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1、Writing Skills & Practices,关于作文,作文占总分的10-15。 要求在30分钟之内写出一篇120词左右（at least 120 words）的短文。 作文体裁主要包括：议论文、应用文、叙述文。,作文样题,Part I. Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write A Letter Applying for a Job. You should write at least 120 words and pay attention to the fo
2、rm of the letter. Your letter should include the following contents: 你为什么对经理助理这个职位感兴趣 你具备哪些能力以胜任这项工作,The form of the letter,1) The Heading (Date) （可省略） 2) The Greeting or Salutation (Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Mary, etc.) 3) The Body 4) The Complimentary Close (Best wishes, Yours sincerely, etc.) 5) The S
3、ignature,A Letter Applying for a Job,Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing you the letter to show my keen interest in the post of assistant manager which you advertised in China Daily for. As is indicated in the enclosed resume, my major and experience closely parallel your requirements.,A Letter Applying
4、 for a Job,I have always been a top student in my specialized area, biochemistry. I took several other courses in my spare time and excelled in all of them due to my hard work. I am sure such courses as British and American literature and culture, business management and statistics will lend me an e
5、dge in the fierce competition in the job market. Another point I want to draw your attention to is that I have been taking an active part in a variety of campus activities, through which my teamwork spirit has been enhanced and my interpersonal skills improved.,A Letter Applying for a Job,I would li
6、ke to meet you at your earliest convenience and discuss the possibility of working with your company. Or, if you are too busy these days, you can contact me at 1234567 for further information. Thank you for your favorable consideration. Best wishes. Yours sincerely. Li Ming,作文样题,Part I. Writing (30
7、minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write A Letter to Apologize to your friend. You had an appointment with your friend on Sunday. Unfortunately you broke the appointment because your mother fell ill. Write a letter about 120 words to apologize for failing to keep the a
8、ppointment. Your letter should follow the outline given below: 就失约向你的朋友道歉 解释失约的原因 建议另外约定一个时间,Sample (A Letter to Apologize),Dear Mary, I am terribly sorry to say that I failed to keep the appointment that we made last Sunday. Now, I am writing to show my deep regret. Please accept my sincere apology
9、. I fear you are displeased at my absence that day. I hope you could understand me and forgive my failing to turn up.,Sample (A Letter to Apologize),Let me explain. The reason for my absence was that my mother fell ill that day. I had no way out because I had to send her to hospital and look after h
10、er. Therefore, I just couldnt meet you. Naturally, I want to suggest that we make another appointment. I shall be obliged if you would kindly write and tell me when and where you will be at convenience. We may meet again and I hope to see you soon. Yours sincerely, Liu fang,作文样题,Part I. Writing (30
11、minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Petroleum Crisis. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 我国石油需求量很大，石油供给形势严峻 出现这种情况有多种原因 说明你的看法,Traffic Regulations,A Typical Problem-Solution Pattern How do you outline
12、 your composition? Situation: Problems: Solutions:,(Sample),Petroleum Crisis In recent years petroleum consumption has got a rapid increase in China. What amazes us most is that our crude oil produced is far from enough to meet the market demands. It is true that we must find more petroleum for our
13、domestic market demands. There are many reasons that may explain the short supply of petroleum. The main reason is that the demands for petroleum continuously increase in China. Second, our crude oil resources are not rich enough to meet our own needs. Third, a large number of private cars are enter
14、ing Chinese families. As a result, we have to import crude oil from foreign countries such as Russia. Considering all these, we must find more energy for our economic development. For one thing, we may enlarge our oil imports. For another, we can create other energy substitutes. In conclusion, every
15、 Chinese should keep an eye on the petroleum problem.,(Sample),Petroleum Crisis In recent years petroleum consumption has got a rapid increase in China. What amazes us most is that our crude oil produced is far from enough to meet the market demands. It is true that we must find more petroleum for o
16、ur domestic market demands.,(Sample),There are many reasons that may explain the short supply of petroleum. The main reason is that the demands for petroleum continuously increase in China. Second, our crude oil resources are not rich enough to meet our own needs. Third, a large number of private ca
17、rs are entering Chinese families. As a result, we have to import crude oil from foreign countries such as Russia.,(Sample),Considering all these, we must find more energy for our economic development. For one thing, we may enlarge our oil imports. For another, we can create other energy substitutes.
