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1、目 录,专题一 人物传记类 专题二 故事类 专题三 新闻报道类 专题四 广告应用类 专题五 文化教育类 专题六 历史地理类 专题七 社会生活类 专题八 科普知识类,模块 3 阅读理解,模块 3 阅读理解,模块 3 考纲解读,“侧重提高阅读能力”在高中英语教学大纲中有明确规定。纵观近几年的高考英语试题，我们不难看出，阅读理解能力是高考考查的重点，自始至终占着主导地位。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能。包括对书面语言的识别、理解、推理、判断和快速记忆等几个方面。不仅仅涉及到语音、语法、词汇这些语言因素，还涉及到非语言因素，即：所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识、个人经历、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等
2、各方面。,模块 3 命题特点,历年高考试题阅读理解命题特点和规律如下： 1内容生活化 阅读理解所选的材料均来源于实际生活，涉及的内容也是表现实际生活，强调语篇选材的真实性。 2体裁多元化 阅读理解所选的语段包括记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文，保持了体裁的多样化特点。选材多源于英文报刊和网,模块 3 命题特点,络媒体，包括名人轶事、历史传说、民间故事、寓言、幽默小品、日常生活、新闻报道、社会背景、政治经济、史地常识、科普文章等各个方面，并且具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点和浓厚的时代气息。综合地反映了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面，体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。,模块 3 命题特点,3信息
3、密集化 近年来阅读理解继续保持了较大的阅读量，要求考生准确而迅速地从特定语篇中有目的地获取信息。阅读理解5个选篇都是以简约的语言负载高含量的信息，看起来似乎不难，但是隐藏在表层结构下面较复杂的信息，使试题具有较高的区分度。,模块 3 命题特点,4结构复杂化 阅读理解的5个选篇的语篇结构都具有较大的复杂性。各篇或在时间顺序上，或在空间顺序上，或在逻辑推理上，均使用了较高级的组篇手段，这种来源于真实生活的作品同考生平时在课本中接受的清楚明白的语段是很不一样的。,模块 3 命题特点,5用词高级化 高考对词汇运用的要求越来越高，活用词比比皆是。凡是能利用构词法知识判断出词性和词义的都不视为生词，不再给
4、出汉语注释；纯超纲词汇也屡有出现；一词多义、熟词生义现象更是频繁出现。,模块 3 命题特点,6设题创新化 高考阅读理解题在保持传统命题的基础上，也在不断地借鉴和创新大学英语的命题方式。结构型命题即是近两年高考阅读试题中全新的命题形式。这种命题侧重于对文章篇章结构和修辞(写作)手法以及例证、引用的功能的考查，是一种凌驾于信息阅读之上的更高难度的测试手段，较好地体现了“稳中有变，变中求新”的基本命题思路。,模块 3 题型分类,阅读理解的能力要求主要包括如下几方面： (1)读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节(包括根据上下文推断生词的词义)； (2)既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概
5、念； (3)既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度，意图等； (4)既理解某句，某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断； (5)既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。,模块 3 题型分类,根据这五项要求，可将阅读理解的选择题归纳为以下几种题型： 一、细节理解型 文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。文章细节的理解可以细化为：(1)一一对应
6、型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。属于浅层次的阅读试题，分数比例极少。(2)语言转述型。,模块 3 题型分类,这是一类间接事实细节题，答案与题目在意义上充分运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另类表达。属于中档难度题，分数比例较大。(3)语意理解型。这是一类深层事实细节理解题，答案与题目之间存在着一定的逻辑联系，这种联系需要建立在事实的基础上通过上、下文来进行判断、分析、归纳和整合，才能得出正确答案。属于较高难度的事实细节题，分数比例很大。(4)是非辨别型。这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或
7、“三误一正”(三项错误，只有一项符合原文内,模块 3 题型分类,容)。 (5)事实排序型。这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。 A细节理解题主要设问的方式有： (1) Which of the following statements is True (Not True)? (2) Which of the questions has not been mentioned (discussed) in the passage? (3) What is the reason that？,模块 3 题型
8、分类,(4) What do we know about？ (5) How did the people know the couples problem? (6) Why was the bike so important to the couple? B细节理解题主要的答题策略有： (1)细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的：段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。,模块 3 题型分类,(2)变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常
9、采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。,模块 3 题型分类,(3)多点归纳，综合事实找答案。细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息，而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时，一定要全面捕捉相关信息，进行综合分析、归纳，切忌根据“一面之词”草率地作出结论。 此外，在答题过程中，要学会分析干扰选项的特点：是原文信息，但与题目要求不符；符合常识，但不符合原文内容；. 与原文情节极为相似，只是在程度上有些变
10、动；选项中所提供的信息部分正确，部分错误；在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。,模块 3 题型分类,例1 2010山东 A Christopher Thomas,27，was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast. Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病)，Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素) three times a day for the
11、rest of his life or risk nerve damage，blindness and even death. And if that werent bad enough，he had no health insurance.,模块 3 题型分类,After a month of feeling upset，Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back.He left Canton，Michigan for New York，got a job waiting tables，nicknamed himself the Di
12、abetic Rockstar，and created ，a free online community for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1,100 people share personal stories，information and resources.,模块 3 题型分类,Jason Swenckis son，Kody，was diagnosed with diabetes at six.Father and son visit the online childrens forums(论坛)together m
13、ost evenings. “Kody gets so excited，writing to kids from all over，”says Swencki，one of the sites volunteers. “They know what hes going through，so he doesnt feel alone.” Kody is anything but alone：Diabetes is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States，with 24 million diagnosed cases.
