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1、,English Literature of 18th century,Enlightenment Movement 1. progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe (England, Germany and France) in the 18th century and in Russia in the 19th century (Lenin: bourgeois movement),2. the enlighteners: had hostility to serfdom; strongly advocated
2、the education and self-government and freedom for the masses of people; asserted the right and interests of the people, esp. peasants.,English Enlightenment appear after bourgeois revolution, urge the carrying-on of revolution the English enlighteners considered the chief way to better the society w
3、as “enlightenment” (education). They believe the power of reason. So the 18th C in England is also called “the age of reason”,Enlighteners in English Literature: 2 groups 1. moderate group: Pope, Defoe, Addison and Steele, and Richardson They supported the rules of the existing social order and cons
4、idered partial reforms would be sufficient.,2. Radical group: Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Goldsmith and Sheridan They insisted on more resolute democratization in the management of the government. They even partly defended the interests of working people, peasants and laboring class,neo-classicism pe
5、riodical literature sentimental movement novel drama,18th century literature,Neo-classicism Alexander Pope Samuel Johnson,In literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists
6、, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, and so on) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature shou
7、ld be judged in terms of its service to humanity., neo-classicism: modeled on Greek and Latin authors, tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works: 1. drama: rhymed couplet instead of blank verse, the three unities, regularity in construction, pre
8、sentation of types rather than individuals 2. poetry: following the ancient divisions: lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic 3. prose: precise, direct and flexible,4. The basic difference between Dryden and the 18th century enlighteners Dryden: wrote to please the declining aristocracy during t
9、he Restoration period Enlighteners: wrote for the bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social orders,Alexander Pope(1688-1744),1. life story merchants family, Catholic, feeble, severe bodily pain, introduced to literary world by Wycherley, 1713: formed Scriblerus Club (涂鸦社), side not definitely eit
10、her with Whig or Tory Wrote Newtons epitaph: “Nature, and Natures Laws lay hid in Night. God said, Let Newton be ! and All was Light.“,2. works 1). pastoral poems “Pastorals” 田园组诗 “Winsor Forest” 温莎林 “Ode on Solitude” 隐居颂 2). satirical poems “The Rape of the Lock”夺发记 “The Dunciad” 群愚史诗,3). philosoph
11、ical works “An Essay on Criticism”批评论 “An Essay on Man”人论 “Moral Essays” 道德论 4). translation and edition “Iliad” “Odessey” “The Works of Shakespeare”,“An Essay on Criticism” 1). a manifesto of English neo-classicism aesthetic theories of poetry comprehensive study of the theories of literary critici
12、sm 2). criticism on poetry written in blank verse (heroic couplet): how to write and appreciate poetry,3). content: respect to ancient Greek and Roman poets and critics not showing preference either for the Ancients or for the Modernsjudge each individual work according to its own merit or demerit r
13、espect to Shakespeare (violate classical rules),4). a didactic poem in heroic couplet, in a plain style, easy reading. Tis hard to say, if greater Want of Skill Appear in Writing or in Judging ill, But, of the two, less dangrous is th Offence, To tire our Patience, than mis-lead our Sense: Some few
14、in that, but Numbers err in this, Ten Censure wrong for one who Writes amiss;,Famous sayings: For fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 智者裹足不前，愚者铤而走险. To err is human, to forgive, divine. 人皆有错，难能宽恕 A little learning is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人,“The Rape of the Lock” 1). poem in mock-heroic (type
15、of satirical verse which deals with trivial matters in the style of epic or heroic verse 仿英雄体) a quarrel between two aristocratic families: Lord Petres cutting of a lock of Miss Arabella Fermors hair without her permission.,2). analysis social satire of the idle, meaningless life of the aristocratic
