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1、宁波效实中学 英语高考复习策略,朱旭彬 April 2, 2015,CONTENTS,一、效实中学英语课程目标与结构 二、英语语言技能培养形式与辅助 材料三年规划 三、高考复习策略,总目标： 培养学生较强的综合语言运用能力，特别是英语口语能力；培养学生的评判性阅读与思维能力；培养学生平等包容的文化观（能对本国与他国的文化现象进行反思与客观的评价，取长补短）。,一、效实中学英语课程目标与结构,二、英语语言技能培养形式与辅助材料三年规划,Rome was not built in a day!,高一抓基础，提兴趣； 高二优技能，促思维； 高三提升、备考！,三、高考复习策略,（一）复习原则 1. 基
2、础+拓展 2. 测试难度：高考+（略高于高考）,基础+拓展 （重词汇+重读写） 新课标英语词汇 3年高考2年模拟词汇复习 34年高考真题 自编语法复习资料（不断更新） 精选20套模拟题（不断更新）,2. 测试难度：高考+（略高于高考） （应根据各校学生的水平而定。）,（二）考试研究 1、完形填空研究 2、阅读理解研究 3、短文改错研究 4、书面表达研究,Cloze考什么？,Collocations (词的层面） Sentence structures （句的层面） A sense of context or coherence (篇章层面） （依据“格式塔”的阅读惯性理论，测试语言连贯理解的能
3、力 ）,1、完形研究（摘自赵伐教授讲座）,Cloze练习题的选择,文体：记叙文、说明文、夹叙夹议、应用文等 内容：学生所熟悉或感兴趣的； 长度：符合教学要求和考试时间要求（250350） 难度：词汇和句子结构基本符合大纲要求 设空：符合规范 干扰项 考察重点：语篇连贯感而非语法,题眼设置较均匀，能全面测试语篇主要和核心信息，关注实词； 题眼可分为“句际”和“句内”的，分“语法”和“词汇”，又可分为“实词”和“虚词”； 首句不设题眼，为理解提供一个前提和“起点”；首句须有足够的背景信息；最后一句一般不设题眼； 为保证逻辑上的衔接不被过分破坏，题眼之间不宜过紧，至少应相隔一个“意群”通常不少于5-
4、7个单词； “句际”类、语法类、虚词类的题眼应有一定比列。 语法（虚词）类主要是指关联词不宜连续出现，否则可能造成逻辑关系过分断裂； 原则上一个句子中不能超过两个题眼，否则可能造成逻辑关系过分断裂； 题眼应以单词或固定词组为单位，后者比例应尽量降低。,设置干扰项,干扰项是教师考查、鉴别学生对某些知识点和能力掌握情况的手段，应有的放矢地设置； 干扰项应为同类，实词类应取同义词、近义词、形近词；虚词类应取同种词性，用法接近，或是其它具有可比性的选项； 各选项词汇级别应接近，词义方向基本相同必要时可用“两反两正”，原则上不能出现“三反一正”或“三正一反”的情况； 干扰项应该是语法结构正确、但在语义、
5、逻辑上是错误的选择，不能让学生单凭语法就判断其正误，而应让其根据上下文来进行判断。,篇章逻辑(Text-level Coherence),I had worried myself sick over Simons mother coming to see me. I was a new teacher, and I gave honest account of the students work. It taught me the most valuable lesson over the years of my teaching career, and Im thankful that it
6、 came early and positively 2014 浙江卷,出题常常在最前面或最后面！,句内连贯（Intra-sentential coherence）,例子： There are many shops in Singapore where customers still bargain, although prices are clearly shown on the goods. I should have known it: The task is simply too difficult. Although I love my life, it hasnt been a l
7、ot of fun as Ive been ill for 28 years. Music has always been a great love of mine and, in my 20s, when my sickness was more manageable, I enjoyed ten years as a professional singer in restaurants, playing and singing folk songs. （浙江2011年高考）,找到另一条腿！,句际连贯（Inter-sentential coherence）,例子： Finding the r
8、ight gadget was a real hassle. I finally settled with a digital camera. Ive forgotten what I told him that night. But I do remember watching him put some butter on that bread. Two years ago, I decided that I would need to have some kind of extra work to make up for my disability pension. As I needed
9、 to sleep in the afternoons, I was limited in my choices.（浙江2011年高考）,I sat, stunned(惊呆了), for about half an hour, wondering what had just happened. How did I make such a life-changing difference to that boy without even knowing it? What I finally came to remember was one day, several months before,
10、when some students were giving reports in the front of the class, Jeanne spoke quietly, and to encourage her to raise her voice, I had said, “Speak up. Simons the expert on this. He is the only one you have to convince, and he cant hear you in the back of the room.”,Eg. 句内+句际,题眼在哪里？ Referencing （指代）
11、 Substitution （替代） Conjunction （连接） Transition （过渡）,Its a sad and familiar voice that we often hear in big cities: “Can you spare some change?” Usually, when faced with that particular question, I have feelings of guilt if I pass by without giving a coin or two. （Referencing; Grammatical cohesion) T
12、hanking him, I made a time with him to listen to all the songs and choose the ones that I could sing. I have come full circle with his help. (Substitution) Unfortunately that was years ago and times have changed. Now I live with my mother on a country farm. (Transition) On the way to school, she loo
