第十六讲虚拟式.ppt

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1、He looks as if he could _.,read papers,I wish I could _.,Chains practice,If my students were as sleepy as they are, I would be very sad; If I were very sad, I would call their parents; If I called their parents, my students would be sad, too; If they were sad, they couldnt learn English well”,Subjun

2、ctive Mood 虚拟语气,I. 概述,语气 (mood) 是动词的一种形式,它表示动词的作用和说话人对动作或状态的态度。,英语动词有三种语气: 陈述语气、 (the Indicative Mood )祈使语气(the Imperative Mood ) 和虚拟语气。,虚拟语气 ( subjunctive Mood ) 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望, 假设或推测。,谓语动词形式,所指时间,从 句,主 句,现 在,过 去,将 来,did,should/would/ could/might do,had done,should do 或 did 或were to +

3、do,should / would / might / could/ have done,II. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法,should /would /could /might do,III. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法举例:,1. 表示对现在情况的虚拟:,If he had time, he would / could / might go with you. If I were you, I should / would / could / might tell him the truth.,2. 表示对过去情况的虚拟:,If I had had the money last

4、year, I should / would / could /might have bought a house. He would / could / might / have telephoned you immediately, if he had won the game.,3. 表示对将来情况的虚拟:,If he should come / came / were to come, I should / would / could / might ask him about it. If there should be / were / were to be something w

5、rong, they would / could / might let you know at once.,If 的省略,如果条件从句中有were, had 或 should, 可以把 if 省略, 把这几个词放到主语之前, 构成主谓倒装, 如:,If I were you, I would not do it. If I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. If I had time, I would go.,Were I you, ,Were I to meet him tomorrow, ,Had I time,

6、,If he had been more careful, such mistakes could have been avoided. If you should change your mind, no one would blame you.,= Had he been more careful, ,= Should you change your mind, ,错综时间非真实条件句,在非真实条件句中, 主句与从句所指的时间通常一致的, 但有时可能不一致, 这种句子被称为错综时间非真实条件句(unreal conditional sentence of mixed time). 这种句子

7、需根据句意来选择适当的虚拟形式, 如:,He would be dead now if the doctor had not operated on him right away. If I were rich, I would have bought a house last year.,Exercise,- Did you submit (递交) your application for a Masters degree? - Not yet. If I _ to seen my father, I would have. A. didnt go B. havent gone C. wou

8、ldnt have gone D. hadnt gone 2. - Do you think the thief entered through the garage door? - No, if he had, I dont believe _ broken the living room window. A. would he have B. he had C. he would have D. he has,3. _, Id have told you. A. If I would have known it B. If I had have known it C. Had I know

9、n it D. Should I know it 4. - _ it rain tomorrow, what would I do? - Dont worry, it promises to be fine. A. Shall B. Should C. Were D. Had,IV. 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法,1. 在主语从句中的用法,虚拟语气常使用在以It is / was 开头的复合句的主语从句中,表示命令, 要求, 建议等,谓语动词为should be 或be型虚拟形式:,It is important that every member (should) inform himsel

10、f of these rules. It is our wish that he (should) recover soon. It is decided that the meeting (should) be postponed till next Monday.,常用于主句中的adj. n.和 v (p.p) 有: important,necessary,natural,strange, a pity, a shame,no wonder, best, better, desirable(称心如意的), fitting(适合的), important, preferable (更好的),

11、 proper, decided (无疑的,果断的), ordered (井然有序的, 有规律的), recommended, requested, required, insisted, proposed 等,Exercise,It is requested that each question _ (answer). It is imperative that you _ (not seen) here. 3. It was dicided at that time the search _ (terminate). 4. It was ordered that no smoking _

12、(allow) in the library. 5. It is necessary that the customs of all nations _ (respect).,(should) be answered,(should) not be seen,(should) be terminated,(should) be allowed,(should) be respected,2. 在宾语从句中的用法,虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法主要有三种情况:, 在某些动词后的宾语从句中: 表示命令, 要求, 建议, 形式为should do 型或do 型, 如:,He insisted that

