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1、第二节 施工方法Section II Construction Method 一、总体施工方案I General Construction Scheme 1、路基土方填筑执行建设部颁布的高密度大量土石方填筑方法、公路路基施工技术规范和设计有关的要求。事先做好土方利用及调配方案。1. Filling of earth and stone works for sub-grade shall meet requirement of Filling Method of Large Scale Earth and Stone Works with High Density, Technical Spec
2、ification on Construction of Highway Sub-grade and relevant design requirements. Utilization and Transport Scheme for earth works shall be prepared in advance. 2、排水工程在场地平整后立即开工，为路基填筑施工创造条件。2. Drainage works shall be commenced after ground leveling completed to create construction conditions for fill
3、ing of sub-grade. 3、照明随路基土方的施工及时施工。确保整体工程按期完成。3. Lighting works shall be carried out together with sub-grade construction to ensure the entire works is completed in time. 4、接着完成道路底基层和基层，道路面层施工。4. Sub-base course, base course and pavement works then shall be completed. 5、期间进行管沟施工，最后进行道路附属工程施工。5. Pipe
4、 trench construction shall be carried out in this stage and ancillary works shall be constructed finally. 二、土路基工程施工II. Construction of Earth Sub-grade 1.施工测量及施工放样1. Measurement and setting out 组织测量队对全标段进行测量放线，测量内容包括导线、中线、水准点复测、增设水准点等。开工前根据测量结果在现场放出路基边缘、坡脚等的具体位置，并提请监理工程师批准。Organize measurement team t
5、o conduct measurement and setting out works within contract section. Work scope of measurement includes guide line, midline, repetition measurement of benchmark, adding benchmark, etc. Specific location for boundary of sub-grade and toe of slope shall be set out as per measurement results prior to c
6、ommencement and submitted for approval from the Engineer. 2.特殊路基处理2. Special treatment to sub-grade 在路基施工前，清除施工范围内的树木、灌木、垃圾、有机物残渣及原基土以下1020cm内的草皮和表土，所有的树根全部挖除，并清运到监理工程师指定的地点，软弱基础采取砂加石换填措施，清运或换填前须征得监理工程师确认。Prior to sub-grade construction, trees, shrub, waste, organic debris, sod and topsoil below 10-
7、20cm to original base soil, as well as all tree roots shall be removed and transported to spot designated by the Engineer. Soft foundation shall be exchange filled by sand and stone. Approval shall be obtained from the Engineer prior to removing or exchange filling. 3.路基填筑施工3. Filling of Sub-grade F
8、illing 路基填筑按高密度大量土石方填筑方法组织施工，关键工序是填土的碾压。填方施工的核心是：将土石方施工过程分为“三阶段”、“四区段”、“八流程”。三阶段为：准备阶段、施工阶段、竣工阶段。四区段为：填筑区、平整区、碾压区、检查区。八流程为：施工准备、基底处理、分层填筑、摊铺整平、洒水或晾晒、机械碾区、检查签证、面层整修。Filling of sub-grade shall be organized as per Filling Method of Large Scale Earth and Stone Works with High Density and key process is
9、rolling of filled soil. The key point of filling construction is: earth and stone works construction shall be divided into “Three stages”, “Four Zonings” and “Eight Flow Processes”. “Three stages” refers to preparation stage, construction stage and completion stage. “Four Zonings” refers to filling
10、zoning, leveling zoning, rolling zoning and inspection zoning. “Eight Flow Processes” refers to construction preparation, sub-base treatment, filling in layers, paving and leveling, watering or drying, mechanized rolling, inspection and variation and dressing of surface course. 路基填方采用水平分填筑法施工，填筑时按照横
11、断面全宽分成水平层次，逐层向上填筑。每填一层经过压实后再填下一层。填方利用推土机推铺，平地机整平，重型压路机碾压。核子密度仪和环刀进行压实结果检测。Sub-grade is filled in horizontal layers from down to up as per cross section in full width. Each layer only shall be filled after the previous layer has been compacted. The filled layer shall be spread by paving machine, leve
12、led by grader and rolled by heavy roller. Nucleon density meter and cutting ring shall be used to test rolling result. （1）利用挖方或借土填筑路堤不得含腐殖土、树根、草泥或其它有害物质填方作业应分层平行摊铺，用平地机整平，每层松铺厚度，根据压实设备、压实方法及现场压实试验确定。不同土质的填料分层填筑，并且尽量减少层数，每种填料层总厚度不小于0.5m。(1) Filling material of excavation or borrowed soil for embankme
