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1、II. Manuscript Form,I. Introduction,Part One Manuscript Form,Teaching aims Telling Ss sth. about the course ; teaching them some skills & principles for manuscript form,output of information,expression of views & thoughts,application of language,1. What is writing?,communication,I. Introduction,2. T
2、he aim of the course writing?,Diction,Sentence,Paragraph,Composition,Manuscript,writing skills,thinking ability,3. Qualities & strategies?,practicing,correcting,rewriting,observing,thinking,qualities,diligence,persistence,reading,strategies,II. Manuscript form,Title,Capitalization,Margins,Indenting,
3、Punctuation,Word-division,handwriting,1.The title,Identify the following titles and correct the mistakes. Food safety becomes national priority Parks Promotion In Poor Taste Criticism on the Ending of Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Reflections On The Article My Hometown Lei Feng Spirit T
4、o Inspire New Generation. Should Chinese People Retire Later,2) Summary: principles for titles (1) Capitalization: all words in the title except articles, coordinating conjunctions, prepositions, the to in infinitives (2) Italicizing underlining the name of a book (3) Using quotation marks with quot
5、es or titles of articles (4) Using a question mark if the title is a direct question (5) No period is used at the end of a title (6) Write the title in the middle of the first line,1) Punctuate the following and capitalize the letters where necessary. (1) he said my trip to mount tai was tiring but
6、interesting He said , “ My trip to Mount Tai was tiring but interesting.” (2) my trip to mount tai he said was tiring but interesting “My trip to Mount Tai,” he said, “ was tiring but interesting.” summary: places for capitalization key words in titles the first word of a sentenceof quoted speech pr
7、oper names,2. Capitalization,1) Read the following paragraph and indent it properly. He Bing, deputy dean of the law school of China University of Political Science and Law, drove to the campus of the Communication University of China to give a lecture to its PhD students. He was stopped at the sout
8、h gate. Because the student who met him at the gate did not obtain the permit in advance, he was not allowed to drive onto the campus. He tried to explain the situation to the security guard and showed his business card. But the guard did not budge. In the end, he had to use a side entrance. 2) Summ
9、ary (1) Indent the first line of a paragraph (space of 4 or 5 letters) (2) write on every other line (3) leaving a margin on each side of the paper ( left and right side),3. Margins & Indenting, ; . ? ! : “ ” () _,4. Punctuation,semicolon,comma,period,exclamation mark,colon,quotation mark,brackets,d
10、ash,1) Refresh Ss knowledge on punctuation,2) Punctuate the following （1） Sam You can never imagine how happy I was when I opened the gift An MP5 player of the latest model thats really amazing You do know me Thanks a million times for the gift Wish you a fair journey Kelly,.,!,.,!,.,（2）The accounta
11、nt checked the figures again as a result the mistake was discovered （3） What we want are the primary colors red blue and yellow （4）The daily newspaper contains: news, sports, entertainment, and classified ads. （5） The President began with an announcement Ladies and gentlemen we feel honored to have
12、Mr. Kofi Annan with us （6） Each of the flats there are two bedrooms in each houses some ten students （7） By the time the speech was over it lasted 3 hours I was dozing in my chair,;,“,.,：,：,，,，,.,，,.,”,）,.,_,_,.,(,Attention: (1) Identify the difference between , . 。 overusing of exclamation mark beg
13、inning a line with a punctuation (2) Avoid ending a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, parentheses, or quotation marks.,Summary: punctuations,joins short & closely related parallel sentences, sentences with a coordinator,;,adds a forceful connection between sentences,:,to formally intro
14、duce a list, a long quotation, or an explanatory statement (it is used after a complete statement),(),to add inessential information (not to cross a word),to emphasize the insertion, to set off a series used as an appositive,Examples write the whole word on the next page.,5. Word-division,General ru
15、le: neatly & clearly attention: When crossing a word, not use ( ) to enclose it, but draw a thick line across it. When adding a word, write it above the line, with a clear sign showing where it is to be inserted.,6. Handwriting,Unit summary,Introduction of the course writing Manuscript form (ppt 6),
16、1. The meaning of a word and correct choice in writing,2. Ways to avoid some pitfalls of Chinglish,Part Two Diction I. The Meaning of Words,1. The meaning of a word and correct choice in writing,Connotation,Denotation,Collocation,Attitude,aspects of the meaning of a word,A. Denotation & connotation,