13、his daughter (should) come. He ordered that the letter (should ) be mailed at once. The laws requires that everyone (should) take a test for a drivers license.,常用于主语的谓语动词有: ask, decide, demand, desire, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, request, require, suggest, urge等.,但注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己

14、, 用 陈述气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气. 3.she insists that she is right. 4.she insisted that I should finish the work now. 或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时 即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句 陈述语气。 判断改错: 11.You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. 12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill. 13. I insisted that

15、you ( should) be wrong. 14. I insisted that you were wrong., 在以 it 为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中: 表示要求, 建议等,谓语动词为should be 型或be 型,如:,I think it advisable (明智的) that he (should) have his car serviced. We consider it imperative (必须的) that a meeting (should) be held immediately.,常在主句中作宾语补语的adj., 与主语从句中使用虚拟语气主句中的adj.相同

16、., 在动词wish的宾语从句中:表示与现在或过去的事实相反, 或对于将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略that.,1) 表示对现在情况的虚拟: 用were 虚拟形式, 如:,I wish I knew his address. (= I am sorry I dont know his address. I wish it were summer now.,表示对现在情况的虚拟的直接引语, 在变成间接引语时动词形式不变, 如:,“I wish my brother didnt live so far,” he said.,He said he wished his brother didnt li

17、ve so far.,2) 表示对过去情况的虚拟: 通常用had done 型虚拟形式, 如:,I wished I hadnt spent so much money. = ( I was sorry I had spent so much money.) They wish they had not lost the chance.,3) 表示对将来的主观愿望: 谓语动词为would/could +v 原形.,I wish it would stop raining. I wish prices would come down. I wish I could go.,Exercise,I

18、wish I _ ( tell ) him the truth months ago. They proposed that this matter _ (consider) at the next meeting. He recommended that everyone _ (buy) this dictionary. John insisted that the work _ (finish) by the middle of June.,had told,(should) be considered,(should) buy,(should) be finished,3. 在表语从句中

19、的用法,虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法主要有两种情况:, 从句以that 引导, 主句的主语为表示命令, 建议,计划等的名词, 从句的谓语为should be 型或be 型虚拟形式, 如:,The doctors advice is that the patient (should) be kept quiet. Our suggestion is that you (should) be the first to go.,常用作主句主语的名词有: aim, advice, demand, desire, idea, order, plan, recommendation, requirement

20、, suggestion, wish等., 从句以as if / as though 引导, 主句的谓语动词为连系动词:,1) 从句用did型虚拟形式: 表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生, 如:,You look as if you had a toothache. She looked as though she were fainting.,2) 从句用had been 型虚拟形式: 表示从句的动作先于主句的动作的发生, 如:,He looks as if he had been ill.,以as if / as though 引导的从句如果不是表示虚拟, 而是表示可能的事实, 则从句中

21、的谓语动词要用陈述语气.,4. 在同位语从句中的用法:,在表示命令, 建议, 计划等的名词后同位语从句中,谓语动词用should be 型或be 型, 如:,The suggestion that students (should) learn something practical is worth considering. Do you know the order that you (should) keep watch.,常与从句同位的名词有: aim, demand, desire, idea, order, plan, recommendation, regulation, req

22、uirement, suggestion, wish 等.,Exercise,Her desire was that this _ (not mention) any more. My suggestion is that he _ (ask) to resign. His suggestion is that they _ (wait) till next week. Do you know the order that you _ (come) early? My advice is that we _ (send) for Doctor Lee.,(should) not be ment

23、ioned,(should) be asked,(should) wait,(should) come,(should) send,V.虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法,虚拟语气用于定语从句的情况高要见于 It is (high) time that 后, 谓语动词用were 型虚拟形式, 关系词that 常省略,如:,Its time you werent here. Its high time that you should go. Its high time the weather improved.,Its (about/high) time +that -,过去时,should +V.,V

24、I. 在状语从句中的用法,1. 在让步状语从句中的用法,虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的用法主要有以下三种情况:,1) 从句由even if / even though 引导: 主句和从句都用虚拟语气,形式与条件句相同, 即,如指时间为现在或将来, 则从句为were 型, 主句为should / would be 型, 如所指时间为过去, 则从句用had been 型, 主句用should / would have been 型, 如:,Even if my mother were here, I should say the same thing. Even though it had been

