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1、时态和语态,八种基本时态： 1 .一般现在时 2 .一般过去时 3 .现在进行时 4 .过去进行时 5 .现在完成时 6 .过去完成时 7 .一般将来时 8 .过去将来时 两种语态 1 .主动语态 2 .被动语态,一般现在时 do/does 一般过去时 did 一般将来时 shall / will + do 过去将来时 would / should + do 现在进行时 am / is / are + doing 过去进行时 was / were + doing 现在完成时 have / has + done 过去完成时 had + done 现在完成进行时 have been doing 将
2、来进行时 will be doing 将来完成时 will have done,一般现在时,、表示目前或现在存在的状态或特征. 、表示客观存在及普遍真理。 、表示现在经常和习惯性发生的动作，常与 sometimes,often,usually,always,every等时间装于连用。 、在时间状语从句中表示将来发生的动作。 、一些表示方向位移的动词，可用于一般现在时，表示按时刻表安排要发生的动作。这样的动词常见的有： arrive ,be , begin , come , close , end , go , leave, open , return , sail , start , stop
3、等。 例如： The train leaves at 10:05 a.m. 这列火车上午十点另五分开。 The plane from Hainan arrives at 6 p.m. 从海南来的飞机下午六点到。,现在进行时,1. 某些动词的进行体与 always, often, forever, constantly 连用时，表示赞扬、埋怨、生气和批评。 He is always thinking of others , not of himself . （表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。 She is often doing well at school. （表示满意）她在学校学习挺
4、不错的。,2 表示来、去、开始、终结、离开、到达等意义的瞬间动词用进行时表示即将发生的动作。 如：go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午饭 ) , return, dine ( 进餐，尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿，戴 ) 等。例如： Im dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭。 An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon.
5、 今天下午一位美国教授要来作报告。,感知或感觉的动词：hear, see, seem, smell, sound, look, feel等。 表示心理或情感的动词：like, love, hate, prefer, wish等。 表示状态存在的动词：be, exist, remain, stay, 等。 表示占有或存属关系动词：have, own, belong, contain等。 表示思考、理解等心理活动的动词：believe, doubt, forget, know, remember, understand等。,下列几类动词不用进行时时态,一般将来时,1）shall / will +
6、动词原形(事先没有考虑过，说话时临时想到的） I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。,2) be( am / is / are ) + going +to do sth 例如： A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。 B) It is going to rain soon .马上要下雨了。,3) be( am / is / are ) + to do sth A)按计划没有意外一定要发生的动作，这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远； B)要求或命令他人做某事。 例如：A) T
7、he new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新桥三天后通车。 B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。,4)be about to do 表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语。 例如： I was about to leave when an unexpected visitor came.,现在完成时,关于现在完成时的时间状语问题: A. 凡是“完成时态”都表示，不知道也不管动作发生的具体时
8、间, 所以在使用现在完成时的句子里，不可以带有表示具体过去时间的状语，如：yesterday , last week ( month , year , etc. ) , two weeks ago , in 1999等；但常和有些副词连用，如： just , before , already , often , never , ever , notyet , always等等。,B. 在以when提问的特殊疑问中不能用现在完成时。另外，ago不能用于现在完成时的句子里，因为它表示从现在算起的以前某个时间，属于表示具体过去时间的状语。但是可以用before来表示“以前“的意义，因为它只表示“以前
9、“，而不知什么时候的以前。,C. 如果是不表示连续性的动词用于现在完成时的句子，不可以和以for表示的“一段时间“的状语连用。在这种情况下，应该用“It has been since“的句式来表达。如： He has joined the army for five years. （错误） It has been five years since he joined the army. （正确）,现在完成时还可以用于下列句子结构： 1.It is/has been +some time+since-clause 2.That/This/It is the first time that 3.T
10、hat/This/It is the only 4.That/This/It is the best/finest/most interesting,etc,e.g: This is the first time that I have heard her sing. This is the only party that I have ever really enjoyed in my life. Its one of the most interesting books that I have ever read.,现在完成进行时,表示，发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在刚刚完成，或许还要继续
11、延续；这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性，或者说不间断性。当谓语动词是be时，用现在完成时就可以表示现在完成进行时。 例如： Ive been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。 It has been raining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。,将来完成时,将来完成时表示的是到将来的某点时间为止将已经完成了 某个动作。,We will have learned three chapters by the end of this term. I will have prepared the meal when
12、my mother come back.,将来进行时,将来进行时表示的是在将来的某一点时间，将正在 做某事。,We will be taking an English exam this time tomorrow afternoon. I will be waiting for you at the school gate at five oclock tomorrow morning.,典型例题 1. Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _ necessary for all planes to land for refuel
13、ing. a. would be b. has been c. had been d. would have been 7. My train arrives in New York at eight oclock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there _ by then. a. would leave b. will have left c. has left d .had left 21. On his next birthday he _ married for ten years. a. has been b. will
14、be c. will have been d. would have been,典型例题 5. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _ the newspaper completely. a. replaced b. have replaced c. replace d. will replace 15. In this experiment, they are wakened several times during the night,
15、and asked to report what they _. a. have just been dreaming b. are just dreaming c. had just been dreaming d. had just dreamed 25. When it rained, a football match _ in the sports ground. a. was being held b. was held c. had been held d. was holding,动词的语态 主动态和被动态,主动形式表示被动意义： 1.feel.look.smell,taste,
16、sound等系动词后面接形容词时 2.cut,read,sell,wear,write,wash,cook,shut,dry,drink等表示某种 性质时且带有状语修饰时 e.g:The book sells very well. These cups clean easily. The stone weighs two tons. The jacket washes easily. 3.want,require,need,worth后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义 e.g:These flowers want/require/need watering. These books are w
17、orth reading. 4.在“be+adj.+to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动 代被动。 e.g:This apple isnt fit to eat. He isnt easy to get along with.,被动形式表示主动意义： be seated,be hidden,be lost,be drunk,be dressed,be devoted be, determined, be worried, be located, be exposed be convince , be involved等表示状态 e.g:He is seated on a beach.(He seats himself on a beach.) He was drunk at the dinner.,被动语态强调动作；系表结构强调主语的特点或所处的状态 1.The book was written by a young writer. 2.the book is well written.,The End,