句子成分和句子种类.ppt

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1、句子成分,句子是一个语言单位，表示一个完整独立的意思。它是由不同成分构成的，一般分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等七种成分。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。,主在前、谓在中，宾语、状语后面冲。 短语定语主宾后，形、代定语主宾前。 间宾直宾紧相依，直、间之间to、for连。 宾补位于宾语后，地状常在时状前。,【考点扫描】,（一）命题趋势 在中考中，虽然没有将句子成分的划分作为一种题型去考查，但是了解句子的各个组成部分，会有利于同学们对英语句子的理解，正确使用 英语句子，从而提高每个题目的得分率。 （二）突破方法 1、掌握主语谓语之间人称和数的一致。 2、区分双宾语和复合宾语。 3、

2、了解英语句子成分与汉语的不同，在 英语书面表达中，写出标准的句子。,【知识清单之一】,、带两个宾语的动词有 bring, give, show, send, pass, tell 等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。,My father bought me a digital camera. 间接宾语 直接宾语,2、接to的动词有：give, bring, pass, lend, sell, send, show, tell, write等。,Give the letter to your mother. 把信给你的母亲。,直接宾语 间接宾语,Give your mother the lett

3、er.,接for的动词有：buy, find, cook, draw, get, sing等。,Can you find me my bag?,Can you find my bag for me? 你能帮我找我的包吗？,直接宾语 间接宾语,这正是：人前物后看清楚，换位要加for或to。,3、常跟宾语补足语的动词有： make, consider, see, find, call, get, have, let, hear, ask, keep等。,They decided to call the baby Linda.,宾语 宾补,We found the little girl in th

4、e hill.,宾语 宾补,【知识清单之二】,主谓语一致三原则,、语法一致 、意义一致 、邻近原则,【趁热打铁练一练】,1. Both Kate and I _ ready for the picnic now. A. is not B. is getting C. are getting D. am getting 2. _ of the workers in this factory is about two hundred. _ of them are women workers. A. The number; First third B. The number; One third C

5、. A number; Half D. A number; Three quarters 3. A boy with two dogs _ when the earthquake rocked the city. A. were sleeping B. is asleep C. was sleeping D. are asleep 4. There _ two pictures and a map of China on the wall. A. are B. has C. have D. is,5. Neither he nor I _ going to the park. A. be B.

6、 is C. are D. am 6. A lot of food _ to that country after the war was over. A. was sent B. are sent C. is sending D. sent 7. Neither of the two brothers _ with their parents. A. live B. are living C. like to live D. lives 8. The children each _ a computer in class. A. have B. has C. there is D. ther

7、e are 9. Doing eye exercises _ good for your health. A. are B. is C. have D. has 10. Li Mings family _ a large one. Now the whole family _ watching TV. A. is; is B. are; are C. are; is D. is; are,句子种类,句子可以从两种角度来分类： （一）根据句子的用途来分类，英语的句子有下列 几种： 1、陈述句 2、疑问句 3、祈使句 4、感叹句 （二）根据句子的结构来分类，英语的句子可分为 以下几种： 1、简单句

8、 2、并列句 3、复合句,【考点扫描】,（一）命题趋势 中考侧重考查学生的综合运用能力，对陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句的考查在近五年的中考测试中屡见不鲜，特别是反意疑问句和祈使句在具体语境中的灵活运用尤为突出。他们主要以单项选择、句型转换等形式出现。,（二）突破方法 1、掌握陈述句的肯定式、否定式和除no, not以外的 表示否定意义的词。 2、注意疑问词的意思和用法，重点掌握反意疑问句。 3、掌握否定祈使句，let开头的祈使句，加强语气的 祈使句。 4、掌握what和how引导的感叹句和一些特殊形式。,【知识清单】,初中生需要掌握的句子种类,肯定句 、陈述句 否定句,一般疑问句 、疑问句

9、选择疑问句 特殊疑问句 反意疑问句,、祈使句,、感叹句,边 做 边 看,1. 肯定句变为一般疑问句及否定句 a. 变为一般疑问句时，系动词be、助动词或 情态动词置于主语之前。 例1 He was so clever. _ _ so clever? 例2 John felt happy at that time. _ John _ happy at that time? 例3 We can fly to the moon one day. _ _ fly to the moon one day?,Was,he,Did,feel,Can,you,b. 变为否定句时，系动词、助动词或情态 动词后加