14、 And more people are being diagnosed at younger ages.,模块 3 题型分类,These days，Thomass main focus is his charity(慈善机构)，Fight It，which provides medicines and supplies to people225 to date who cant afford a diabetics huge expenses. Fightit.org has raised about $23,000in products and in cash.In May，Thomas
15、will hold the first annual Diabetic Rockstar Festival in the Caribbean.,模块 3 题型分类,Even with a staff of 22 volunteers，Thomas often devotes up to 50 hours a week to his cause，while still doing his fulltime job waiting tables.“Of the diabetes charities out there，most are putting money into finding a cu
16、re，”says Bentley Gubar，one of Rockstars original members.“But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.”,模块 3 题型分类,( )1.Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas? AHe needs to go to the doctor every day. BHe studies the leading cause of diabetes. CHe has a positiv
17、e attitude to this disease. DHe encourages diabetics by writing articles. 【解析】 C 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“After a month ofback.”以及下文的建立网站，搞慈善事业，每周工作50小时等内容可以看出：Thomas对于自己的疾病采取了积极的态度。,模块 3 题型分类,( )2.Diabeitcrockstar. com was created for_. Adiabetics to communicate Bvolunteers to find jobs Cchildren to amuse th
18、emselves Drock stars to share resources 【解析】 A 细节理解题。根据a free online community for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1,100 people share personal stories, information, and resources可知A项正确。,模块 3 题型分类,( )3.According to the text, Kody_. Afeel lonely because of his illness Bbenefits from d
19、iabeticrockstar. com Chelps create the online kids forums Dwrites childrens stories online 【解析】 B 细节理解题。根据Father and son visit the online childrens forums(论坛) together most evenings. “Kody gets so excited, writing to kids from all over，” says Swencki, one of the sites volunteers. “They know what hes
20、 going through, so he doesnt feel alone. ” 可知B项正确。,模块 3 题型分类,( )4.What can we learn about Fight It? AIt helps the diabetics in financial difficulties. BIt organizes parties for volunteer once a year. CIt offers less expensive medicine to diabetics. DIt owns a wellknown medical website.,模块 3 题型分类,【解析
21、】 A 细节理解题。根据Fight It, which provides medicines and supplies to people225 to datewho cant afford a diabetics huge expenses. Fightit. org has raised about $23,000in products and in cash. 可知A项正确。,模块 3 题型分类,二、主旨大意型 每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。主旨要义型题范围一般包括：短文标题、主题大意或段落大意等。 此题型要求考生在理解文章后归纳文章要点，概括中心思想。考生需要分析文章的篇章结构，抓住文章
22、的开头或结尾，从而找出能概括文章的主题句。,模块 3 题型分类,主题句的特点：(1)语言特点：归纳性、概括性、抽象性；(2)位置特点：主题句常出现在“总结性”语言的“信号词”后，如：in summary, in a word, as a result, finally, in short, in conclusion和in brief等；主题句常出现在“转移话题式”语言的“信号词”后，如：but, however, nevertheless，hence等。,模块 3 题型分类,标题的语言特点：独特新颖、概括性强、短小精炼。标题是文章中心思想的精练表达，多为一个名词词组，短小明了，涵盖性强。做这
23、类题目时，要在阅读全文的基础上，把握好层次关系。注意选项的归纳范围要恰如其分，干扰项往往是局部信息，是某一小节或文章里的某一句。所以我们在解题时要反复推敲，把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项过滤掉。,模块 3 题型分类,干扰项的命题特点：以偏概全。干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，也就是文章的局部信息。 断章取义。干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点。主题扩大。干扰项所归纳、概括的范围过大，超过文章实际所讨论的内容。张冠李戴。命题者有意地把属于A的特征放在B的身上，构成一个干扰项。考生不注意的情况下，会造成错选答案。 无中生有或似是而非。有的
24、干扰项中的关键词语好像在文章中谈到了，但认真分析之后你会发现这类干扰项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。,模块 3 题型分类,A主旨大意主要的设题方式有两类：文章的中心思想和文章标题的选择。 (1)Which of the following best gives the main idea of this newspaper article? (2)The best headline for this newspaper article is _. (3)What is the topic of the text? (4)The text is mainly about _. (5)Whats t
