中英文地址翻译原则.doc

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1、中英文地址翻译原则 中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小,如:国省市区路号,而英文地址则刚好相反,是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是:号,路,区,市,省,国。掌握了这个原则,翻译起来就容易多了!室Room号No.单元Unit号楼Building No.街Street路Road区District县County镇Town市City省Province请注意:翻译人名、路名、街道名等,最好用拼音。中文地址翻译范例:宝山区示范新村37号403室Room 403, No. 37, SiFang Residential Quarter, BaoShan District虹口区西康南路125弄34号201室Room 20

2、1, No. 34, Lane 125, XiKang Road(South), HongKou District473004河南省南阳市中州路42号 李有财Li YoucaiRoom 42Zhongzhou Road, Nanyang CityHenan Prov. China 473004434000湖北省荆州市红苑大酒店 李有财Li YoucaiHongyuan HotelJingzhou cityHubei Prov. China 434000473000河南南阳市八一路272号特钢公司 李有财Li YoucaiSpecial Steel Corp.No. 272, Bayi Road

3、, Nanyang CityHenan Prov. China 473000528400广东中山市东区亨达花园7栋702 李有财Li YoucaiRoom 702, 7th BuildingHengda Garden, East DistrictZhongshan, China 528400361012福建省厦门市莲花五村龙昌里34号601室 李有财Li YoucaiRoom 601, No. 34 Long Chang LiXiamen, Fujian, China 361012361004厦门公交总公司承诺办 李有财Mr. Li YoucaiCheng Nuo Ban, Gong Jiao

4、 Zong Gong SiXiamen, Fujian, China 361004266042山东省青岛市开平路53号国棉四厂二宿舍1号楼2单元204户甲 李有财Mr. Li YoucaiNO. 204, A, Building NO. 1The 2nd Dormitory of the NO. 4 State-owned Textile Factory53 Kaiping Road, Qingdao, Shandong, China 266042 中国地名英译的几点注意事项 地名是历史的产物,是国家领土主权的象征,是日常生活的向导,是社会交往的媒介。在信息化社会中,地名在国际政治、经济、外交

5、、外贸、科技、文化交流、新闻出版以及社会生活方面都起着非常重要的作用。用汉语拼音字母拼写中国地名,不仅是中国的统一标准,而且是国际标准,全世界都要遵照使用。根据笔者英译中国地名的体会,本文拟谈谈中国地名英译的几点注意事项,供译者和读者参考。 一、专名是单音节的英译法专名是单音节,通名也是单音节,这时通名应视作专名的组成部分,先音译并与专名连写,后重复意译,分写(汉字带点的字是通名,英语的画线部分是音译;括号内为该地所在省、市、地区或县,下同)例如:1、恒山 Hengshan Mountain (山西)2、淮河 the Huaihe River (河南、安徽、江苏)3、巢湖 the Chaohu

6、 Lake (安徽)4、渤海 the Bohai Sea (辽宁、山东)5、韩江 the Hanjiang River (广东)6、礼县 Lixian County (甘肃陇南地区)二、通名专名化的英译法通名专名化主要指单音节的通名,如山、河、江、湖、海、港、峡、关、岛等,按专名处理,与专名连写,构成专名整体(汉语带点的字和英语的画线部分即为通名专名化)。例如:1、都江堰市 Dujiangyan City (比较: the Dujiang Weir)(四川)2、绥芬河市 Suifenhe City (比较:the Suifen River)(黑龙江)3、白水江自然保护区 Baishuijian

7、g Nature Reserve(比较:the baishuiriver)(甘肃)4、青铜峡水利枢纽 Qingtongxia Water Control Project(比较:the QingtongGorge)(宁厦)5、武夷山自然保护区 Wryishan Nature Reserve(比较:Wuyi Mountain)(福建)6、西湖区风景名胜区 Scenic Spots and Historic Sites of Xihu(比较:theWest lake)(浙江杭州)三、通名是同一个汉字的多种英译法通名是单音节的同一个汉字,根据意义有多种不同英译法,在大多数情况下,这些英译词不能互相代换

8、。例如:1、山1)mount:峨眉山 Mount Emei(四川峨眉)2)mountain: 五台山Wutai Mountain(山西)3)hill:象鼻山 the Elephant Hill(广西桂林)4)island:大屿山 Lantau Island(香港)5)range:念青唐古拉山 the Nyainqentanglha Range(西藏)6)peak:拉旗山 Victoria Peak(香港)7)rock:狮子山 Lion Rock(香港)2、海1)sea:东海,the East China Sea2)lake:邛海the Qionghai Lake(四川西昌)3)horbour:

9、大滩海Long Harbour(香港)4)port:牛尾海Port Shelter(香港)5)forest:蜀南竹海the Bamboo Forest in Southern Sichuan(四川长岭)在某些情况下,根据通名意义,不同的汉字可英译为同一个单词。例如:“江、河、川、水、溪”英译为river。1、嘉陵江 the Jialing River(四川)2、永定河 the Yongding River (河北、北京、天津)3、螳螂川 the Tanglang River(云南)4、汉水 the Hanshui River(陕西、湖北)5、古田溪 the Gutian River(福建)四、

10、专名是同一个汉字的不同英译法专名中同一个汉字有不同的读音和拼写,据笔者不完全统计,地名中这样的汉字有七八十个之多,每个字在地名中的读音和拼写是固定的,英译者不能一见汉字就按语言词典的读音和拼写翻译,而只能按中国地名词典的读音和拼写进行翻译(画线部分为该字的读音和拼写)。例如:1、陕陕西省 Shaanxi Province陕县Shanxian County(河南)2、洞洞庭湖the Dong Lake(湖南)洪洞县Hongtong County(山西)3、六六合县Luhe County(江苏)六盘水市Liupanshui City(贵州)4、荥荥阳市Xingyang City(河南)荥经县Yin

11、gjing County(四川雅安地区)5、林林甸县 Lindian County(黑龙江大庆市)林芝地区 Nyingchi Prefecture(西藏)林周县Lhunzhub County(西藏拉萨市)米林县Mainling County(西藏林芝地区)6、扎扎赉特旗Jalaid Banner(内蒙古兴安盟)扎兰屯市Zalantun City(内蒙古呼伦贝尔盟)扎囊县Chanang County(西藏山南地区)扎龙自然保护区Zhalong Nature Reserve(黑龙江齐齐哈尔市)扎达县Zanda County(西藏阿里地区)扎陵湖the Gyaring Lake(青海)五、专名是同样

12、汉字的多种英译法专名中的汉字是相同的,但表示不同的地点,每个地点的读音和拼写是固定的,应按“名从主人”的原则译写,不能按普通语言词典,而必须按中国地名词典英译。例如:1、浍河1)the Huihe River (河南、安徽)2)the Kuaihe River(山西)2、阿克乔克山1)Akqoka Mountain (新疆昭苏县)2)Akxoki Mountain (新疆塔城市)3、色拉寺1)the Sera Monastery(西藏拉萨市)the Sula Temple(四川色达)4、单城镇1)Dancheng Town(黑龙江双城县)2)Shancheng Town(山东单县)5、阿扎乡1

13、)Arza Township(西藏嘉黎县)2)Ngagzha Township(西藏扎囊县)3)Ngarzhag Township(西藏浪卡子县)6、柏城镇1)Bocheng Town(山东高密市)2)Baicheng Town(河南西平县)六、中国各民族名称的罗马字母拼写法1991年8月30日,国家技术监督局批准了中国各民族名称的罗马母拼法和代码(GB3304?1),该标准适用于文献工作、拼音电报、国际通讯、出版、新闻报导、信息处理和交换等方面,当然也适用于英译。特别值得一提的是,虽然汉字书写的民族名称有“族”字,但罗马字母拼写法无“zu”字的拼写,英译照抄,首字母大写(见附录:中国各民族名

14、犯法的罗马字母拼写法)。例如:1、双江拉祜族佤族布朗族傣族自治县Lahu-Va-Blang-Dai Autonomous County of Shuangjiang(云南临沧地区)2、贡山独龙族怒族自治县Derung-Nu Autonomous County Gongshan(西南怒江)3、湘西土家族苗族自治州Tujia-Miao Autonomous Prefecture of Xinangxi(湖南)4、金秀瑶族自治县Yao Autonomous County of Jinxiu(广西柳州地区)此外,朝族和藏族的罗马字母拼写法,对外分别使用Korean和Tibetan例如:5、延边朝鲜族自

15、治州Korean Autonomous Prefecture of Yanbian(吉林)6、甘孜藏族自治州Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Garze(四川)需要指出的是,如果专指“XX族”通常就要译出“族”字。例如:回族the Hui nationality( 或the Huis)彝族the Yi nationality(或the Yis)藏族the Zang (Tibetan) nationality(或the Zangs,the Tibetans)但是,如果作形容词修饰名词,则又可省略“族”字。例如:维吾尔族医学Uygurmedicine 彝族人the