10、not。 例1 The twins were happy to see their uncle. The twins _ _ to see their uncle. 例2 Mr. Smith works hard every day. Mr. Smith _ _ hard every day. 例3 The doctor could help that man. The doctor _ _ that man.,werent,happy,doesnt,work,couldnt,help,c. 如果肯定句中含有some, and, a lot of / lots of, already, too

11、 / also, bothand, always, everything / everyone / everybody等词(组)， 要变为any, or, much / many, yet, either, neithernor, nothing / nobody, never。 例1 They had lots of friends in China. They _ have _ friends in China. 例2 I could dance and sing when I was five years old. I _ dance _ sing when I was five yea

12、rs old.,didnt,many,couldnt,or,d. 否定前移 例 He can make a model plane, I think. (否定句) I _ think he _ make a model plane. e. 一些特殊结构，变否定句时，在动词（词组）后直接加not。 例1 Mother told me to go to bed early last night. Mother told me _ _ go to bed early last night. 例2 Lets play basketball on the playground Lets _ _ bask

13、etball on the playground. 另外，还有ask sb. (not) to do sth， Will you please (not) do sth， had better (not) do sth，try (not) to do sth, decide (not) to do sth等。,dont,can,not,to,not,play,2. 对划线部分提问 对划线部分提问是根据划线的内容提出一个特殊疑问句。即: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成。 a. 如划线部分是定语，它所修饰的词要跟随特殊疑问 词移至句前。 例1 This is Kates hat. _ _ is thi

14、s? 例2 The man in the car is my fathers friend. _ _ is _ fathers friend?,Whose,hat,Which,man,your,c. 常见疑问词(组)：what, what+名词 (如: what colour, what grade等), when, why, where，who (whom), which, whose, how, how+形容词/ 副词 (如: how long, how far, how often, how soon等)。要注意以上各种疑问词(组)的用法。,b. 划线部分如是谓语动词，应该用do的形式来

15、取代。 例1 They are looking for the boy in the city. _ are they _ in the city? 例2 Ann flew to Beijing last year. What _ Ann _ last year?,What,doing,did,do,祈使句,表示请求或命令的句子。其主语常是you，但一般不需讲出来。,、肯定形式的祈使句由动词原形开头。 如：Give me a pen, please. Be quiet, please.,、否定形式的祈使句在动词原形之前加not。 如：Dont play with fire.,、“L”结构使役句

16、。 Let (第一、三人称)宾语动词原形其他成分 其否定形式是：Let sb. not 动词原形其他成分 如：Let him have a try. Lets not sit under the tree.,反意疑问句,、结构：陈述部分提问部分,如：Tom cant swim, can he? Your sister didnt like to dance, did she? You and I did it together, didnt we?,、基本原则： 前肯后否，前否后肯。 前后人称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。 事实回答用Yes, 非事实回答用No 。,考点点拨,、各种祈使句

17、的反意疑问句的后半句都用will you，但Lets句用shall we。 、注意一些特殊词，如：little，few，no， nothing，never，hardly等出现时，前半句 表示否定的概念，后半句应用肯定形式。 、若陈述句部分是主从复合句，主句的主语是 第一人称 I / we，其谓语动词又是think, believe, suppose等，疑问部分的主语一般 与从句的主语一致。（应特别注意否定的转移）,例1 Class 3 were the winners in the race, _ _? 例2 The man couldnt climb up the tree, _ _? 例3

18、 There is little water in the bottle, _ _? 例4 Dont tell him the bad news, _ _? 例5 Lets stop to have a rest, _ _? 例6 Little Mary is unhappy today, _ _? 例7 We dont think you are right, _ _? 另外，注意以下句子： I am a student, _ _? What a kind girl, _ _? How fast the boy runs, _ _?,werent,they,could,he,is,there

19、,will,you,shall,we,you,are,isnt,she,arent,I,isnt,she,doesnt,he,感叹句,感叹句往往由what和how引导。至于what和how的区别则是再好辨别不过了。跟我背一背下面的顺口溜，感叹句你就不再陌生了。 感叹句用法很简单, How和What放句前, How与形、副词类连, What后面名词添. 主语谓语不用变, 省掉它们也常见.,以全国各地历届中考试题为例，将感叹句分为六种句型：,句型：Whata以辅音开头的形容词单数可数名词主语谓语！,_ a nice watch it is! (山东) A. How B. What C. What

20、a D. How a,B,句型：Whatan以元音开头的形容词单数可数名词 主语谓语！,_ interesting book (it is)! (新疆) A. How B. What C. How a D. What an,D,句型：What形容词复数可数名词主语谓语！,_ bright girls they are! (浙江) A. What B. What a C. How D. How a,A,句型：What形容词不可数名词主语谓语！,“_ bad weather!” “Yes, but its going to be fine soon, I think.” A. How B. Wha