17、e.g. mother, ice,mother,a woman who is a parent,denotation,connotation,protectiveness, unselfishness, affection,literal and primary meaning of a word,the suggested meaning of a word,e.g. country, nation, state, and land Explain the meaning , looking closely at the denotative and connotative meanings
18、 of the italicized words. a. In the West, every man was a man. b. Anyway, she is a woman. Suggestion: Proper choice of words according to their denotations and connotations. Identify the connotations of the three synonyms: portly, plump, and fat She is plump. b. She is portly. c. She is fat.,2) Atti
19、tude,c. The girl is so skinny.,The feeling of the writer to the subject,Task 2. Recognize how the writers attitude changes from sentence to sentence,a. What a slim girl she is!,b. How thin the girl is!,a. They lived in a small town.,b. I can never forget the little town where I spent my happy childh
20、ood.,Modest & humble,Task 3. Complete the table with synonyms, paying attention to their affective meanings,Favorable,Compliment,Neutral,Unfavorable,strange,Unique, quaint,bizarre, abnormal,Resolute, steadfast,stubborn, dogged,pigheaded,praise, flatter,lick ones boots,Senior citizen,old person,fossi
21、l,Bachelor girl,single woman,spinster,He has the most _ distinction of having written speeches which were effective when delivered.,unique,2) Many of the managing posts filled up by _ people only because they happen to have the habit of ordering poor people about.,pigheaded,3) I was _ by your invita
22、tion to come to this party.,flattered,4) He thought his landlady was a mean _.,fossil,5) Hurry! End of my single life! Not an old and bad-tempered _ any more!,spinster,3. Collocative meaning,Strong weak coffee,thick thin soup,do sb. a favor,make an effort,follow the fashion,Large (not big) amount nu
23、mber and quantity,great courage, confidence ability wisdom,meaning that is habitually used with certain words,Avoid some pitfalls on Chinglish (Unidiomatic use of English by Chinese speakers) He came to send me a letter. I went to the station to send my friend off. His body is healthy. His two eyes
24、are blind. Task 5. a. 请帮我们宣传一下这个新产品。 b. 他遇事总是先想着自己，真是太个人主义了。 Please help us propagate this new product. He is self-concerned and individualistic. Please help us to advertise this new product. He is self-concerned and selfish.,Task 6 a.大家一致感到那听起来不像是真的。 b. 那个主意听起来很有趣，而且两个主意巧合为一体。 c. 这位跳高选手创造了新的世界纪录。 a
25、. Everyone feels (without unanimously) that doesnt seem to be true. b. that idea sounded very interesting, and the two ideas happened to merge (without together). c. The high-jumper has set a ( without new) world record. Attention: avoid repetition of meaning,Exercises 1. Translation a. 你吃了吗？ b. 请多提
26、宝贵意见。 c. 辛苦了！ 2. Correction & translation a. He was tortured mercilessly by the enemy. b. Thats an impractical illusion. c. We have eliminated the enemy force entirely. d. How can you believe those groundless lies?,3. Summary,1.The four aspects of the meaning of words,2. Ways to avoid Chinglish,Deno
27、tative meaning,connotative meaning,affective meaning,collocative meaning,avoid literal translation,avoid repetition of meaning,in English way of thinking,Reviewing exercise Correcting the misused words in the following sentences,We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the wind coming from the lake.,(
28、breeze),2. That politician is a respectable figure in the political arena.,( statesman ),3. My father opened the curtain a little lest I see him.,( draw back),4. Our university can contain 20,000 students.,( accommodate),6. It is essential to control environmental pollution so as to protect the envi
29、ronment.,5. We must practice economy and reduce unnecessary expenditure.,Part Two Diction II. Levels of Words,1. Differentiate various styles in English,2. Identify typical features of different levels of words,3. Recognize the occasions to use the appropriate levels of words,4. Practical writing: N
30、otices,I.Three main levels of words in terms of style,Three main levels of words,formal,Generalcommon,informal,II. Features of formal & general words,colloquial,slang,e.g. formal & general words General: clear, end, agree, prove, stop Formal: lucid, terminate, concur, verify, adjourn Revise the foll
31、owing to a natural style We need to utilize the milk before it sours. 2. The child had difficulty ascertaining his way to school. 3. The young woman was bombarded with flowers and gifts. 4. The meeting adjourned at 5 p.m. without any consensus being reached.,The best policy is to use general words i
32、n most cases and formal words in specific , formal context.,colloquial & slang,Excerpt 1 This was great! Thank you very much! I want my own copy of the albumnext time we go to Borders. P. S. I look forward to Sat. _ See you soon. Excerpt 2 Thank you very much for your information. I wonder if it is
33、possible for us to meet sometime next week to have a discussion about it. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you again. Questions: 1. What is the language feature of each style? 2. Who might be the expected reader of the note?,features,occasions to use,II. Use the appropriate words according
