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1、Chinese Coordination and Parallel Distributed Processing,WANG Qiang Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications,Introduction,Generally speaking, coordination is a structure composed of two or more constituents of equal grammatical value arranged in a parallel manner, with the constituents s
2、imilar, close, relevant or contrastive in terms of meaning. Consider (1). (1) 中国语言的演化与中国人群的演化 Evolution of Chinese languages and evolution of Chinese people,It is acknowledged that although coordination is one of the most fundamental and primitive syntactic structures, it may develop from homogeneit
3、y and simplicity in its prototypical form into diversity and complexity due to some additional factors.,Consider (2) and (3). (2) 语言的横向传递与纵向传递 Horizontal transmission and vertical transmission of language = Horizontal transmission of language and vertical transmission of language (3) 语言与大脑演化 Evoluti
4、on of language and brain = Evolution of language and evolution of brain,If anaphors are included, coordinations will be complicated further. Consider (4). (4) 中国语言的演化与(其)考古学的证据 Evolution of Chinese languages and its archeological evidence,More complex coordinations collocated in verb-object or modif
5、ier-noun relationship include (5) and (6). (5) 慰问和帮助伤员和病员 Greet and help the wounded and the patients = Greet the wounded, greet the patients, help the wounded, and help the patients (6) 中国与东亚的语言和遗传基因 Languages and genes in China and East Asia = Languages in China, languages in East Asia, genes in C
6、hina, and genes in East Asia,Complex coordinations like (5) remain an interesting and difficult topic in theory of grammar. More importantly, coordinations pose challenges to language processing in the brain. Language is a perfect and efficient system of thought and parallelism is one of the most im
7、portant features of brain mechanism. The Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) approach (Rumelhart et al. 1986) proposed over 25 years ago offers a plausible way to show how.,Derivation of Chinese coordination in theory of grammar,Lets take 慰问和帮助伤员和病员 as an example. The usual leftward derivation is
8、shown in (7) below.,The leftward derivation matches the basic principle of syntax, but it has two demerits. One is that it is not efficient enough as expected. The other is that it is not helpful for semantic interpretation.,To solve the problem, a parallel derivation based on parallel merge is prop
9、osed in (8) below.,In this approach, the computational efficiency is improved as the subderivations are done in parallel and the number of levels in the tree diagram decreases from five in (7) to three in (8). Furthermore, it helps better understand the complex meaning as it is clearly paraphrased a
10、s Greet the wounded, greet the patients, help the wounded, and help the patients.,A preliminary PDP model of the derivation,The brain mechanism is inherently parallel in that many units can carry out their computations in different places at the same time. The brain consists of a large number of hig
11、hly interconnected elements which apparently send very simpe excitatory messages to each other and update their excitations on the basis of these simple messages.,Based on the parallel derivation, a preliminary PDP model is proposed in (9) below.,This is an architecture with four input units in the
12、first layer, one cluster of size two in the second layer and one output unit in the third layer. The higher layer is to be understood primarily through the study of the interactions among lower layer units. The bottom-up system is inherently parallel in that many units can carry out their computatio
13、ns at the same time.,The preliminary or simplified model can be further complicated by adding more conjuncts as shown in the ellipsis. But the number of layer (height) will remain three (for complex coordination) or two (for simple coordination). This PDP model can be generalized as a prototypical a
14、nd fundamental one for Chinese coordination, and forms a reasonable basis for modeling cognitive processes in general.,Conclusion,The simultaneous computation of different parts of brain and its distributed, but not central, control makes plausible the parallel syntactic approach (8) and the preliminary simplied PDP model (9). Although simulation and neurological study are required to further verify our proposals, they can shed some light on the evolution of language and brain.,THANK YOU,