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1、非谓语动词（复习）,非谓语动词 性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,过去分词,不定式,非谓语动词,动名词,现在分词,非谓语动词功能比较,动词不定式的基本形式,被动语态,一般式,进行式,完成式,to be done,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,动词不定式,To do that sort of thing is foolish。,I want to see you this evening.,All you have to do is
2、to finish it quickly.,We found a house to live in.,She came here to study English.,I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,不定式运用口诀 本领最多不定式，主、表、宾、补、定和状。 样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。 大家千万要当心，有时它把句型改， 作主宾时用“it”, 自己在后把身藏。 六个感官三使役， 宾补要把to甩开； 疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当； 逻辑主语不定式，不定式前for/
3、of sb. ; to前not是否定， 各种用法区别开。,例1： To help each other is good. _to help each other. 互相帮助是好的。 例2：_to understand him. 我发现了解他很困难。,It is good,I find it difficult,不定式在六个感官动词feel, listen to, hear, see, watch, notice, 三个使役动词 let, have, make等后作宾补时,to要省略。如 例1： Now, let me go. （go前省掉了to） 例2：I saw her run into t
4、he classroom. （run前的to省掉了） 比较She was seen _ the classroom.,to run into,疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当； 例1. The farmers didnt know what to do. The farmers didnt know . 例2. Please tell me how to get to the zoo. Please tell me .,what they should do,how I can get to the zoo,不定式在以下形容词后:easy, difficult, hard, heavy,ligh
5、t, cheap, expensive, good, nice, safe, dangerous, important, interesting, pleasant, (im)possible, fun等。 This question is difficult _ (answer). Do you think him easy_ (work) with? 这时用主动形式表被动意思。,to answer,to work,动词不定式省略to 的情况归纳,*1 当动词不定式作宾语补足语时，如动词是 make, let , have 或 look at , see, watch, observe, h
6、ear, listen to, feel 、等，不定式不带to.,*2. 在下列结构后 had better, would rather, would ratherthan, cannot but（不得不 ，必然，不能不）, cant help but 等,*3. Why. 或 why not 表建议,4. 在介词 but , except 之后，如果其前有 实义动词do 的某种形式，不定式不带to,反之须带to .（记忆口诀）,*5 不定式作表语时，如果be动词前有do/did/does时，to可以省去。,注意1：不定式动词在介词but，except，后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的
7、各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。,She could do nothing but _(cry),I have no choice but _(go),注意2：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,He is looking for a room _(live),There is nothing (worry),Please give me a knife (cut),cry,to go,to live in,to worry about,to cut with,注意3：当作定语的不定式所修饰
8、的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。,比较：,Have you anything to send? B) Have you anything to be sent?,你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是you),你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else),作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去to 后面的动词，只保留to 。,A:Would you like to come to my party?,Mary wanted to
9、 use my bike, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).,B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).,Mary想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。,注意4：,D,A,D,(1)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表 示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。,Tom and Martin pretended _their homework when the teacher came into the classroom. （假装正在做作业）,(2)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用 完成式。,She
10、is said _thirty novels this year. 据说她已读了30本小说。,to be doing,to have read,不定式的语态不应忽略,当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这不定式所表示的动作 的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的 被动形式有两种：一般式和完成式。,1.It is an honor for me _to your party. (invite) 2.After graduation, he asked _to work in the countryside. (sent),3.This novel was said _into French. (tra
11、nslate) 4.He was the first student_by The teacher. (punish),to be invited,to be sent,to have been translated,to have been punished,一、动名词的形式,巧记跟动名词的口诀：,避免错过少延期， 建议完成多练习， 喜欢想象禁不住，承认否定与妒忌， 逃脱冒险莫原谅，忍受保持不在意。,avoid,miss,delay; suggest,finish,practice; enjoy,imagine,resist(cant help); admit,deny envy; esca
12、pe,risk,pardon; stand, keep,mind,注意事项：,.,注意：动名词（短语）做主语常用于下列结构： a. Its no use sending him over. Its too late already. Its no good talking a lot without doing anything. Its a waste of time arguing about it. b. Theres no joking about such matters. Theres no saying what hell be doing next. Theres no tel
13、ling what hes going to do.,而在Its important / Its necessary 这类句型中，只能用不定式 如： Its important to learn foreign languages. Its quite necessary to read it many times.,注意2：在need, want, deserve等后，可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动式，意义上无差别。但用动名词较为普遍，（这时主语一般是物），如： The door needs_.(paint),painting / to be painted.,动名词的完成
14、形式与被动形式, 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式，如： I regret _her advice.(我后悔没听她的建议）, 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时，这个动名词一般要用被动形式，如： He did it without_.(ask) The little boy didnt mind _(leave)at home. They couldnt stand _(treat)like that.,not having taken,being asked,being left,being treated,动名词的复合结构,动名词
15、的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。 有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者，可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，来表示动名词逻辑上的主语。有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，不过，这主要用于口语中。如： She wont hear of us leaving the village. Do you object to Li Pings joining the physics group? 注：如果不是在句子的开头，这个结构常用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格，如： I dont like the idea of us / our not helping at all. I d
16、ont mind Jane buying another one. 注：如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示无生命的东西的名词，或不定代词，就只能用普通格，不能用所有格，如： Is there any hope of your team winning the match? The boy was alarmed by someone knocking at the door.,1.Do you mind opening the door? （我） 2. Going there saved us a good deal of trouble. （Tom） 3.Being late again made
17、the teacher angry. （他）,Do you mind me/my opening ,Toms going there saved us a good ,His being late again made,1. _to the meeting surprised all of the boards. A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mikes coming 2. Its no use _ that you didnt know the rules. A. you pretend B. you pretending C.