16、Yi people七、以人名命名的地名英译法以人名命名的地名英译,人名的姓和名连写,人名必须位置,通名后置,不加定冠词。这种译法多用于自然地理实全地名,但有例外。例如:1、张广才岭Zhangguangcai Mountain(吉林、黑龙江)2、欧阳海水库存 Ouyanghai Reservoir(湖南桂阳)3、郑和群礁 Zhenghe Reefs(湖南南沙群岛)4、李准滩Lizhun Bank (海南南沙群岛)5、鲁班暗沙 (海南中沙群岛)6、左权县 (山西晋中地区)7、武则天明堂 (河南洛阳)如果以人名命名的非自然地理实体地名,姓和名分写,人名前置或后置按习惯用法,大致有以下三种译法:1、人

17、名+通名黄继光纪念馆Huang Jiguang Memorial(四川中江县)2、人名S+通名中山陵墓Sun Yat-sen s Mausoleum(江苏南京市)3、the+通名+of人名昭君墓the Tomb of Wang Zhaojun(内蒙古呼和浩特市)八、少数民族语地名的记音用加符字母地名记音的时个符号可以加在特定的字母上面,代表特殊语音。蒙古语、维吉尔语和藏语音译转写的汉语拼音字母有无符和加符并列的,一般拼写用无符字母,地名记音用加符字母。例如:乌鲁木齐市Urumqi City(新疆) 巩乃斯河Kunse River(新疆新源) 察隅县ZayuCounty(西藏林芝地区) 改则县

18、Gerze County(西藏阿里地区) 德格县Dege County(四川甘孜)甘德县Gade County (青海果洛)九、地名中的符事情不能省略地名中的符号如果省略就会造成读音甚至语义错误。地名中有两种符号不能省略。I,a,o,e开头的音节连接在其它音节后面的时候,如杲音节的界限委生混淆,用隔音符号,地名中的隔音符号不能省略。例如:1)(陕西)西安市Xian City(如果省略隔音符号,就成为Xian,可以读成仙、先、现、限、鲜、险、县等)2)(广西)兴安县Xingan County(如果省略隔音符号,就成为Xingan County新干县,在江西吉安地区)3)建瓯市Jianou Cit

19、y(福建)4)第二松花江the Dier Songhua River(吉林)5)东阿县Donge County(山东聊城市)6)天峨县Tiane County(广西河池地区)2、汉语拼音U行的韵母跟声母n,l拼的时候,U上面的两点不能省略。如果省略,就会造成误解。例如:1、(山西)闾河the Luhe River(如果省略U上面的两点,就变成the LuheRiver 芦河、在江西)2、(台湾)绿岛Ludao Island(如果省略U上面的两点,就变成Ludao Island鹭岛,在黑龙江海林)3、女山湖the Nushan Lake(安徽嘉山)4、吕梁地区Luliang Prefecture

20、(山西)5、旅顺港Lushun Port(辽宁)但是也有例外。例如:绿春县Luchun County(云南红河) 绿曲县Luqu County(甘肃甘南)参考文献:1、中国地名委员会,中华人民共和国地名录,北京,中国社会出版社,1994。2、关于改用汉语拼音方案拼写中国人名地名作为罗马字母拼写法的实施说明,见新闻出版署图书管理司等编:作者编辑常用标准及规范,北京,中国标准出版社,1997。3、中国大百科全书-中国地理,北京,中国大百科全书出版社,1993。4、姚绪荣:香港特别行政区地图册,北京,中国地图出版社,1997。5、汉语拼音中国地名手册,北京,测绘出版社,1982。6、国家语言标准化工

21、作委员会办公室编:国家语言文字规范和标准选编,北京,中国标准出版社,1997。四川少年儿童出版社 连 益转载自译者 不妙something is to pay经理感到事情有些不妙。The manager had a hunch that something was to pay.汉语的“有些不妙”或“有点不对头”的概念常可用something is to pay的句式来表示。这一短语常和feel或have a hunch that连用。DialogueBob: Didnt you see the writing on the wall?Sue: I even didnt have the sl

22、ightest hunch.Bob: But you should be prepared for such an outcome.Sue: I had too much confidence in him.Bob: But he ruined your business.Sue: Well, if I knew there would be something to pay, I wouldnt should chalk it up to experience.Bob: Well, you should chalk it up to experience.Sue: Youre right.眼

