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1、Your site here,LOGO,HORTICULTURE HELPS US TO LIVE AS HUMAN BEINGS: PROVIDING BALANCE AND HARMONY IN OUR BEHAVIOR AND THOUGHT AND LIFE WORTH LIVING,Your site here,LOGO,Abstract,Human beings are creative and social beings. A human being has two ways of being creative; by fostering life and by acquirin
2、g objects. The former origined in the maintenance of race and the latter in the maintenance of body.,Your site here,LOGO,A human being also cannot live without any relationship with others， which provides him “life worth living.“ Our life in modern society is deficient in fostering life and“ life wo
3、rth living,” and emphasizes the acquiring of objects.,Your site here,LOGO,Only a few limited activities such as horticulture， raising animals and nurturing children provide us with the behavior and thought of fostering life， which presents the opportunity for us to live 4$ human beings.,Your site he
4、re,LOGO,“Life worth living“ is also provided by horticulture; sharing the effort and products of horticulture such as vegetables， fruit， cut-and/or pot flowers, ornamentals, etc.; joining with others to create and/or maintain pleasant surroundings such as parks， healthy, communities, school gardens，
5、 comfortable rooms， etc.; educating children or amateurs through gardening.,Your site here,LOGO,Thus， horticulture helps us to live as human beings， providing balance and harmony in our behavior and thought of fostering life and acquiring objects， and “life worth living“ through communicating with o
6、thers.,Your site here,LOGO,Key index words,Gardening, Horticulture， Human being, Creative being, Treasure ， Fostering, Acquiring， Social being， Life worth living，Education,Your site here,LOGO,1. Introduction,In the United States， approximately 70% of the households are engaged in gardening (Relf et
7、al., 1992) and 80% of the households believed gardening or horticulture is an incomparable pleasure (Ashizawa， 1992).,Your site here,LOGO,In Japan，Leisure Hakusho(1980, 1987, 1994)，reported more than 30% of the Japanese population has enjoyed gardening or horticulture as a leisure activity or hobby
8、for more than 15 years (1978-1993).,Your site here,LOGO,Why does horticulture attract so many who have taken it as a hobby? In other words，why does horticulture as a hobby or leisure activity fascinate us?,Your site here,LOGO,In Great Britain，gardening is common in daily life (Kato,1969) and in the
9、United States it is used as a treatment for mentally retarded or physically handicapped individuals (Reif, 1981) ,which is called horticultural therapy.,Your site here,LOGO,In recent years, the Japanese have paid much attention to horticultural therapy and there have been and will be several seminar
10、s/conferences on horticultural therapy in Japan (Matsuo,1994b). Why should such a treatment be effective for disabled people?,Your site here,LOGO,As the number of elderly people increase in Japan， providing for their welfare is becoming an increasing large problem. For this purpose， horticulture is
11、expected to play an increasing role providing for this population.,Your site here,LOGO,Why is horticulture expected to be one of the methods of providing welfare of older population? We also note that although the price of land is extremely expensive in Japan， the Japanese long to live in a house wi
12、th a garden. Is this desire natural or unreasonable? Why?,Your site here,LOGO,The answer for these above-mentioned questions is “because horticulture makes us feel that we are human beings.“,Your site here,LOGO,2. A human is creative and humans are social beings,Since the Greek age，many definitions
13、have been advanced about a human being or human beings (Malsuo,1982)， but most of them have been too philosophical to understand， and we cannot have imagined the real status of a human being or human beings.,Your site here,LOGO,Studies on brain physiology support the idea that a human being is a cre
14、ative being (Homo creata)(Ichikawa,1972). That is， Homo sapiens has a unique nervous system called “a creative system.“ which no other animals have (Tokizane, 1974).,Your site here,LOGO,When we Homo sapiens fully utilize this creative system，we may live as human beings. Another important aspect of h
15、uman beings is that we cannot live without other human beings.,Your site here,LOGO,This situation is referred to as “social.” This is also expressed with Chine letters“人间”， which mean that a human being lives among human beings （Watsuji, 1974). Thus，we can refer to human beings as creative and socia
16、l beings.,Your site here,LOGO,3. 1. Acquiring objects and fostering life Animals are instinctive (Tokizane， 1974)， but a human being is also creative (Ichikawa， 1972). When we are creative, we feel pleasure, but not hardship， even if the works or situation are trying, hard , painful，tedious or borin
17、g. Then how can we be creative?,3. A human being is a creative being,Your site here,LOGO,Considering our daily behavior or activities， we know that a human being has two ways of being creative， by fostering life and by acquiring objects (Matsuo, 1977) .These are based on different philosophies: the