16、 bourgeois society of 18th c England Inferior position of women: toys and slaves to mens passion influenced Byrons “Don Juan”,“The Dunciad” 1). satirical poem of personal attack in 4 books, 15 years 2). background: provoked by Theobalds criticism of his edition of Shakespeare, first choosing Theobal
17、d as “the poet laureate” of the kingdom of Dullness. But by and by all the authors who had criticized Pope were ridiculed, and the satire was directed to all the literary vices of the time.,3). bitter satire on Popes rival writers and whole literary life in 18th c England 4). expose and satirize dul
18、lness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education and even religion,“An Essay on Man” 1). philosophical poem in heroic couplet, 4 epistles: Of the Nature and State of Man with respect to the universe with respect to Himself as an individual with respect to society with re
19、spect to happiness 2). Ps political and philosophical stand of an enlightener, influence of Deism,3). selection All Nature is but Art unknown to thee; All chance direction, which thou canst not see; All discord, harmony not understood; All partial evil, universal good: And spite of Pride, in erring
20、Reasons spite, One truth is clear, Whatever is, is right.,4. Comments on Pope (1). Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. (2). His lines are smooth, balanced and concise, a master of the heroic couplet. (3). influenced other writers of hi
21、s age, early 18th c England-the age of Pope,Samuel Johnson (1709-1784),1. life story 1728-29 Oxford 1731 father died, make his own living: usher, translating 1735 married a widow, 20 years senior, 800 , set up a school, failure 1755 Oxford: M.A. 1756 arrested for debt, loan from Richardson 1762 gove
22、rnmental pension: 300,1763 met Boswell biographer 1764 “The Club”, “The Literary Club”, Goldsmith, Sheridan 1765 Trinity College, Dublin: Dr. of Laws 1767 conversation with George , loyal to king 1770 political tracts as Tory 1775 Oxford: Doctor of Laws 1782 paralysis, recovered, “Essex Head Club”,1
23、784 After his death, Johnson received many honors. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, near the memorial to Shakespeare poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer and publicist.,2. His works: poems: “London” “The Vanity of Human Wishes” (heroic couplet) romance: “Th
24、e History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia” drama: “Irene” (blank-verse tragedy),periodicals: “The Rambler” “The Idler” critical works: “Lives of the Poets” dictionary: “The Dictionary of the English Language” Letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield,“The Vanity of Human Wishes” 1). sh
25、arp satire on the social evils in aristocratic-bourgeois world all-powerful influence of gold so many engaged in struggle for political power corruption and struggle for power between two parties 2). general picture of his society, not a particular person,“The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssini
26、a” 1). most popular of Js writings, didactic romance: 6 editions (besides one in Ireland & American): a prince who has led a sheltered life, and who goes out to explore the world and learns the meaning of life and the secret of happiness.,2. analysis: lack the revolutionary spirit, advocate golden m
27、ean (中庸之道) between Deism: reconcile to everything in the existing social order revolutionary thought: expose and criticize the ugly reality,“Lives of the poets” 1. Preface: praise Shakespeare “the poet of nature” and defend Shakespeare from the charges of mixing of comic with the tragic (violating t
28、he classical rules),2). 52 poets: unfair to Milton and Gray, cares for rhymed verse than blank verse 3). contents: biographical facts analysis of personal traits and character comments on their poetry,The Dictionary of the English Language the first English dictionary by an Englishman; first brought
29、 fame to Johnson remained for a century the unrivalled authority for English language and all English dictionary.,Letter To the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfield 1. Background: Samuel Johnson wrote the letter in 1755, when he was 45 years old. Johnson had just completed his great dictionary o
30、f the English language, which he had been toiling away at for eight years. seven London booksellers had commissioned the project eight years previously.,At that time Johnson had issued a plan for the work, in the hope of getting more funds from patrons. He had dedicated the plan to Philip Dormer, th