13、ked inside. She hoped that a new lunch bag meant something new for lunch, but she found the same lunch as alwaysa sandwich. (Conjunction),Barbara Windsor, chairman of the Performing Art Society, said, “If they have to tear the Secombe down, it would be a waste of a good theatre. Every town needs a h
14、eart.” (substitution) The landslide destroyed two classrooms and caused heavy damage to six others. （substitution) All the students and teachers ran to the open area that had been set aside as an emergency gathering point. Just then, they heard screams as the huge rock rolled down the hill, bringing
15、 sand, rock and mud. (transition),如何提高学生的语篇连贯感？,把握文体Narration, Reflective narration 关注实词，如名词、动词、形容词、副词等，尤其是主位的名词和动词，是骨架，表意义、主旨；形容词和副词是血肉，表态度、气氛、情绪；学会通过实词把握全篇要义; 培养学生的语篇衔接能力：掌握Referencing, substitution, Conjunction, Transition, Implication, Inferencing, Ellipsis等语篇连贯手段，题眼往往就在于此。,2、阅读研究（摘自赵伐教授讲座）,读大意、
16、读结构、读语气、 读态度、读言外之意 谈阅读理解的五类难题,Read for Gist, Structure, Tone, Voice and Implication,Read for Gist,Where is the gist ？（主旨要义在哪里？） 1）文章第一句或段落； 2）每一段的主题句； 3）文章的字里行间。 这类试题考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，对考生的归纳、概括能力有一定要求。,Read for Structure,Recognize the structure of a text! (理解文章的基本结构) 关于结构： 1）段落与篇章的启、承、转、合； 2）句与句、段与段之
17、间的逻辑关系（如文中某一段落的作用或某些词语之间的指代关系等）。,段落的启承转合,Man is closely related to the environment.（启） Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fertile soil in which to plant.（承） Man could hardly survive if he couldnt get the necessities he needed f
18、rom the environment.（承） Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings.（承）So a good environment is essential to mans life.（合）,语篇的启承转合,引言段（启和承） Man is closely related to the environment. Our environment provides man with fresh air to breathe, clean water to drink, various vegetables to eat and fert
19、ile soil in which to plant. Man could hardly survive if he couldnt get the necessities he needed from the environment. Even when he sleeps, he needs quiet surroundings. So a good environment is essential to mans life. 推展段（转） However, our environment is faced with many dangers. It is seriously pollut
20、ed by chemical wastes from factories and sewage in the city. Farmland is also overworked and has lost its fertility. Some even have become sandy. Moreover, trees are being cut down, thus a large scale of forests species of plants and animals are disappearing from the earth. The balance of nature is
21、being destroyed. 结论段（合） Effective measures must be taken to protect our environment. Laws must be passed to prohibit factories from emitting wasted gases and releasing water before they are purified. Moreover, people should be forbidden to throw away rubbish whenever and wherever they like. And rare
22、 animals must be well preserved. Finally, new models of vehicles should be invented, which give off fewer exhausted fumes and less noise than the old ones. Only in this way can man have a pleasant environment to live in.,段与段之间的逻辑关系,In ancient Egypt, the pharaoh(法老) treated the poor message runner li
23、ke a prince when he arrived at the palace, if he brought good news. However, if the exhausted runner had the misfortune to bring the pharaoh unhappy news, his head was cut off. Shades of that spirit spread over todays conversations. Once a friend and I packed up some peanut butter and sandwiches for
24、 an outing. As we walked light-heartedly out the door, picnic basket in hand, a smiling neighbor looked up at the sky and said, “Oh boy, bad day for a picnic. The weatherman says its going to rain.” I wanted to strike him on the face with the peanut butter and sandwiches. Not for his stupid weather
25、report, for his smile. Several months ago I was racing to catch a bus. As I breathlessly put my handful of cash across the Greyhound counter, the sales agent said with a broad smile, “Oh that bus left five minutes ago.” Dreams of head-cutting! Its not the news that makes someone angry. Its the unsym