34、to the context and audience,2. Change the inappropriate style of the following: 1) The general manager asked you to hang on for a second. 2) I asked him to cut out his misconduct. 3) an insurance policy of old style: Upon the happening of an occurrence reasonably likely to involve the Company hereun
35、der, written notice shall be given as soon as practicable to the Company or any of its authorized agents.,wait for,stop,Revised version If there is an accident or incident that may be covered by this policy, notify us in writing as soon as possible. You can give this notice to any of our authorized
36、agents. The occasions to use appropriate levels of words? Summary Three main levels of words; Features of each level of words; General rules in choosing the levels of words,III. Practical writing: Notices,Three main parts of a notice,activity,time,place,Day of the week,date,time,the sign # is put be
37、fore a number, not after it,IV. Assignment 1. Write out the abbreviated forms for the days of the week and the months of the year 2. Notice writing: on p 287 , 1 & 2 .,Part III. The Sentence I. Complete Sentence and Sentence Fragments,Reviewing,II. Complete Sentence,Basic structure of a sentence,Sub
38、ject,Predicate,III. Sentence Fragments,IV. Summary,II. Complete Sentence,1. Basic structure of a sentence He came. (subject + predicate) She wrote a letter. (subject + predicate+ object) He is fine. He is a famous professor. (Subject + link-verb + predicative complement),1) The choice of a subject,2
39、. Subject,2) Position of a subject,which is better? The catching of fish provides enjoyment for polar bears. Polar bears like to catch fish. His appearance indicated tiredness. He looked tired. Buying the wine was his responsibility. He had to buy the wine. When you write, focus on human, animate an
40、d concrete noun or pronoun as subjects and watch out for nominalization to avoid writing inflated and affected sentences.,Work in pairs to identify the subject in each and revise those whose meaning is unclear. 1) A reluctance to work steadily caused her to be unprepared for the presentation on Mond
41、ay. 2) The horror of the film made me unable to sleep for three nights. 3) A great deal of learning took place in my chemistry class. 4) The embarrassment left me wordless.,Rod missed the fun of college by making chemistry his sole activity and participating in no extracurricular activities.,Which i
42、s easier to understand? Why?,2) Position of a subject,Making chemistry his sole activity and participating in no extracurricular activities, Rod missed the fun of college.,Exception: inversion In the center of the painting stands a lady in white. Down in a green and shady bed A modest violet grew; I
43、ts stalk was bent, it hung its head, As if to hide from view. _ James Taylor, “The Violet” A treacherous fellow is the Shark He never makes the least remark. _Alfred Douglas, “ The Shark” ( To emphasize “down in a green and shady bed” , “ a treacherous fellow” , and to achieve the rhyme.),Summary fo
44、r “ subject” Choose human, animate or concrete nounpronoun , watch out for abstract ones or nominalizations as a subject. (clear, concise, easy to follow) Put a subject at the beginning of a sentence. Exception: inversion for specific effect,active voice,3. Predicate,passive voice,Through her studie
45、s of child rearing, personality, and culture, world fame was achieved by Magaret Mead.,Through her studies of child rearing, personality, Magaret Mead achieved world fame.,1) Choosing the active voice,The active voice stresses the activity of the subject and helps to make a sentence direct, concise,
46、 and vigorous.,Change the voice of the verbs in the following sentence and try to compare the effects. 1) The huge iceberg was rammed into by the luxury liner. 2) A good race was run by the Ferrari. 3) Some objects of art were discovered by the amateur archaeologist. 4) Before my world record was se
47、t, I was a great fan of The Guinness Book of World Records and read each new edition from cover to cover.,When the agent is either unknown or unimportant,When the agent is followed by a long modifier,The book about motorcycles was misplaced among books about cosmetics.,In 1850, no trace of the glaci
48、er was found.,2) Choosing the passive voice,Work in pairs and change the voice of the verb if it is ineffective. Rewrite the sentences if necessary. The road had been traveled many times by the salesman, but the old house had never before been noticed by him. A safe trip was had by the tourists beca
49、use all the dangers were carefully explained by the guide. If you can learn how to use a thesaurus, it will be found quite useful. Encourage students to use the active voice more often,III. Sentence Fragments An incomplete sentence, (a sentence with some part parts missing ), is also called sentence fragment. Ill meet you in the library. At four in the aftern