25、he main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? (6)What would be the best title for the text?,模块 3 题型分类,B主旨大意主要的解题策略有： (1) 抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨。找准主题句是关键。主题句通常在文章开头，而主题句有可能在一段的开头，也有可能在中间或末尾。在很多情况下，主题句如果在段首，其后可能有for example，first，second等信息词。主题句如果在段末，其前可能有above all，all in all等信息词。利用这些信息词，可帮助你
26、迅速找到主题句。一般来说，文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大致内容，而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于掌握本段的主要内容。这样做的目的不仅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意，更重要的是，在时间紧迫的情况下，可以对一段话进行缩读、略读和扫读。,模块 3 题型分类,(2)抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 (3) 抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心。分析的方法是：先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。了解文章的结构，把握住
27、全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心内容、文中某一段的大意或指代关系的题目中。,模块 3 题型分类,例1 2010湖南C篇节选自文章第一段和最后一段 People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressionsand a new report published online in Current Biology explains why. _,模块 3 题型分类,In short, the
28、data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Weste
29、rners will find themselves lost in translation.,模块 3 题型分类,( )1.What can be the best title for the passage? AThe Eye as the Window to the Soul BCultural Differences in Reading Emotions CEffective Methods to Develop Social Skills DHow to Increase Crosscultural Understanding,模块 3 题型分类,【解析】 B 最佳标题题。文章首先
30、指出科学研究的最新发现：东方人比西方人更难读懂人的面部表情。之后更具体地介绍研究的结构及其研究过程，最后得出结论：文化差异丰富了理解情感的基本社会技巧，即：不同的文化背景使人理解他人情感的方式也不尽相同。由此判断最佳标题应为B。,模块 3 题型分类,例2 2010全国卷II B篇节选自文章第一段和第二段 When youre lying on the white sands of the Mexican Riviera, the stresses(压力) of the world seem a million miles away. Hey, stop! This is no vacation
31、you have to finish something!,模块 3 题型分类,Here lies the problem for travel writer and food critic(评论家) Edie Jarolim，“I always loved traveling and always liked to eat, but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things，” Jarolim said. Now you can read her travel advice every
32、wherein Arts and Antiques, in Brides, or in one of her books, The Complete Idiots Travel Guide in Mexicos Beach Resorts.,模块 3 题型分类,( )1.What would be the best title for the text? AAdventures in Travel Writing BWorking as a Food Critic CTravel Guides on the Market DVacationing for a Living,模块 3 题型分类,
33、【解析】 D 最佳标题题。本文描述了一个很普遍的谋生问题：谋生在Jarolim身上既是度假休闲，又是写作和评论的源泉。提示在文章第一段结尾句 “Hey, stop! This is no vacationyou have to finish something！”和第二段中 “but it never occurred to me that I could make money doing both of those things，”说明了没有想到“度假也可以谋生”的欣喜之情。,模块 3 题型分类,例3 2010辽宁卷C篇节选自文章第一段 Too much TVwatching can har
34、m childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children. ( )1.What would be the best title for this text? AComputers or Television BEffects of Television on Children CStudies on
35、TV and College Education DTelevision and Childrens Learning Habits,模块 3 题型分类,【解析】 B 最佳标题题。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了儿童看电视所造成的影响。文章第一段第一句话是主题句，所以B项作为标题是最佳的。,模块 3 题型分类,例4 2010江西A篇节选自文章最后两段 Suddenly, out of the corner of his eyes, he spotted a small dam used by Mr. Nelson to irrigate his vegetable garden. Of
36、f his bike and into the cool water he lived, disappearing below the surface and away from the savage insects. After holding his breath for as long as he could, Andy came up for air and noticed the bees had gone. Dragging himself out of the dam, he struggled up the hilly slope and rang the doorbell.