26、pathetic attitude with which its delivered. Everyone must give bad news from time to time, and winning professionals do it with the proper attitude. A doctor advising a patient that she needs an operation does it in a caring way. A boss informing an employee he didnt get the job takes on a sympathet
27、ic tone. Big winners know, when delivering any bad news, they should share the feeling of the receiver. Unfortunately, many people are not aware of this. When youre tired from a long flight, has a hotel clerk cheerfully said that your room isnt ready yet? When you had your heart set on the toast bee
28、f, has your waiter merrily told you that he just served the last piece? It makes you as traveler or diner want to land your fist right on their unsympathetic faces. Had my neighbor told me of the upcoming rainstorm with sympathy, I would have appreciated his warning. Had the Greyhound salesclerk sym
29、pathetically informed me that my bus had already left, I probably would have said, “Oh, thats all right. Ill catch the next one.” Big winners, when they bear bad news, deliver bombs with the emotion the bombarded (被轰炸的) person is sure to have. 53. In Paragraph 1, the writer tells the story of the ph
30、araoh to _. A. make a comparison B. introduce a topic C. describe a scene D. offer an argument,Read for Tone and Voice,1）作者的语气和态度； 2）人物的语气和态度； How to find their tone and voice?（语气与态度在哪儿？） 1）关注形容词、副词、情态动词、虚拟语气、带有情感色彩的动词和名词； 2）关注语气（voice）、转折（transition）、比较（comparison）、对比（contrast）和修辞手段,如夸张（hyperbole）、
31、排比（parallelism）、重复（repetition）、比喻（metaphor）等。,Four people in England, back in 1953, stared at Photo 51. It wasnt mucha picture showing a black X. But three of these people won the Nobel prize for figuring out what the photo really showedthe shape of DNA. The discovery brought fame and fortune to sci
32、entists James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins. The fourth, the one who actually made the picture, was left out. Her name was Rosalind Franklin. “She should have been up there,” says historian Mary Bowden. “If her photo hadnt been there, the others couldnt have come up with the structure.”
33、 One reason Franklin was missing was that she had died of cancer four years before the Nobel decision. But now scholars doubt that Franklin was not only robbed of her life by disease but robbed of credit by her competitors. At Cambridge University in the 1950s, Watson and Crick tried to make models
34、by cutting up shapes of DNAs parts and then putting them together. In the meantime, at Kings College in London, Franklin and Wilkins shone X-rays at the molecule(分子). The rays produced patterns reflecting the shape. But Wilkins and Franklins relationship was a lot rockier than the celebrated teamwor
35、k of Watson and Crick. Wilkins thought Franklin was hired to be his assistant. But the college actually employed her to take over the DNA project. What she did was produce X-ray pictures that told Watson and Crick that one of their early models was inside out. And she was not shy about saying so. Th
36、at angered Watson, who attacked her in return, “Mere inspection suggested that she would not easily bend. Clearly she had to go or be put in her place.” As Franklins competitors, Wilkins, Watson and Crick had much to gain by cutting her out of the little group of researchers, says historian Pnina Ab
37、ir-Am. In 1962 at the Nobel prize awarding ceremony, Wilkins thanked 13 colleagues by name before he mentioned Franklin. Watson wrote his book laughing at her. Crick wrote in 1974 that “Franklins was only two steps away from the solution.” No, Franklin was the solution. “She contributed more than an