13、nt shall without humus soil, tree roots or other harmful materials. Filling operation shall be paved in layers and in parallel. It shall be leveled by grader. Loose thickness of each layer shall be determined as per compaction equipment, compaction method and field compaction test. Soil of different
14、 nature shall be filled in layers and the number of layer shall be as less as better. The total thickness of each kind of filling materials shall no less than 0.5m. （2）每层填料铺设的宽度以每侧超出路堤设计宽度0.5m，以保证修整边坡后的路堤边缘有足够的压实度。(2) Width of each layer of filling material shall exceed 0.5m to designed width of emb
15、ankment to ensure there is sufficient compactness to embankment edge after side slope is dressed. （3）路堤基底未经监理工程师验收，不能开始填筑；前一层填土未经监理工程师检验，不得进行下一层填土。(3) Sub-base of embankment shall not be filled if not accepted by the Engineer; each layer only shall be filled after the previous layer is accepted by t
16、he Engineer. （4）路堤填土高度（不包括路面厚度）大于0.8m时，将原地面整平压实到无轮迹且达到压实度后才可填筑路堤土方，其压实度必须达到：路床压实度、零填及路堑压实度0.95。(4) If filling height of embankment (excluding height of pavement), it only shall be filled after original ground has been compacted to the extent without wheel trace and compactness has reached. Requireme
17、nt of compactness is: compactness of road bed, zero filling and road cut shall not less than 0.95.（5）连接涵洞的路堤工程，必须在涵洞混凝土达到设计要求的强度后，采用适当的施工方法进行分层填筑，不能因路堤的填筑而影响涵洞的安全与稳定。(5) Embankment jointing with culvert shall be filled in layer with appropriate construction method after concrete of culvert reach des
18、igned strength. Safety and stability of culvert shall not be influenced by filling of embankment. （6）用透水性不良或不透水的土填筑路堤时，压实时的含水量控制在最佳含水量的2%范围以内。(6) When soil with poor or without water permeability is used to fill embankment, moisture content of compaction shall be controlled within 2% of optimum mois
19、ture content. （7）压实设备无法压碎的硬材料，必须清除或破碎，使其最大尺寸不能超过压实厚度的2/3，并保证粒径均匀分布，达到要求的压实度。(7) Hard material that is difficult to be crushed by compaction equipment shall be removed or crushed. The maximum size shall not exceed 2/3 of compaction thickness and ensure grain size is uniform distributed to reach requi
20、red compactness. （8）填土路堤分段施工时，交接处不在同一时间填筑时先填筑段必须按1：1坡度分层留台阶；如两段同时施工，必须分层相互交叠衔接，其搭接长度不小于2m。(8) When filled embankment is constructed in sections, jointing part that not filled in the same time shall pre-reserve step with gradient of 1:1; if the two sections are constructed at the same time, each laye
21、r shall be inter-jointed and length of overlapping shall no less than 2m. （9）施工原则：(9) Construction principle 准备Preparation a.在路基填方开工前至少28天，将填方工程断面图交监理工程师批准，否则不得填筑。a. Cross section drawings of sub-grade shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval at least 28 prior to commencement, other wise it s
22、hall not be filled. b.填方路堤施工前，按照规范要求对原地面进行清理，所有填方作业均严格符合图纸或监理工程的要求施工，其填料的最小强度和最大粒径必须满足规范要求。b. Prior to filling of embankment, original ground surface shall be removed as per specification requirement and all filling operation shall strictly abide by requirement of drawings and instruction from the E
23、ngineer. Minimum strength and maximum size of filling material shall meet specification requirement. c.施工期间，现场要配备、组合适当吨位足够的压实设计，以达到良好的压实功能。c. During construction period, compaction equipment with appropriate capacity shall be provided and combined in field to realize good compaction performance.挖台阶
24、Bench Excavation a.在地面纵横坡陡于1：5的斜坡上填筑时，将原地面按要求挖台阶。砂性土可不挖台阶，但要将原地面以下200300mm的土翻松。a. When filling on slope with gradient more than 1:5, bench shall be excavated on original ground as per requirement. Bench excavation shall not be conducted on sandy soil, but the soil 200 300mm below original ground sur