18、 In conclusion, every Chinese should keep an eye on the petroleum problem.,Writing Skills,Lecture Series,1. 作文不理想的四个主要原因,第一. 英语底子太薄。 底子太薄主要表现为对语法知识掌握不牢及对基本词汇记忆不清。它包括定冠词和不定冠词的滥用，主谓不一致，单复数搞不清楚，时态和语态混乱及词语的各种形式掌握不牢。有的学生文章写得很长，字迹也很工整，但是读完之后只觉得思路紊乱，支离破碎，没有一个完整的句子，所以也就只能得两三分以慰劳苦。,1. 作文不理想的四个主要原因,第二. 词汇量太小，
19、且对已学词汇记忆不清。 除了底子太薄这个历史原因之外，学生词汇量太小也是一个不容忽视的原因。有的学生汉语功底很好，用汉语作文，他们就会思如泉涌，下笔千言，但是一到用英语作文就好像被缚住了手脚，不知如何下手。,1. 作文不理想的四个主要原因,第三. 缺乏思想，深度不够。 很多学生在作文当中所表现出的智力水平与阅历似乎只相当于一个初高中生。写出的文章着眼点低，视野狭窄。,1. 作文不理想的四个主要原因,第四. 缺乏应试技巧。 主要表现为有些学生在篇首或篇尾有喊口号倾向（如Dear Friends, lets ）,或画蛇添足,本来文章该结束了却偏要罗罗嗦嗦再来两句多余的话；另外一些学生字数把握不准，
20、不是写得太短就是写得太长，写得太短的会因为字数不够而失分，太长的又因为阅卷老师任务繁重，时间窘迫，不能因为一篇文章乱了整个阅卷节奏。还有一些学生的笔迹（尤其是用纯蓝墨水钢笔和出水太浅的圆珠笔写的），让阅卷老师怎么也看不清楚。,2. 作文测试现场示范,Title: Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? Outline: 1.有些人认为数字会带来好运 。 2.而有些人则认为数字与运气无关 。 3.谈谈你的看法 。,2. 作文测试现场示范,第一步：审题（2分钟） 1. 题目：关于幸运号码与运气的关系 2. 三个段首句： A段. 指出第一种观点及其根据。
21、 B段. 指出第二种观点及其根据。 C段. 表明你的个人观点偏向（Y/N),2. 作文测试现场示范,第二步：布局（15分钟）（用英语思维） 1. 用英语铺设三个段首句： A段：Some people think numbers bring people good luck. B段：However, some others believe numbers have nothing to do with luck. C段：As for me, I dont think numbers will bring us good luck.,2. 作文测试现场示范,2. 列出三段各自框架及语言要点：（只写
22、出基本句型结构和句子主要素） A段：拓展句：A. Believe, there would be fate on numbers (phone numbers, lottery tickets, car number plates etc.) B. (Reasons) can avoid harm, enjoy good fortune. B 段：拓展句： A. Believe, the faith on numbers is groundless. B. One makes his own luck; fate is in the hands of a person.,2. 作文测试现场示范
23、,C段：拓展句：A. There is no necessary connection between numbers and luck. a. Numbers are only designed to distinguish things. b. The connection between numbers and luck is sheer coincidence. B. Good luck depends on some factors such as hard work and strong determination. 结尾句：I believe there are lucks so
24、metimes, but I simply dont relate luck to numbers.,2. 作文测试现场示范,第三步：行文。根据框架和要点，连字成句，连句成段，连段成章。（10分钟） （注意适当辅以连接词或转承语） 第四步：收笔。 通读全文，修改和润色（3分钟）。 写好作文的关键因素 语篇结构、套语、句型、用词、条理、语法。,作文结构示意图,题目： 段落I. 主题句 。 推展句1.（论据或例证，下同） 。推展句2. 。推展句3 。 结尾句1. （根据需要而定，可有可无） 段落II. 主题句 。推展句1. 。推展句2. 。推展句3. 。 结尾句1. （根据需要而定，可有可无） 段
25、落III. 主题句 。推展句1. 。推展句2. 。推展句3. 结尾句1. （统揽全文，呼应中心）,作文常用词汇或套语,一. 转承语： Besides, in addition, moreover, however, nevertheless, despite of +noun ( the fact that), in spite of. 二. 列举要点： for one thing, for another,On the one hand, on the other hand, Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally,作文常用词汇或套语,三. 罗列观点用词： a
26、rgue, insist that, consider, think, maintain that, recommend that, suggest that. 四.描述趋势、动态用词（主要用于图表作文）： increase, decrease, drop, fall, rise, decline, fluctuate, sharply, dramatically, slightly, greatly, moderately.,作文常用词汇或套语,五. 时间词： in recent years, in the past few decades, nowadays, today, in mode
27、rn times, in our times (age). 六. 引述个人观点用词： As far as I am concerned, As for me, In my part, speaking from my own experience. 七. 引述原因用词： Why is that? Its probably because, What has caused the problem? The reason whyis that,作文常用词汇或套语,八.总结论点用词： To sum up, In conclusion, All in all. 九. 表述明确观点用词： It goes
28、 without saying that Undoubtedly; No doubt 十. 引述结果用词： As a result, As a consequence, As a matter of the fact.,3.怎样写好英语段落,主题句的位置 主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。,写作中常用的经典句型,1. the + e
29、st + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard, etc),Of all the factors that contribute to ones success, hard work and opportunity are the most important ones that most people have acknowledged.,2. Nothing is + er than to + V or: Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V,Nothing is more importan
30、t than to receive good education. Nothing is more difficult than to be successful both in family life and personal career in ones life.,3. There is no denying that + S + V . (不可否认，),There is no denying that the qualities of our life have gone from bad to good. There is no denying that our globe is b
31、eing threatened by environmental pollution.,4. It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 (全世界都知道.),It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 It is universally acknowledged that the economic globalization is having more and more influence on our lives.,5. Th
32、ere is no doubt that + 句子 (毫无疑问, ),There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问，我们的教育制度令人不满意。 There is no doubt that peace and development have become the essential aspects in our modern times. 毫无疑问，和平与发展已经成为当今时代的主流。,6. An advantage of is that + 句子 (.的优点是.),An a
33、dvantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution. An advantage of keeping pets is that pets can become peoples good companions.,7. The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 (.的原因是.),The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air. The reason wh