38、y other player to solving the structure of DNA. She must be considered a co-discoverer,” Abir-Am says. This was backed up by Aaron Klug, who worked with Franklin and later won a Nobel Prize himself. Once described as the “Dark Lady of DNA”, Franklin is finally coming into the light.,60. What is the
39、writers attitude toward Wilkins, Watson and Crick? Disapproving. B. Respectful. C. Admiring D. Doubtful,Read for Implication,How to infer?（如何作出判断和推理？） 1）Infer the meaning of an unknown word or phrase 2) Infer the possibility of something,Example: E-nose,With some fine-tuning, a device like the e-nos
40、e could one day be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful bugs, the researchers say. A device like this could also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripe and ready to pick and eat, says Natalia Dudareva, a biochemist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind. who studies smells of
41、 flowers and plants. Hopefully, scientists believe, the device could bring large benefits to greenhouse managers in the near future. (2009浙江卷阅读C篇) 52. We can infer from the last paragraph that the e-nose_. A. is unable to tell the smell of flowers B. is not yet used in greenhouses C. is designed by
42、scientists at Purdue D. is helpful in killing harmful insects,细节理解题也不能忽视！,利用高考阅读材料进行长难句解读练习。,干扰项的设置,形式 取自文本、貌似正确； 长短一致、形式相似； 干净利落、避免提示； 短小精干、简明扼要。,手段 张冠李戴 偷梁换柱 以偏概全 夸大、缩小 常识干扰,高一高二阅读教学中关注微技能培养 让学生关注、运用文体知识 eg. 记叙文的 story schema 新闻体的inverted pyramid 议论文的 how to persuade 研究报告的要素： assumption, purpose,
43、subjects, method, result, conclusion,Advice on reading practice:,3、改错研究,2014 2 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 0,1）强调短文改错的解题规范； 2）让学生用以上图表来检核自己的答案。,短文改错有很大的提升空间！,4、书面表达研究,1）考试方向（摘自周道义老师讲座内容） 20042013 书面表达:从话题和要求，看命题思路的延续与变化 2004：写信：推荐英汉/汉英词典还是新华词典？ 2005：Film or book, which do you prefer? 2006：生日庆祝方式; 你认为怎样庆祝更有意义。 200
44、7：你喜欢英语课堂上的授课形式：只用英语，还是英语、汉语兼用? 2008: Working Individually or Working in a Team -（第一条分界线：以上是“二选一”模式）-,2009: 写一篇新闻报道: Student Volunteers Brought Sunshine to the Elderly 2010：新闻报道：班级“每周之星”Star Student of the Week 2011：写信给校长：反映校园中的随意涂写和乱丢垃圾行为。 Comment: 有趣的话题（2004-2011）：“好好学习”与“好好做人” -（第二条分界线：以下开放性更大）-,
45、2012：议论文：“Your future depends on many things, but mostly on you.” 2013：（叙+议或评） “One Thing Im Proud of” Comment：2012年书面表达题要求考生针对“英语活动周”活动所撰录的名言佳句（“Your future depends on many things, but mostly on you.”），谈谈自己的看法，并举例说明理由。这一命题思路具有里程碑意义：题目更加开放，书面表达能力和思维能力要求明显提高。,2014 建议信,学校图书馆需要购置一批新书， 现向学生征求意见。假如你是李越，你
46、认为学校图书馆最需要购置科普类图书（popular science books）和文学类图书（literary books）。请你用英语给图书馆王老师写一封100120词的信，推荐这两类书，并分别说明推荐理由。 注意：信的抬头与落款已给出（不计入词数）。 Dear Mr. Wang, _ Yours sincerely Li Yue,回归？,One possible student version: Dear Mr. Wang, Knowing that our library is going to buy books, Id like to give some suggestions. W
47、hat we need most are popular science books. Usually popular science books explain basic principles of nature in a simple and interesting way. They help us understand science subjects better and arouse our curiosity about scientific discoveries. In addition to reading for knowledge, we read for fun a
48、nd inspiration. That is why I recommend another category of books: literary books. Classic works, written by masters, present great thoughts through fascinating stories and language. They not only offer us joy and excitement, but also encourage us to think critically. Ill be glad if you can consider
49、 my recommendation. Yours sincerely, Li Yue,语体: formal/informal/ intended reader,语言技能 内容逻辑 思维层次,2）训练策略： 限时训练，分类训练； 范例引领，细致评价； 点滴积累，以读促写。,材料： 标准化阅读训练中的美文 英语美文 新概念英语3部分文章 写作相关话题文章 学生优秀作品,3）好作文的标准（自定标准） 字迹美观，语法正确 开头不俗，结尾精彩 选词恰当，句型丰富 逻辑合理，内涵深刻 简练地道，个性鲜明 （对优生的要求）,（三）教师合作 1、选题+出题 2、备课+议课 3、mini讲座 4、学术阅读 5、资源共享 6、传承改进,（四）存在的问题 1、优生培育没有提上议程 2、对参加自主招生的学生帮