的宝宝睡在梦中,微微地露了笑容 （基调）, 舞蹈 My Papas Waltz T. Roethke The whiskey on your breath Could make a smal boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy. We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My m
33、others countenance Could not unfrown itself.,The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one knuckle; At every step you missed My right ear scraped a buckle. You beat time on my head With a palm caked hard by dirt, Then waltzed me off to bed Still clinging to your shirt.,赠张云容舞 杨贵妃 罗袖动香香不已，红蕖袅袅秋烟里。 轻
34、云岭上乍摇风，嫩柳池边初拂水。 Dancing Wide sleeves sway, Scents, Sweet scents Incessant coming. It is red lilies, Lotus lilies, Floating up, And up, Out of autumn mist.,Thin clouds, Puffed, Fluttered, Blown on a rippling wind Through a mountain pass. Young willow shoots Touching Brushing The water Of the garden p
35、ool. Tr. Amy Lowell,英译唐人绝句百首129-130页上说： 这首诗译得很好，竟不妨说比原诗好。原诗只是用词语形容舞态，译诗兼用声形来象征。 翻译的艺术118页上说：原诗读了好像看见唐代宫女在轻歌曼舞一样。而译诗给我的感受，却象听见美国女郎在酒吧间跳摇摆舞，时快时慢，如痴如醉，印象大不相同。 外国语1993（6）：27-30上说，经过三维九方诗美的分析，“原诗音调轻盈舒缓”“译诗失去了原诗整齐的节奏；没有音步，只有参差不起的音节；节奏中夹着快速与急促。” 外国语1994（2）：24上说：由于原诗予人的广义意象舞、舞步、舞曲的作用，译者大胆地将四行原诗处理成现在的十九行了。,绘
36、画 River-snow A hundred mountains and no birds, A thousand paths without a footprint; A little boat, a bamboo cloak, An old man fishing in the cold river-snow. - tr. Witter Bynner,Rain；empty river；a voyage Fire from frozen cloud heavy rain in the twilight Under the cabin roof was one lantern The reed
37、s are heavy；bent and the bamboos speak as if Weeping （Ezra Pound）,雕塑 Myron 米隆（希腊） Discus Thrower 掷铁饼者,诱导性顷刻 玉阶生白露，夜久侵罗袜。李白玉阶怨 The jewelled steps are already quite white with dew, 木落秋草黄，登高望戎虏。李白古风 Trees fall, the grass goes yellow with Autumn.,潘鹤 孺子牛,回顾性顷刻 十五始展眉，愿同尘与灰。李白长干行 At fifteen I stopped scowl
38、ing, Cf. But at fifteen I straightened my brows and laughed. 中有冥寂士，静啸抚清弦。郭璞游仙诗之三 The lone man sits with shut speech, -tr. W. Bynner,Stone-breakers Gustave Courbet 碎石工 库尔贝（1819-1877） （法）,双向性顷刻的“节点” 同居长干里，两小无嫌猜。李白长干行 And we went on living in the village of Chokan: 鸡鸣海色动，谒帝罗公侯。 月落西上阳，余辉半城楼。李白古风十八 And t
39、he princes still stand in rows, about the throne, And the moon falls over the portals of Sei-go-yo, And clings to the walls and the gate-top.,四 文学翻译的原则 原则标准与具体标准 原则标准：“忠实、通顺、美” 为文学翻译指明了追求的方向与目标； 具体标准：“忠实、通顺、美”之下蕴涵的丰富性与多样性的阐释为文学翻译的具体操作提供了方法和手段。,五 译例演示 The First Snow (Longfellow) The first snow came.
40、How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the lea
41、den sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches.,What silence, too, came with the snow, and what seclusion! Every sound was muffled, every noise changed to something soft and musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels! Only the chiming of sleigh-b
42、ells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of children.,审美鉴赏 1. 声音美 2. 节奏美 3. 意象美 4. 修辞美 5. 错综美 6. 感知美 7. 绘画美 8. 宁静美 9. 境界美,1. 声音美（long vowels）(53/118=45%)（雪花片片、徐徐降落）,Voiceless consonant（微风轻拂 雪花飘飞）,长元音和流辅音（l/ r/ m/ n）多会使节奏放慢 （王佐良）,2. 节奏美 长短句的运用 (- 代表一个词) -。-， - ，-， -， - ，-， -! -，-；-, -。-, - ,-
43、, -！-, -。-,-！-, -。 - 短长长短短短长 - 长短相间、形式曲折变化、跌宕起伏、心物同构（整体舒缓，但波澜起伏-!） 节奏的功能 - 舒缓;平和;宁静;沉思,3. 意象美 the first snow - the first love - the first kiss - the first lady - the first aid - the first night (戏剧等初次上演的夜场) - First Cause （造物主、上帝）, seclusion: (place / mood) the state of being private and away from ot
44、her people - seclude oneself from society - a secluded life - a secluded spot 问君何能尔？心远地自偏。 (Secluded heart creates secluded place), the hearts of children - the hearts of men / women / youth My heart leaps up when I behold William Wordsworth My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So w
45、as it when my life began; So is it now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The Child is father of the Man; I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety.,4. 修辞美 parallel construction / antithesis - all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows
46、, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! - Every sound was muffled, every noise changed to something soft and musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels!, diction - all white save the river not “except” - across the landscape not “scenery” - winding black line not “twis
47、ting” - the chiming of sleigh-bells- not “ringing/ jingling”,5. 错综美 How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! （错综：上下上下） （改写：从上至下） （ on the mountains, on the roofs of the living, on
48、the graves of the dead，on the meadows! ）,All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches. 近大/ the river远小/ marked its course by a winding black line近大/ the landscape； 近低/ the leafless trees远高/ the leaden sky近低/ the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches.,6. 感知美 （时间过程、同时并发、经验的传达） How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mou