23、中钉a thorn in someones flesh不知为什幺我成了他们的眼中钉了。我可从未错待过他们。I wonder why I become a thorn in their flesh. Ive never harmed them.我们说的“眼中钉”与英美人讲的a thorn in someones flesh指的是一回事,虽比喻有异,但意思相同。与此说法相似的还有“刺耳的话”(a flea in someones ear)。DialogueFrank: I dont know why I should become a thorn in the Johns flesh.Betty:

24、 You mean your boss?Frank: Yeah. He seems to bear me a grudge.Betty: Thats because you are too much on the ball.Frank: But why should that make him hate me?Betty: Thats because you put him in the shade.馋得流口水make someones mouth water桌上的美味佳肴馋得他直流口水。The delicacies on the table make him mouth water.“使某人

25、流口水”指“使某人垂涎”,是地道的汉语口语。这一概念一般是用make someone mouth water的句式来表达的。DialogueSue: Wow! What a gracious table! Everything looks so beautiful.Bob: This might be the best dinner youve ever had.Sue: Surely it is. I can hardly wait. They make my mouth water.Bob: I feel itching, too. Lets start and try these del

26、icacies.胡说八道shooting from the hip他说我迷恋上李丽了?这简直是胡说八道!He thinks Ive got the hots for Lily? Its shooting from the hip!汉语口语中的胡说八道曾被译成break wind。其实,英美人更习惯用shoot from the hip来表示这一说法。DialogueRose: I didnt know Joe was two-faced. He stabbed me in the back.Mark: What did he do?Rose: He told my boyfriend that

27、 I had affairs with several men, which, of course, made my boy friend very suspicious of me.Mark: I didnt believe he would shoot from the hip like that! It was very vicious of him. You must not put up with him.Rose: Of course not! He will soon know what he deserves!各奔东西drift apart毕业后我们班的同学就各奔东西了。Aft

28、er graduation my classmates drifted apart.“各奔东西”指的是“散开”或“不在一起”的意思,但“散开”或“分散开”的英语是disperse,常指“分散精力”,“疏散人群”或“驱散云雾”等概念。因而,“各奔东西”不宜使用disperse,而应该用drift apart。此语中的drift是漂流的意思。DialogueJohn: What have you been doing these days, mark?Mark: Ive been trying to track down some of our old friends.John: I havent

29、 been keeping in touch with them. We simply drifted apart.Mark: We lost track of each other somehow after we graduated.John: Did you ever bump into any of them?Mark: A few Some have settled down, some are tied down, some are living it up and others are in a rut.呕吐shoot the cat他刚吃完饭就吐了。He shoot the c

30、at right after the meal.Shoot the cat 是一条俚语,意即vomit。表示呕吐的概念时,除了用shoot, 还可以用jerk,形成jerk the cat的说法。Sample Sentences1、 他告诉医生说他一吃完饭就吐,不知道是为什幺。He told the doctor that he would shoot the cat right after meals without knowing why.2、 他又吐了,肯定又喝多了。Hes shooting the cat again. He must have drank too many again

31、.3、她说吃牛肉就吐,但是还特别想吃。She says she would shoot the cat after eating beef and she doesnt seem to be able to resist eating it.打嗝make a belch孩子打嗝儿了,让他喝口水吧。The kid is making a belch. Give him a drink.汉语口语中的“打嗝儿”可以用动词belch来表示,也可以用make a belch的形式。作为动词使用,belch有“猛烈喷射”、“阵阵冒出”以及“打嗝”等意。在日常口语中,英美人一般使用make a belch的

32、说法。Sample Sentences1、 有人说当你打嗝儿时,想想别的事就会好的。Its said that when you are making a belch, think of something else and the belch will be off.2、 你快给他多穿点衣服吧。他都打嗝了。Hes making a belch. Give him more clothes to make him warm.3、 有人说打嗝时喝点儿热水就会好的。Its said drinking some warm water can help get over the belch.久等coo

33、l ones heels汉语口语中“久等”或“足足等了”之类的概念可以用Cool ones heels来表示。比如:I have left cooling my heels since seven oclock.此语源于古时,人们一般骑马外出,当马走的路程太长或太疲惫时,马蹄就会发热,骑马的人必须停下来,让马休息,一直到马蹄凉下来再走。Sample Sentences1、 报社记者必须学会久等,这也是他们的一个任务。Newspaper reporters must learn to accept cooling their heels as part of their job.2、 他们让我在