21、t a C. What an D. What (福建),D,句型：How形容词主语谓语！,_ interesting the film is! A. What B. What an C. How (湖北),C,句型：How副词主语谓语！,The children are working hard. (改为感叹句) (北京) _ hard the children are working!,How,例1The twins study Chinese very hard. _ _ the twins study Chinese! 例2The weather was rather bad yeste

22、rday. _ _ _ it was yesterday! 例3The flowers are beautiful. _ _ _ they are! _ _ _ flowers are!,在陈述句改为感叹句时，要增加句子成分，感叹词what和how分别为按句子的要求而增加的定语或状语，句子其他成分不变。,How,hard,What,bad,weather,What,beautiful,flowers,How,beautiful,the,特殊句型,There be句型,口诀：There be句型有特点，主语跟在be后边； 单数 is 复数 are，注意 be 的两变化。 否定句 be 后 not

23、 加，疑问句 be 在 there 前。 介词短语表地点， “有” 表“存在” 记心间。,如：There is a picture on the wall. There are some apples on the tree. - Is there any milk in that glass? -Yes, there is. / No, there isnt (any).,There be结构的特殊疑问句有以下两种形式,就There be结构中作主语的名词提问，无论主语是单数、复数形式，习惯用法是“Whats某地”，中间通常不用there，例如： There is a bike under

24、the tree.,Whats under the tree?,There are many books on the desk.,Whats on the desk?,就There be结构中表示数量的词提问，习惯用法是 How many 名词(复数)are there介词短语？或 How much 不可数名词 is there介词短语？例如：,There is only a teacher in the classroom.,How many teachers are there in the classroom?,【考点扫描】 （一）命题趋势 并列句是历年中考的重点测试内容，也是中考必考

25、题。主要以句型转换、单项选择的形式出现，还有一部分放在完形填空中进行考查。 （二）突破方法 1、了解并列句的构成，掌握常见并列连词的用法。 2、重点掌握not onlybut also, neithernor, eitheror, while, when等并列连词。,并列句,由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。,【知识清单】,并列句的结构：简单句并列词简单句。,并列句的考查重点是并列连词。,Id like to go shopping with you, _ Im too busy today. A. but B. and C. so D. or 2. Look left and

26、right before you cross the road, _ you may be hit by a car. A. so B. and C. or D. but 3. Little Kate went to school _ it snowed heavily yesterday. A. if B. though C. because D. since 4. _ we are very young, _ we can speak English well. A. Though, but B. Because, so C. Though, / D. Because, /,练一练,1.

27、I can mend the bike. Li Lei can, too. I can mend the bike, and _ _ Li Lei. 2. If you dont work hard, you will fail. Work hard, _ you will fail.,同义句转换,so can,or,一起来做中考题,1. Miss Zheng will never forget her first visit to Canada, _? A. will she B. wont she C. isnt she D. wasnt she (04济南) 2. -_I have to

28、 show the school report to my parents, Miss King? -Yes, you do. A. Must B. Do C. Can D. May (05济南) 3. -_will the foreign students be back from Qufu? -In two days, I think. A. How soon B. How often C. How far D. How fast (05济南) 4. He _say _. A. dont, something B. didnt, anything C. doesnt, something

29、D. dont, anything (05济南) 5. _Mrs Smith is! A. How kind woman B. What a kind woman C. What kind woman D. How a kind woman (06济南),A,B,A,B,B,6. Your brother has washed all the clothes by himself, _? A. is he B. does he C. doesnt he D. hasnt he (06济南) 7. Its raining heavily _ the farmers keep on working

30、 in the field. A. but B. though C. till D. because (05济南) 8. She often helps her mother with the housework. (改为否定句) She _ _ her mother with the housework often. (04济南) 9. Allan goes to the library every Monday. (改为一般疑问句) _ Allan _ to the library every Monday? (05济南) 10. The little boys played footba

31、ll on the playground yesterday. (就划线部分提问) _ _ the little boys _ football yesterday? (05济南) 11. Lets go to the English corner, shall we? (改写句子，句意不变) _ _ going to the English corner? (05济南) 12. Liu Dong hasnt been abroad. Cheng Lei hasnt, either. (改写句子，句意不变) _ Liu Dong _ Cheng Lei _ been abroad. (06济南),D,A,doesnt help,Does,go,Where did,play,What about,Neither,nor,has,