31、e Earl of Chesterfield. Johnson paid a call on the Earl at some point, and been disappointed with the results. He did apparently get a few guineas out of the noble Lord, but it was much less than he had hoped for. Chesterfield seemed to have taken no further interest in the project.,Until, all those
32、 years later, when the dictionary was at last ready for publication (it was actually five years later), Lord Chesterfield published an advance review of it in a magazine named The World, presenting himself as principal patron of the work. This excited Johnsons indignation, and he wrote the following
33、 letter to his Lordship. It is one of the great letters of all time.,To The Right Honourable The Earl Of Chester,7th February, 1755.,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your lordship. To be
34、 so distinguished is an honour which, being very little accustomed to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.,近日从世界报馆主得知，该报刊载了两篇文章，对拙编词典颇多举荐滥美之词，这些文章据悉均出自阁下您的手笔。承蒙您如此的推崇，本应是一种荣耀，只可惜在下自来无缘得到王公大人的青睐，所以真不知道该如何来领受这份荣耀，也不知道该用些什么言辞来聊表谢意。,When, upon some sli
35、ght encouragement, I first visited your lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre;that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending;,回想当年，
36、也不知哪来的勇气，我竟第一次拜访了大人阁下。我像所有的人一样，深为大人的言谈丰采所倾倒，不禁玄想他年能口出大言“吾乃天下征服者之征服者也。”虽知此殊荣是举世学人所欲得，仍希望有朝一日能侥幸获取。,but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing
37、which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.,然而我很快发现自己的趋走逢迎根本没有得到鼓励。不管是出于自尊也好，自矜也好，我反正无法再周旋下去。我本是一个与世无争、不善逢迎的书生，但那时我也曾用尽平生所学的阿谀奉承的言辞，当众赞美过阁下。能做的一切我都做了。如果一个人在这方面付出的一切努力（不管是多么微不足道）受到完全的忽视，他是绝
38、不会感到舒服的。,Seven years, my lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act
39、of assistance , one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.,大人阁下，从我第一次候立于贵府门下，或者说被您拒于门外时算起，已经7年过去。7年多来，我一直苦苦地撑持着我的编撰工作。这些苦楚，现在再来倾诉，已经没有用处。所幸我的劳作而今终于快要出版，在这之前我没有获得过一个赞助的行为，一句鼓励的话语，一抹称许的微笑。我固然不曾指望这样的礼遇，因为我从未有过一位赞助人。,The shepherd
40、in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks.,维吉尔笔下的牧童最后终于和爱神相识，这才发现所谓爱神只不过是岩穴土人而已。,Is not a patrons my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help?,大人阁下，有的人眼见落水者在水中拼命挣扎而无动于
41、衷，等他安全抵岸之后，却才多余地伸出所谓援手，莫非这就叫赞助人么？,The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it: till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it.,大人而今忽有雅兴来关照在下的劳作，这原本是一桩
42、美意，只可惜太迟了一点。迟到我已经意懒心灰，再无法快乐地消受；迟到我已经是孤身一人，无从与家人分享；迟到我已经名闻海内，再不需阁下附丽张扬。,I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which providence has enabled me to do for mysel
43、f.,我既然本来就没有得到过实惠，自然勿需怀感恩之心；既然是上帝助我独立完成这桩大业，我自然不愿让公众产生错觉，似乎我曾受惠于某一赞助人。但愿上面这番话不致被认为太苛刻、太不近人情。,Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened
44、from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, My Lord, Your lordships most humble, most obedient servant, SAM. JOHNSON.,我已经在根本没有所谓学术赞助人赞助的情况下使 自己的工作完成到目前这个地步, 那么, 尽管我将要在更 艰难无助的情况下假如还有可能更艰难无助的话 完成全稿, 我也绝不会感到沮丧。因为我已经早就从 那个赞助的美梦里幡然猛醒; 曾几何时, 我还在那梦中得 意非凡地自诩是 大人您门下最卑微 最驯
45、顺的仆人 塞缪尔约翰逊 1755 年2 月7 日,2. Analysis Js strong indignation at the lords fame-fishing and his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord. the authors assertion of his independence- the opening of a new era in the development of literature.,3. comments on Johnson: 1). next only to W
46、illiam Shakespeare, Samuel Johnson is perhaps the most quoted of English writers. 2). The latter part of 18th century is often called the “Age of Johnson”.,Novels in the 18th century,The Division of the Novels realistic novel sentimental novel Gothic novel historical novel,back,Realistic Novels Dani
47、el Defoe Jonathan Swift Henry Fielding Tobias Smollett,back,Daniel Defoe (1660-1731),back,His Life: is generally considered to be Englands first true novelist. Daniel Foe (Defoe changed his name to its more aristocratic form sometime around the age of forty.) Defoes early years were eventful: When h
48、e was five, the Great Plague ravaged London and his family fled to the country; the next year, the Great Fire of London leveled thousands of houses and eighty-seven churches, including St. Pauls Cathedral.,Mortons Academy from 1671 to 1679 Defoe began writing at the end of the seventeenth century Th
49、e Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702) Arrested for sedition, Defoe was pilloried, fined, and jailed. His half-year sojourn in Newgate Prison left him with huge debts and a failed brick and tile factory. The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, of York, Mariner, Written by Himself (1719; commonly known as Robinson Crusoe) Father of the novel first great realistic writer,2. His works: “