34、经理办公室的门外等了好外。I was left cooling my heels outside the managers office.3、 让他久等?他是耐不住这个性子的。Asking him to wait ? He had no patience in cooling his heels.注:但值得注意的是,英语cool ones heels作为“久等”或“足足等了”的地道表示法,只能用于“白白等了”的情景之中,若“久等”而“白等”时就应该用be kept waiting来表示。比如:对不起,让您久等了。Im sorry to have kept you waiting.各有利弊cut

35、 both ways在国营企业或合资企业工作各有利弊:在国营企业工作比较安定,但工资较少;在合资企业工业挣钱多一些,可是又不稳定。It cuts both ways to work in a state-run enterprise or a joint venture :the pay from a state-run enterprise is relatively lower but you feel more stable while in a joint venture you feel unassured, though the pay is relatively higher.“

36、各有利弊”一般是用have both advantages and disadvantages的片语来表示的。但作为口语,用cut both ways似乎更好些。此语直译为“两面都砍”。这也就如同在说,事物既有好的一面,也有其坏的一面;有有利的一面,也有不利的一面,与汉语的“各有利弊”相吻合。DialogueLi Ming: I head that you have found a new job in a joint venture. What about the pay?Zhao Hua: 2,000 yuan a month.Li Ming: 2,000 yuan a month? Th

37、ats four times the pay I get! No wonder many people are crazy about finding a job in a joint venture.Zhao Hua: Well, it cut both ways. When you work in a state-run enterprise as the one you do now, you feel safe and stable. But those who are working in a joint venture do not have that feeling, you k

38、now what I mean.Li Ming: Sure, But most people still prefer to have a job that has a higher pay.吃闭门羹to a locked door我昨天去他家看他,不想吃了闭门羹。I went to see him yesterday, but unfortunately I was to a locked door.汉语口语中“吃闭门羹”的说法指登门拜访某人而某人不在家。在大多数的场合,是用to a locked door的片语来表示的。DialogueMark: Did you went to see h

39、er last week?Mike: Yes, I did. But she was out when I called.Mark: But you could tell her mother about that.Mike: How could I? I was to a locked door.Mark: Did you try again?Mike: No. I dont feel comfortable running to a locked door. I would rather wait till she appears.哪儿都找了look high and low我哪儿都找遍了

40、,可还是没找到那反钥匙。I looked high and low for the key, but I couldnt find it any where.有人曾把“哪儿都找遍了”译成looked everywhere似乎也说得过去,但英美人还有个look high and low的说法,十分接近“哪儿都找遍了”所表达的语气。但请注意,有时人们会用search high and low来替代look high and low。在这种情况下,search后面一般跟宾语。DialogueMary: Have you found your watch?John: No. I looked high

41、 and low in the house but I couldnt find it.Mary: Where on earth did you put it?John: I remember putting it on the bookshelf, but its not there.Mary: Maybe you have put it somewhere else.中国各级党政机关干部名称英译名 中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee 政治局常委 Member, Standing Committee of Politica

42、l Bureau, the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee 书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee 中央委员 Member, Central Committee 候补委员 Alternate Member 省委/市委书记 Secretary,Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC 党组书记 secretary, Party Leadership Gro

43、up 中华人民共和国主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the Peoples Republic of China 全国人大委员长/副委员长 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National Peoples Congress 秘书长 Secretary-General 主任委员 Chairman 委员 Member (地方人大)主任 Chairman, Local Peoples Congress 人大代表 Deputy to the Peoples Congress 国务院总理 Premier, State Council 国务委员 State

44、Councilor 秘书长 Secretary-General (国务院各委员会)主任 Minister in Charge of Commission for (国务院各部)部长 Minister 部长助理 Assistant Minister 司长 Director 局长 Director 省长 Governor 常务副省长 Executive Vice Governor 自治区人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional Peoples Government 地区专员 Commissioner, prefecture 香港特别行政区行政长官 Chief Exe

45、cutive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 市长/副市长 Mayor/Vice Mayor 区长 Chief Executive, District Government 县长 Chief Executive, County Government 乡镇长 Chief Executive, Township Government 秘书长 Secretary-General 办公厅主任 Director, General Office (部委办)主任 Director 处长/副处长 Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief 科长/股长 Section Chief 科员 Clerk/Officer 发言人 Spokesman 顾问 Adviser 参事 Counselor 巡视员 Inspector/Monitor 特派员 Commissioner 人民法院院长 President,

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