18、philosophy of fostering and that of acquiring.,Your site here,LOGO,The philosophy of fostering originated in continuance of the race and Homo sapiens as an animal, instinctive being，has evolved into a human being，adding the philosophy of fostering life, and of acquiring objects.,Your site here,LOGO,
19、These two philosophies and the activities associated with them make it possible for us to live as human beings. Concrete examples of fostering life are growing plants, raising animals, nurturing and educating children or training successors (Table 1).,Your site here,LOGO,As examples of acquiring obj
20、ects, we could mention obtaining materials and information fishing, hunting, shopping, reading, writing, painting, appreciating arts, making things, manufacturing, ect. (Table1).,Your site here,LOGO,There are important differences between these two ways of being creative: 1) by fostering life, altho
21、ugh we only help life to develop according to its genetic information, we become deeply involved and often feel or find ourselves a part of it.,Your site here,LOGO,Fostering life requires that we continue our involvement during the entire period of growth, often for a long time. This attitude toward
22、 objects is quite nurturing and supportive, and it demands perseverance (Table 1).,Your site here,LOGO,2) In acquiring objects ,the procedure is accomplished in response to our own desire. This attitude toward objects is very discriminatory, volitional, selective, or manipulative.,Your site here,LOG
23、O,The fact that Homo sapiens can be creative in both ways enables him to live as a human being by satisfying the urge to foster and the urge to acquire. Therefore the following could be concluded: 1) If we repress one of both of these urges, we fail to live as a human being,Your site here,LOGO,2) if
24、 we are kept apart from either of them, we are prevented from living as a human being. In either case, we do not live as a human being, but instinctively as an animal， because these are required to maintain our human race and society.,Your site here,LOGO,3.2. Life in modern society lacks fostering l
25、ife and focused on acquiring objects,Your site here,LOGO,In our modern, so-called urbanized society, super-industrialized society or informational society, if we analyzed our daily life most of us would not be surprised to find our thoughts and behaviors associated with acquiring objects not with fo
26、stering (MaIsuo, 1977).,Your site here,LOGO,That is we wish to do everything easily effectively and/or efficiently, but are not willing to do hard, dirty and dangerous works.,Your site here,LOGO,For example, students want to pass their exams with less effort than attending lectures will rent their c
27、olleagues notebook; in supermarkets, packaged ingredients and partially cooked foods are in great demand, because housewives or young ladies hope to reduce the time required for cooking;,Your site here,LOGO,children purchase beetles grasshoppers and other insects at the department store to avoid pai
28、nful scratches when catching them in the fields; people want to climb mountains by car, not on foot (Matsuo，1982).,Your site here,LOGO,On the other hand, the urge to foster is lacking in our life. For example, in mass media, we can find many news items on abandoned children, infanticide ,a forced ch
29、ild suicide, cruelty to children, refusal to raise children, etc.;,Your site here,LOGO,high school students do not hope to enter the University Departments which deal with raising animals or plants, because they feel that work is hard (Kitsui) dirty (Kitanai) and dangerous (Kiken), so- called 3K job
30、 in Japan, and low pay, low prestige and low potential for promotion, so called 3L in English.,Your site here,LOGO,Your site here,LOGO,There has been a change to acquisitive situations even in the field of agriculture or animal husbandry, where the urge to foster may have been the original philosoph
31、y; e.g. plant factory ， broiler factory (growing chickens for broiling), egg factory (farms for chicken egg production) (Matsuo, 1982).,Your site here,LOGO,Thus, our life in modern society lacks in the thought and behavior to foster, and the thought and behavior of acquiring overwhelms fostering. Th
32、at is，the modem society does not allow us to live as human beings through both ways of being creative. If we compare a human being to a cart， a cart that has lost the balance of its wheels does not move normally.,Your site here,LOGO,This situation could be expressed as follows; nowadays most of us h
33、ave lost the balance in fostering and acquiring，and when we consider it from the viewpoint of humanity， we may be in a condition of “pre-sickness” (Matsuo,1994a)，which is not recognized in appearance， but we can not be referred to as healthy.,Your site here,LOGO,3.3. Horticulture provides us with bo