25、face shall be scarified. b.台阶的宽度不小于2m，且向内侧倾斜2%4%，并用小型机具夯实。台阶所挖出的材料，可以用于填料时，同新路堤材料一起压实。b. Width of bench shall no less than 2m and with slope of 2%4% inclined to inner side. Bench shall be compacted with small scale compaction equipment. Filling soil excavated from bench shall be compacted together w
26、ith new filling material of embankment. c.台阶开挖后，保持无水，如有地表渗水，进行引流处理并经监理工程师认可后，方可施工。c. Bench shall without water after excavation. If there is underground water, construction only shall be conducted after it has been drained and approved by the Engineer. 排水及松土Drainage and soil scarifying a.在潮湿地段，在路堤两侧
27、护道处开挖纵向排水沟、在路基范围内开挖纵横向排水沟，排出积水、切断或降低地下水、并按设计或监理工程师的指示进行施工。a. in wet section, longitudinal drain ditch shall be excavated along berm on both sides of embankment and horizontal drain ditch shall be excavated within scope of sub-grade to drain, cut off or low underground water. Construction shall be co
28、nducted as per design or under instruction of the Engineer. b.当路基范围内有大片低洼积水地段时，先作土埂排除积水，将杂草、淤泥以及不适宜的材料清除，并晾晒湿土，将此地面翻松300mm，经处理再进行压实，压实度达到设计规范要求。b. If there is large area with low land and accumulative water in scope of sub-grade, firstly, water, natural grass, mud and other unfavorable materials sha
29、ll be removed, and then dry the wet soil, scarify the ground to 300m in depth and compact after treatment. Compaction density shall meet design requirement. 借土开挖 Borrow excavation a.借土土源必须满足设计和规范要求。a. Source of borrow soil shall meet requirement of design and specification. b.借土场边坡应按设计或规范规定施工，任何情况下，
30、边坡不得陡于1：15。b. Side slope of borrow pit shall be constructed as per design and specification. In any case, gradient of side slope shall no more than 1:15. c.当借土场（坑）放弃时，应清理此借土场（坑），包括道路用地及施工时所占附近土地。c. When borrow pit is abandoned, it shall be cleaned, including land for road and construction. 4.路基压实与试验
31、4. Compaction and test of sub-grade（1）压实标准 为了减少路基沉陷，保证路面结构的稳定，路基压实必须满足下表要求：(1) Compaction criteria: in order to reduce falling of sub-base and ensure structural stability of pavement, compaction of sub-grade shall meet following requirements in the table: 路堤填料压实度（重型）Compactness (heavy) of filling ma
32、terial for embankment 结构层名称Name of structural layer上路床顶面以下（cm）Below top of upper road bed最小压实度Minimum compactness（%）上路床Upper road bed03094下路床Lower road bed308094上路堤Upper embankment 8015093下路堤Lower embankmentBelow 15090（2）控制试验 在路堤填筑前，按照公路土工试验规程（JTJ05193）进行控制试验，每1000m3进行一次含水量试验，每2000m3进行一次颗粒分析、液限、塑限、有
33、机质含量及易溶盐含量试验。(2) Controlling test. Prior to filling of embankment, controlling test shall be conducted as per Geotechnical Test Rules on Highway (JTJ05193). Each 1000m3 shall conduct one time of water content test. each 2000m3 shall be conducted one time of grading analysis, liquid limit test, plast
34、ic limit test, organic matter content test and eutectic salt content test . （3）试验路段(3) Test road section 开工前应在试验路须进行压实试验，以确定土方工程的正确压实方法、为达到规定的压实度所需的压实设备的类型及其组合在最佳组合下。 Compaction test shall be conducted on rest road section prior to commencement to determine correct compaction method for earth works,
35、 type of compaction equipment to reach specified compactness and ensure they are in optimum combination. 试验路段的位置监理工程师在现场选定。先清理其表面，然后将表面按填筑要求翻松、整平与压实，并采用相同的材料及批准的压实设备进行试验，借以确定压实的各项施工参数。试验结束后，如试验路段的压实度能达到规定要求，可用为路基的一部分，副产品则应予挖除，重新进行压实试验。 Location of test road section shall be determined by the Enginee
36、r in field. Surface of test road section shall firstly be cleaned, and then it shall be scarified, leveled and compacted, and conduct test with same materials and approved compaction equipment to determine construction parameters for compaction. After test completed, if compactness reach specified r
37、equirement, it will be used as part of sub-grade. Other wise, it shall be excavated and conduct compaction test again. 压实试验必须进行到对路堤要求的压实度所必须施工程序为止，并记录压实设备的类型和工序及每一厚度层所需的碾压遍数。对于同类材料应作为控制依据。 Compaction test shall be conducted to the extent that all construction procedures for compactness of embankment