18、your pretending D. your pretend,D,C,动名词与不定式的不同含义： 1)be afraid to do 不敢、害怕、胆怯去 做某事 be afraid of doing 担心、恐怕出现 She was afraid _( wake ) her husband up, for he had bad temper. She was afraid _( of wake ) her husband, for he was ill. 2) forget, remember, try, mean, stop, . 3)permit, allow, forbid ,advis
19、e, admit, ,to wake,of waking,4)cant help doing sth. cant help (to )do sth. cant help but do sth.不得不，忍不住 1.I couldnt help_(think) of my childhood when I saw the picture. 2.Im sorry I cant help_(lend) you the money, for Im short of it nowadays. 3.I cant help but_(cry).,thinking,lend,cry,情不自禁,不能帮忙做.,分
20、词 分词：分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。分词可分为现在分词、过去分词。,现在分词的基本形式,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,完成式,过去分词的基本形式：done,独立主格结构 （ 所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。） A)1. Today _( be ) Sunday, the library doesnt open. =Because today _(be) Sunday, 2. There _( be ) no buses, we had to walk home.,being,being,is,3. The sig
21、nal _( give ), the bus started. 4. Weather _ ( permit ), well visit the Great Wall. 5. A teacher from England _( teach ) us English, were sure to learn it well. 6. With him _( give ) us a lead, our team is to win. 7. With the worker _ ( lead ), the Young Pioneers went through the forest and started
22、towards the mountain village. 8.he went home with his work _(finish).,given,permitting,teaching,giving,leading,finished,9. 他迟到了,老师很生气.,(用动名词的复合结构) （作主语）_,(用分词的独立结构),His being late made the teacher angry.,The teacher was angry at his /him being late.,He being late, the teacher was angry.,作表语,（1）动名词 M
23、y job is teaching. = Teaching is my job. Her full-time job is laying eggs. =Laying eggs is her full-time job.,（2）现在分词 The play is exciting. Exciting is the play. The story he told us was very interesting. Interesting was the story he told us.,动名词作表语是对主语内容的解释.,现在分词作表语则表示主语的性质与特征,也可以表示进行与主动.,a washing
24、 machine a machine for washing a swimming pool a pool for swimming This is a new washing machine.,作定语,性质或用途。,动名词作定语表示_,作定语,现在分词作定语表示_.如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，就放在被修饰的名词之后。 a developing country a country which is developing a sleeping boy a boy who is sleeping The man talking with my father is Mr. Wang.
25、 China is a developing country.,动作正在进行。,eg.He attends the meeting _in the room now. He attended the meeting _yesterday. （hold） He will attend the meeting _tomorrow.,1.从时态上看，现在分词表示正在进行的动作 过去分词表示已经完成的动作，to do表示将来的动作。,定语,being held,held,to be held,eg. I found him cooking supper. I found supper cooked w
26、hen I got home. It is true I saw Henry cook supper.,现在分词与宾语为主动关系，强调动作正在进行； 过去分词与宾语为被动关系，强调动作已经完成； to do只单纯表示一个事实，强调动作的全过程。,补语,作状语时的区别：,分词 表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况等等,They worked hard to pay for the necklace. I went to see him only to find him out.,to do表示1.目的; 2.结果表示出人预料的情况或结果。常用only强调。,目的,结果,现在分词doing表示自然
27、而然的结果,1. He returned home _( find ) the house broken into. 2.His father died, _( leave ) him nothing but debts.,to find,leaving,1._is a good of exercise for both the young and the old. A.The walk B.Walking C.To walk D.Walk 2.When and where to build the new power station_yet. A.is not decided B.are n
28、ot decided C.has not decided D.have not decided 3.Is_necessary to change trains at Beijing? A. this B. that C. it D. he,Non-infinitive,B,C,C,4.Our father often told us in the past that _is believing. A.to see B.seeing C.see D.to be seen 5.She pretended_the letter I wrote the day before yesterday. A.
29、not to receive B.not receiving C.not to hear from D.having not received 6.I cant imagine_that with such a famous author. A.work B.to work C.to be working D.working,7.She reached the top of the hill and stopped_on a big rock by the side of the path. A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest 8.Do yo
30、u consider_any good attempting many scientific experiments? A.there B.it C.this D.that 10.There was a terrible noise_the sudden burst of light. A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed,11Mrs.Smith warned her husband_after drinking again and again. A.never to drive B.to never drive C.
31、never driving D.never rive 12.They knew her very well.They had seen her_up from childhood. A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow 13. Believe it or not, he was seen_upstairs just now. A.to go B.to going C.having gone D.go,14. It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night. A. to burn B. burn C. bu
32、rning D. burned 15. The murderer was brought in ,with his hands _behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 16. To master a foreign language,_ .A. a lot of practice is needed B. it needs a lot of practice C. practice is in need of D. one needs a lot of practice,17._a reply,
33、he decided to write a sixth letter. A. Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Having not received 18. Little Jim should love _to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 19. What do you think of the book? Oh, excellent. Its worth _a second time.
34、 A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read,20. The library needs _,but itll have to wait until Sunday. A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned,She appeared _ the lady before. A. to not see B. not to see C. not to have seen D. to have not seen. 2. From the date _ on the letter, I decided that it was written several days ago. A. marking B. marked C. to be marked D. having been marked 3. -Do you have anything more _, sir? -No, you can have a rest or do sth. else. A. typing B. to be typed C. typed D. to type,