34、y people choose to make friends online is probably that they want to broaden their social circles through Internet.,8. So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 (.是如此.以致于.),So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 So rewarding is college life that there is nothing that I will trad
35、e for it.,9. Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V (虽然.),Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。,10. The + er + S + V, the + er + S + V 越是越是,The harder you work, the more progress you make. 越
36、是努力，你就会越进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读越多，我们就越有学问。,11. By +Ving, can (凭借，能够),By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 凭借运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 By being friendly to others, we will make all kinds of friends wherever we go.,12. enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (使能够),Listening to
37、 music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 Reading extensively will enable us to acquire all kinds of knowledge from books.,13. On no account can we + V (我们绝对不能.),On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 On no account shall we disregard the existence and dignity of oth
38、ers.,14. It is time + S + 过去式 (该是.的时候了),It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 It is high time that we realized the negative effects of students playing PC games in class hours.,15. It is conceivable that + 句子(可想而知的) It is obvi
39、ous that + 句子 (明显的) It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的),It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. It is obvious that the development of a nation relies much on talents and the cultivation of talents depends on education.,16. It pays to + V (.是值得的。),Just as a saying goes “give
40、someone a rose and the fragrance remains in your hand.” So it pays to help others. 有句话说得好“给人玫瑰，手有余香”。因此，帮助别人是值得的。 It pays to invest on education in the long run.,17. be based on (以.为基础，建立在之上),The progress of the society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 As is known to all, the relationship between
41、 two countries is based on equality and mutual interests.,18. Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力地去),We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。 Although it is still a long way to go, we must spare no efforts to make our society more harmonious and developed.,19. Have a great i
42、nfluence on (对.有很大的影响),Internet is having greater influences on our lives. It cannot be ignored that our diets are having more significant influences on our health.,20. do good to (对.有益) do harm to (对.有害),Reading does good to our mind. 读书对心灵有益。 Overwork does harm to health. 工作过度对健康有害。,21. Pose a gre
43、at threat to (对.造成一大威胁),Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。 Terrorism has been posing a great threat to the peace and stability of the world.,22. do ones utmost to + V = do ones best (尽全力去.),We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life. 我们应尽全力去实现我们的人生目标。,写作中常用的句式,
44、1.复合句：,定语从句 名词性从句 状语从句,2. 非谓语动词短语,不定式短语 现在分词短语 过去分词短语,3. 虚拟句式,If Without/But for (that) It is high time that Suggest/advocate/proposethat,4. 强调句式“It bethat”,用于表达对某种因素的强调。 e.g. It is out of remarkable benefits that many manufacturers produce fake or poor-quality products.,5. 倒装句式,By no means/On no ac
45、count/Never引导的部分倒装结构，用以加强观点。 e.g. By no means shall we see less of the negative effects that chatting online might have on our lives.,6. 并列句式,常见由 not onlybut also, as well as, in addition, moreover, on the contrary, therefore, as a result 等连接的并列句式。,7. 对比或比照句式,Just as, e.g. Just as every coin has two
46、 sides, has its advantages and disadvantages. Like/Unlike, Like most countries in the world, China is also faced with the social problems of aging population.,作文练习题,作文练习题,Keeping Pets 随着生活水平的提高，越来越多的人喜欢养宠物。 分析潜在的原因。 养宠物对动物是祸是福？,Model:,In recent years, with the improvement of peoples living standard,
47、 more and more Chinese people choose to keep all kinds of pets, such as dogs, cats, parrots and the like. Why do so many people like keeping pets? On the one hand, some people pursue mental satisfaction on basis of material enjoyment by keeping pets; on the other hand, people keep pets in hope of re
48、lieving their work pressure. In addition, some old or single people keep company with their pets to ease their loneliness. Last but not least, keeping pets is also a reflection of peoples growing awareness of animal protection.,Is keeping pets a blessing or misfortune for animals? Just as every coin has two sides, keeping pets has its positive and negative senses. On the one hand, keeping pets helps to enhance peoples awareness of animal protection and to develop human affections for animals. On the other hand, living in human communities wi