25、a rainy day, I should have gone to see him.,2) 主句用陈述语气, 从句用be 型虚拟形式,However hard it rain, we shall go home tonight. Whether this succeed or fail, it will not matter to him. Be this succeed or fail，it will 。,3) 当从句用though / although 引导, 从句还可用were 型或should be 型, 主句可用陈述语气.,This gave me some faint hopes

26、 of relief, although I were not able to imagine how it could be brought out. Though the whole world should condemn him, I will still believe in him.,2. 在方式状语从句中的用法,He treats me as if I were a stranger.,Why is she looking at me as though she had seen me before. They talked as if they had been friends

27、 for years,as if /though + Clause,现在： 过去：,过去时,过去完成时,3. 在目的状语从句中的用法 虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的用法主要有两种情况:,1) 从句以in order that 或so that 引导, 动词用should be 型虚拟形式, 如:,They are climbing higher so that / in order that they should / might / could get a better view. She averted her face so that / in order that the child sh

28、ould / might not see her tears.,2) 从句以in case, for fear (that), lest 引导, 表示否定目的, 动词用should be 型或be 型虚拟形式, 如:,He took an umbrella with him in case / for fear / lest he (should) be caught in the rain. She hurried on, in case / for fear / lest Jack (should) meet her again.,以in case 引导的从句还常用陈述语气; 以for f

29、ear (that) 引导的从句谓语还可用情态动词may, might 和would.,Exercise,He worked hard, otherwise he _ the entrance exam. A. didnt pass B. couldnt pass C. hadnt passed D. couldnt have passed 2. Blasts of wind pounded the house, shaking it as if it _ cardboard box. A. had been B. is C. were D. would be 3. He put his co

30、at over his daughter for fear that she _ a cold. A. will catch B. had caught C. should catch D. caught,D,C,C,4. The whole family greeted me as though I _ a member of the family. A. was B. were C. would be D. should be 5. Even if I _ with you then, I _ much for you. A. would be would not do B. were s

31、hould not have done C. had been would not do D. had been should not have done 6. It is high time that you _ the bus. A. had caught B. caught C. will catch D. catch,B,D,B,VII. 虚拟语气在表示某种感情的各种从句中的用法,虚拟语气还可以在某些从句中表示主句主语的惊奇, 欣慰, 失望, 疑惑等感情.,1. 在主语从句中: 谓语动词通常用should be 型或should have been 型, 主句的句型为 “It is /

32、 was + adj.”,It is strange that he should feel so angry. It was extraordinary to me that you should have seen this.,常用于主句的adj.有: amazing, curious, peculiar, regrettable, remarkable, disappointing, pleasing, strange, surprising 等,另外还可以用名词短语 a pity, a shame等.,2. 在宾语从句中,1) 在某些动词后的宾语从句中: 谓语动词通常为should b

33、e 型或should have been 型, 如:,I regret that she should be so stubborn. We never expected that he should have forgotten that.,常用于主句的动词有: puzzle, regret, wonder 以及用于否定式和疑问式的believe, expect, think等.,2) 在would rather / had rather 后的宾语从句中: 谓语动词用were 型, 如:,I would / had rather you came tomorrow (than) today.

34、 Id rather you didnt do it.,2. 用于以if only或as if 引导的简单句中,谓语动词常用did型或had done型虚拟形式, 如:,2. would rather that,现在： 过去： 未来：,过去时,过去完成时,过去时,I would rather you paid me now.,I would rather you had gone, too.,Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow.,Without, but for和in the absence of构成虚拟。but for要不是 Without

35、 sunlight, peoples life would be different from today. But for your help, I wouldnt have finished the work. Without your help, I would have failed. But for water, it would be impossible to live in the desert.,Exercise,“ I met Tom and told him about our plan.” “I would rather you _ him about it.” A.

36、hadnt told B. not to tell C. didnt tell D. not to have told 2. Without his assistance, I _ the research last year. A. must not have completed B. would not have completed C. could not finish D. should not finish 3. But for your coming, I _ very lonely last night. A. were B. should be C. would be D. should have been,A,B,D,