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1、Unit 6: The UK Economy,Thursday, May 2, 2019,2,a cotton textile factory after Industrial Revolution,I. Early History (-1900),agriculture export wool 14thC, dominant foreign trade 17thC, a leader in textile 1588 defeated Spanish Armada 1700-1944 British Empire 1750-1850 Industrial Revolution workshop
2、 of the world(P70),A Watt Steam Engine,Thursday, May 2, 2019,3,Thursday, May 2, 2019,4,Thursday, May 2, 2019,5,II. During the Two World Wars,Britains share of world trade fell from 1/4 in 1880, 1/6 in 1913, and 1/8 in 1948. An Unfavorable Position 1. debt 2. end of the empire 3. Large military spend
3、ing 4. A catchingup by Germany and Japan 5. Lack of a relationship between industry and banks,Thursday, May 2, 2019,6,1900-1920 the Relative Decline of UK Economy,Background:,After the Second Industrial Revolution, the United States and Germany presented an increasing challenge to Britains role as l
4、eader of the global economy and had developed large-scale industries by 1900. Britains comparative economic advantage had lessened. but British colonies and foreign investment location from the profit far more than the United States and Germany. Its economic strength is still the most strong, London
5、 is still the world financial center, pounds is still the worlds most strong hard currency, the British fleet to Britain still bring huge profits, the British bankers can still offer to foreign government and business the most amount of credit. Even so, the absolute advantage after all lost. 但英国从殖民地
6、和国外投资场所攫取的利润远远超过了美国和德国，它的经济实力仍是最雄厚的，伦敦仍是世界金融中心，英镑仍是世界上最坚挺的硬通货，英国船队仍然给英国带来巨大的利润，英国银行家仍然能向外国政府和企业界提供最大数额的信贷。,Thursday, May 2, 2019,7,Wars caused the European weak and the rise of Japan, the world pattern changed. 大战造成了欧洲的衰弱和美日的兴起，世界格局发生改变。 The war saw an expansion of economic production, but also forc
7、ed Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from the US 战争，看到了经济生产的扩张，但也迫使英国使用其财政储备和从美国借巨款.英国从债权国变成债务国,The United States became the center of the world economy. The war weakened Britain, France, Italy; and the united States became the worlds top economic power, the world financ
8、ial center transfered from London to New York .,2019年5月2日,8,This is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is more wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly. Absolute Decline and Relative Decline 绝对衰退和相对衰退。英国经济一直在不断发展中，但因其他国家
9、发展速度较之英国更快，所以英国的世界经济地位才相对衰退。,2019年5月2日,9,二战时期英国的“货币战争”,二战期间，英国打了一场极为隐秘的战争：反抗大面积涌入的，足以使经济崩溃的假钞。纳粹德国为了破坏英国经济，制造了价值上亿的假钞。截止1945年，三分之一强的英镑是假钞。 1942年9月24日，英格兰银行收到了一捆来自英国西非银行的面值为10英镑的假钞。终身首席出纳员肯尼斯第一次发现假钞的出现居然可以横跨欧洲、非洲、中东、美洲和亚洲。银行认为，这是“有史以来最危险的假钞事件”。 当时英国政府并不知道，这是一个由希特勒本人主导的阴谋：纳粹德国制造了这些纸币，旨在削弱同盟国的经济实力。 战争武
10、器：假钞 将假钞作为一种战争武器并不新鲜。拿破仑曾经批准印制假冒的奥地利和俄国纸币；美国内战时，南北双方为了打击敌方财政系统，也曾广泛使用假账单。 事实上，二战期间英国也建立了自己的造假队伍“A”技术小队，但他们的工作被限制在伪造护照、文件、邮票和伪装用品的制造上，从来没有进行过大规模的假钞运作。 1939年9月，丘吉尔考虑过造假的提议，但未能计划周详怎样将其付诸行动。1940年4月11日，英国特情组织的负责人拜会了首相张伯伦，询问内阁在敌人领土上散播伪造的德国马克的可能性和可取性。张伯伦总结道，英镑和德国马克的实力悬殊，“如果德国报复，我们明显会比他们的损失大”。,Thursday, May
11、 2, 2019,10,III. During 1945-1979,In 1945 the Labor party: Reforms nationalization of industries high taxes a welfare state It laid the foundation for postwar British social and economic development. 1945 - 60s slow - 70s recession British disease : soaring inflation workers strike for more pay slow
12、 growth of productivity,Thursday, May 2, 2019,11,III. During 1945-1979,Thursday, May 2, 2019,12,IV. During 1979-1997,Conservative Party (P73) Thatchers reform: privatization low taxes reduced social welfare Thatchers economic policy achieved remarkable success. Negative aspects: high unemployment wi
13、dened gap between the poor and the rich high crime rates unsatisfactory social services,“In politics if you want anything said, ask a man. If you want anything done, ask a woman.” Margaret Thatcher,Margaret Thatcher 1979-1990,John Major (1990-97),13,2019年5月2日,Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatch
14、er (born 13 October 1925) was Prime Minister of United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the only woman to have held either post.,14,2019年5月2日,Thatcherism: is the name given to the laissez-faire policy of Margaret Thatcher (1925-), British prime
15、 minister from 1979 to 1990. Thatchers policies were: reductions in tax; manipulation of the money supply to reduce inflation; privatization of public industry; reduction of trade union power; reduction of governments role in the economy; encouragement of people to save, work and buy property.,Thurs
16、day, May 2, 2019,15,V. During 1997 - 2010,In 1997 the Labor party: the “Third Way” bank of England independent minimum wage and supplement of low incomes individual responsibility Britains economic growth surpassed. world economic crisis,Thursday, May 2, 2019,16,Growth and Decline,VI. British Econom
17、y in the world,One of the worlds wealthiest 6th largest economy The strongest business environment in Europe A member of the G7, G8 and G20 One of the major trading nations Member of European Union (EU) 欧盟 Sterlingperforms well,Thursday, May 2, 2019,17,Member of European Union (EU) 欧盟,an economic an