37、Mrs. Nelson took him inside and rang his mother.,模块 3 题型分类,“Youll really need that fishing break to help you recover，” laughed his mother with relief. “Thank goodness you didnt panic！” But Andy did not hear her. He was dreaming once again of the fish he would catch tomorrow. ( )1.Which of the follow
38、ing can best describe Andys escape from the bees? ANo pains, no gains. BOnce bitten, twice shy. CWhere there is a will, there is a way. DIn time of danger, ones mind works fast.,模块 3 题型分类,【解析】 D 主旨大意题。本文讲述了主人公Andy在上学途中遭遇蜂群攻击， 急中生智， 躲入水中避险成功的故事。根据最后一段第二句Andy妈妈的话“Thank goodness you didnt panic(谢天谢地你没有
39、慌神)”可知，情急之下Andy仍然成功想到办法脱险，再综合A、B、C、D四个选项的意思， 可以判断出选D项。,模块 3 题型分类,例5 2010年浙江卷C篇节选自文章最后一段 We often dont remember things as well when were trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes it into our
40、 memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget peoples nameseven sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking,模块 3 题型分类,can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their email while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absentminded or disinteres
41、ted. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them.,模块 3 题型分类,( )1.What is the main idea of the passage? AMultitasking has become a way of life. BMultitasking often leads to efficiency decline. CMultitasking exercises need to be improved. DMultitasking ena
42、bles people to remember things better.,模块 3 题型分类,【解析】 B 主旨大意题。本文是一篇科普文章，讨论“多重任务处理(multitasking)”即“一心多用”导致工作效率低下的科学原理。根据文章第一段的最后两行，可知本文主要讲的是同时做多个项目会降低工作效率。,模块 3 题型分类,三、词义猜测型 历年高考都把猜测词义作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，词义推断可以是一个单词的意义推断，也可以是一个短语或句子的意义推断，既可以是生词意义，也可以是熟词新意；还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上
43、，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。,模块 3 题型分类,A词义猜测主要的设题方式有： (1)The underlined words “took off ” in paragraph 2 mean “_” (2)What does the underlined word “them” in the last paragraph refer to? (3)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that_. (4)Which of the definitions is
44、 closest in meaning to the word “exotic” in the third paragraph?,模块 3 题型分类,(5)The underlined phrase “ turn his back on” (paragraph 6) most probably mean_. (6)By saying “ We need them yesterday ”(paragraph 7)，Stover means that snakelike robots_. B词义猜测主要的解题策略有： (1)依据标点符号猜测词义。标点符号是词义猜测的最直接，最简单的信号词。比如，破
45、折号、冒号常常起解释说明的功能，引号和括号有时也起到相同的作用。,模块 3 题型分类,(2)依据反义词和对比关系猜测词义。运用对比手法描述事物或现象是文章写作的一种常用的修辞手法。在这种修辞手段下，作者常借用一些信号词来提供相反信息，从而表明一个词与前面的另一个词互为反义。常用的信号词有：but/yet/however/nevertheless; while/whereas; otherwise/or else; unlike /instead/rather than; by contrast/compared to; on the contrary/on the other hand 等。,
46、模块 3 题型分类,(3)依据下定义，作解释猜测词义。在说明文、科技文中运用下定义或解释概念的方法来定义或诠释某一名词或概念是文章写作的又一特点。在写作方法上常采用先总后分(即先定义后解释)或先分后总(即先说明后结论)的叙述方式。常用的定义信号词有： be defined as/be termed(被定义为) ，be called (被称为), mean/refer to/be(意指，是)。,模块 3 题型分类,(4)依据逻辑推理猜测词义。运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式。要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文中相关的词汇并结合具体的语境，从形式和内容上
47、把握语言之间的内在联系，理顺语言之间的逻辑关系，进而达到猜词的目的。常见的逻辑关系有：因果关系，同位关系，对比关系，转折关系等。此外，考生还可以依据词性变化和词义变化(词义引申 )来猜测词义。,模块 3 题型分类,例1 Morning, noon, and night, her tongue was endlessly going, so that he was forced to escape to the outside of the housethe only side which, in truth, belongs to a henpecked husband. ( )The und
48、erlined words “ henpecked_ husband.” probably mean a man who_. Alikes hunting Bis afraid of hens Cloves his wife Dis afraid of his wife,模块 3 题型分类,【解析】 D 依据标点符号猜测词义。破折号“ ” 起进一步解释说明的作用。由句前信息 “他为逃避妻子的唠叨而逃到屋外”可知“他是一个怕老婆的人”，因此选择 D 项。,模块 3 题型分类,例2 They were no longer passively_waiting_for the bell, but actively took part in the lesson. ( )The underlined words “passively _waiting_for ” probably mean_. Alonging for a phone call Bhoping to have a bell Cexpecting the end of the class Dwanting to spea