34、th fostering and acquiring.,Your site here,LOGO,Then， how can we live as human beings in modem society? One of the ways and an easy one is practicing horticulture or gardening because it provides us with both acquiring and fostering， while most of other activities provide us with only acquiring.,You
35、r site here,LOGO,3.3.1. Acquiring activity in horticulture Acquiring activities are classified into two groups; hunting and making (Matsuo, 1986a).,Your site here,LOGO,Hunting behavior is the act to get or obtain any material or information which we need or want. Making behavior is the act to produc
36、e any other things，information or documents using the hunted materials or information.,Your site here,LOGO,Pleasure of hunting in horticulture is experienced in the following ways (Matsuo, 1978， 1979，1982):,Your site here,LOGO,1)Harvesting，eating or admiring horticultural products: We enjoy harvesti
37、ng or eating fruits or vegetables，and admiring flowers. These acts include picking fruits such as apples, pears, mandarins, strawberries or grapes, and digging up sweet potatoes， peanuts or potatoes. These are typical and understandable examples of acquisitive acts in horticulture.,Your site here,LO
38、GO,2)Recovery of nature in urban area which is thought essential for us to live healthy: Through gardening in allotments or Kleingaertens ，people enjoy experiencing nature through bright sun shine，fresh air，feeling of soil，insects. fresh green, change of season, etc. which are lacking in urban areas
39、 (Matsuo, 1981).,Your site here,LOGO,3) Gratifying our desire for materials and knowledge: Amateur horticulturists find pleasure when they obtain plant species they long to have by exchange or when they receive a parcel containing a plant they ordered from a nursery. Unexpected income from horticult
40、ural products grown gives the gardener pleasure, although it is not the primary aim of growing.,Your site here,LOGO,Others explain the pleasure of increasing their knowledge of plants and how to grow them, and of the communication with other people who are engaged in gardening or are specialists in
41、horticulture.,Your site here,LOGO,Thus，we can be greatly engaged in hunting through horticulture and enjoy it. The pleasure of making or devising is another aspect of acquiring (Matsuo, 1977, 1978, 1982).,Your site here,LOGO,When we practice horticulture, we face many problems; no pot or no site for
42、 planting, strong wind, insects and disease, dryness or too much rain, etc. People experience pleasure when they solve these problems by themselves.,Your site here,LOGO,These are expressed in “idea pot”, shelf under roof for plant growing, and protection from sunlight or strong winds. There are othe
43、r pleasures: We dare take care of plants, imagining flowers in several months or a year.,Your site here,LOGO,In order to avoid injury by successive cropping, we enrich the soil years before planting, and find the proper plants to be grown by referring to the information on crop planting.,Your site h
44、ere,LOGO,By considering plant characteristics, such as shade tolerance, moisture or drought resistance, height herbaceous or woody, vine, shrub or tree, evergreen or deciduous, etc., we enjoy designing when and where to plant in the garden or where to put potted plants.,Your site here,LOGO,These are
45、 pleasures when we draw our dreams on the canvas of a garden. These are typical examples of our philosophy behind acquisitive horticulture.,Your site here,LOGO,3.3.2. Fostering activity in horticulture,When we think of fostering in our daily horticultural activities，we notice many interesting experi
46、ences (Matsuo, 1977, 1979, 1982).,Your site here,LOGO,For example： 1) We have been pleased to observe our plants growing day by day. 2) We get up in the morning with expectation to know which flowers opened this morning.,Your site here,LOGO,Similar situation is expressed in a Waka poem by A. Tachiba
47、na: “Tanoshimi wa asa okiidete kinou made nakarisl hana no sakerumiru toki ”(It is our pleasure to find flowers opened in the morning which were not open yesterday).,Your site here,LOGO,which was cited by President Clinton in his greeting of welcome for the Japanese Emperor and Empress in June 1994.
48、,Your site here,LOGO,3) Having cared for our plants over a long period of time. we especially enjoy when they finally flower and set fruit or seeds. Thus, children become willing to eat vegetables which they did not like such as carrot, white radish, egg plant, etc.,Your site here,LOGO,4) We become
49、disappointed at seeing plants die or become damaged for some reason or wilting because we forgot to water.,Your site here,LOGO,5) We are not pleased to give our plants to anyone who does not take care of them. 6) We do not want to sell our dear plants, even if someone prepares to pay any price for them. This is as in the case of our children.,Your site here,LOGO,7) A Bonsai grower told me that she felt as if her children were in travel while her plants were exhibited in a Bonsai show. 8) When our flowers are stolen，we get angry and grumble to ourselves that we would be willing to share so