38、 has been completed. Type of compaction equipment, process and required rolling times for each layer shall be kept in record, which shall be used as control basis for same materials. （4）压实度控制和检验(4) Control and verification of compactness 土的压实，应控制在接近最佳含水量时进行。在施工过程中对土的含水量必须严加控制，及时测定，随时调整。 Compaction o
39、f soil shall be conducted when moisture content is near to optimum moisture content. During construction process, moisture content of soil shall be strictly controlled, timely tested and adjusted at any time. 在施工过程中每层填土每1000m2取样4处，进行压实度试验。 During construction, compaction test shall be conducted for
40、4 times in each 1000m2 of each layer. 为了控制压实质量，监理工程师可随时任意取样进行检查。 in order to control compaction quality, The Engineer may inspect by random sampling at time. 5结构物处的回填5. Backfill of location with structure （1）结构物处的回填是指结构物完成后，用符合一定要求的材料分层填筑结构物与路基之间的遗留部分。(1) Backfill of location with structure means th
41、e remained part between structure and sub-grade shall be filled in layers with required material after completion of structure. （2）结构物的回填，应按图纸或监理工程师的指示进行。(2) Backfill of structure shall be conducted as per drawings or instruction of the Engineer. （3）回填材料，选用砂类土、砂砾、碎石、矿渣等级配良好的透水性材料。含有淤泥、杂草、腐殖物的土不得使用。(
42、3) Sandy soil, gravel, crushed stone, slag and permeable material with good gradation shall be used as backfill material. Soil with mud, natural grass and humin shall not be applied. （4）填料的最大粒径不超过50mm，塑性指数小于12。(4) Maximum size of backfill material shall not exceed 50mm and plasticity index shall les
43、s than 12.（5）用渗水性材料作为填料，其压实不小于公路土工试验规程（JTJ05193）中重型压实标准确定的最大干密度的95%；用稳定性的细颗粒材料回填时，压实度与周围填粒的压实度相同。(5) For permeable material as filling material, compactness shall not less than 95% of maximum dry density of heavy compaction standard determined in Geotechnical Test Rules on Highway (JTJ05193); if fin
44、e grain material with good stability is used backfill, the compactness shall be the same as backfilled material around. （6）在回填压实施工中，压路机达不到的地方，使用机动夯具或监理工程师同意的方法压实紧密。(6) During backfill construction, the part reach out of roller shall be compacted with mechanical tamper or other method agreed by the E
45、ngineer. 施工中要拌和均匀，分层摊铺，分层压实，其压实度应在95以上。 Backfill material shall be evenly mixed, paved and compacted in layer. Compactness shall be above 95%. 三、结构层工程III Works of structural layer 1.石灰土底基层（12%）1. Limestone soil sub-base 石灰品质应在三级以上，采用消解石灰或磨细生石灰，土壤液限不大于45%，塑性指数不大于25，采用7-17最好，土的有机质含量须小于8%，且不得含草（树）根及杂物，
46、硫酸盐含量不得超过0.8%。石灰土中的土壤及石灰应符合规范要求。石灰土底基层7d龄期（20潮湿条件下养生6天，浸水1天）的无侧限抗压强度应大于1.0Mpa，压实度不小于98%。Quality of limestone shall be above Grade III. Counteraction lime or ground quick lime is used. Liquid limit of soil shall not exceed 45%, plasticity index shall not exceed 25, 7-17 is better. Organic matter cont
47、ent shall less than 8% and without grass (tree) root and sundries. Content of sulphate shall not exceed 0.5%. soil and lime in limestone soil shall meet specification requirement. Non lateral confinement compression strength of limestone soil sub-base shall exceed 1.0MPA after 7 days curing (curing
48、in moisture condition with temperature of 20 for 6 days and dipping in water for 1 day). Compactness shall less than 98%. 采用专用拌合设备集中拌合均匀。集料过筛、级配符合设计要求、混合料配和比计量准确、含水量符合施工要求Aggregate shall be centrally mixed with special mixing plant. Sieving and gradation of aggregate shall meet design requirement. Mixing ratio shall be correctly calculated and moisture content shall meet construction requirement.采用自卸汽车运输水泥石灰土混合料，根据日计划产量备足汽车以保证拌和好的混合料及时运至摊铺地段。自卸汽车的车厢保持干净，每天收工后进行冲洗或清扫。Cement and limestone soil mixture shall be transported by d