18、d political union of 27 member states,euro,Thursday, May 2, 2019,18,Great British Pound,Other names: Pound; Sterling; Pound sterling Symbol: code: GBP 3rd reserve currency 储备货币 (US dollar, euro欧元) 4th in the foreign exchange market外汇市场 （US dollar, euro, Japanese yen),19,2019年5月2日,English currency:,P
19、ound and pence Pound = 100 New pence / 20 shillings Shilling = 12 pence Notes and coins Notes: 5 pounds, 10 pounds, 20 pounds and 50 pounds Coins: 1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 10p, 50, 1 pound,1 pound = 12.4343 yuan,1 pound = 10.0476 yuan,2010,2012,Thursday, May 2, 2019,20,GBP = Great British Pound,Fiver,Tenner
20、,Quid: pound,21,2019年5月2日,22,2019年5月2日,23,2019年5月2日,Thursday, May 2, 2019,24,Bank Notes,Thursday, May 2, 2019,25,P:penny;pence,By the Grace of God, Queen, Defender of the Faith,Quid: pound,Thursday, May 2, 2019,26,The coins,Thursday, May 2, 2019,27,“Money doesnt grow on trees”,28,2019年5月2日,The Curre
21、nt UK Economy,Brief introduction of the current UK economy The main sectors of the UK economy Agriculture Energy production The offshore oil industries The manufacturing industry The city of London,29,2019年5月2日,Brief introduction of the current UK economy, (1990-1992) -recession - the economy shrunk
22、 by 2.3% (1992- 1996)- steady growth in 1996 - greatly affected by the ban on beef exports resulted from BSE Disease in Cattle industry.,30,2019年5月2日,英国内生产总值增长率 GDP,英国内生产总值增长率,消费价格指数consumption price index,失业率,31,2019年5月2日,The main sectors of the UK economy,a. primary industries b. secondary industr
23、ies c. tertiary (or service) industries,32,2019年5月2日,Agriculture,Britains agriculture sector is small, producing 4.1% of the national wealth, but efficient, producing 58% of the food needs with only 2% of the workforce. Three quarters of Britains land is used for agriculture: one quarter for crops a
24、nd the rest for grazing animals of which sheep are the most numerous livestock.,33,2019年5月2日,Foot and mouth disease,34,2019年5月2日,Energy production,It is an important part of the UK economy, accounting for 5% of the national wealth. Britain is a major oil and gas producer, and the abundance of energy
25、 resources means that the UK has become an overall exporter of energy.,35,2019年5月2日,The offshore oil industries,The technology required to extract oil from the difficult offshore conditions has given UK companies a strong position in the offshore oil industry around the world. Three of the biggest t
26、en companies in Britain are to be found: Shell (half Dutch), British Petroleum, and British Gas.,36,2019年5月2日,Royal Dutch Shell: is a multinational oil company of British and Dutch origins. It is one of the largest private sector energy corporations in the world, and one of the six “supermajors“ (ve
27、rtically integrated private sector oil exploration, natural gas, and petroleum product marketing companies). The companys headquarters are in The Hague, Netherlands, with its registered office in London, United Kingdom (Shell Centre).,37,2019年5月2日,British Gas Services is the largest domestic central
28、 heating and gas appliance installation company in the UK, providing care for the customers central heating, plumbing, drains, home electrics and kitchen appliances and install domestic appliances and monitored home security systems.,38,2019年5月2日,The manufacturing industry,The manufacturing industry
29、 produces 22% of the UKs national wealth. British companies are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals, chemicals, aerospace and food and drink.,39,2019年5月2日,40,2019年5月2日,41,2019年5月2日,42,2019年5月2日,43,2019年5月2日,The city of London,It refers to the historic area at the center of London. It is one of th
30、e biggest financial centers with the greatest concentration of bank, insurance companies and businesses dealing in commodities. At the heart of the City is the London Stock Exchange.,44,2019年5月2日,The London Stock Exchange or LSE is a stock exchange located in London. Founded in 1801, it is one of th
31、e largest stock exchanges in the world, with many overseas listings as well as British companies. The LSE is part of the London Stock Exchange Group. Its current premises are situated in Paternoster Square close to St. Pauls Cathedral in the City of London.,45,2019年5月2日,Case Study :The aerospace ind
32、ustry,1、The aerospace industry The UKs aerospace industry is the third largest in the world, producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircrafts to missiles, satellites and jet engines. It produces 2% of UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods.
33、,46,2019年5月2日,2、Concorde It is the worlds first supersonic civil airliner produced collaboratively by British and French aircraft manufacturers. The aircraft was a technical success but a commercial failure. But this first successful collaboration led to more such programs between Britain and France.,47,2019年5月2日,British Airways Concorde,Boeing B52,48,2019年5月2日,Air Bus A380 & A320,